河北气溶胶浓度垂直分布特性研究

为了研究气溶胶粒子浓度垂直分布及其与温度廓线及云水的关系,选取河北地区2013—2014年的9次气溶胶飞机探测资料(高度大于4000 m)进行分析,用指数函数a×exp(b×x)对气溶胶粒子浓度的垂直分布进行拟合、分类,对于出现强逆温的情况将气溶胶粒子浓度与温度廓线作相关性分析。结果表明:当气溶胶本底浓度较低时,云的出现对气溶胶的垂直分布影响较小;当气溶胶本底浓度较高时,气溶胶垂直分布的极大值并未出现在云底,而是存在于距离云底下方1000—1500 m高度处。逆温层对气溶胶粒子浓度的垂直分布有重要作用,粒子在逆温层下累积,出现浓度的极大值。在逆温强度较弱的情况下,数浓度最大值一般出现在近地面附近,但若受到强的平流作用,在该平流层高度处的气溶胶粒子浓度可能会出现超过近地面气溶胶粒子浓度的情况。气溶胶浓度的垂直分布可以分为缓慢递减型、快速递减型、温度相关型三种类型。在出现强逆温的情况下,气溶胶浓度的垂直分布为温度相关型,可以直接通过大气温度廓线和气溶胶本底浓度判断气溶胶浓度的分布。     

Brewer 分光光度计遥感大气臭氧垂直廓线的研究

利用建立的球面分层大气散射模式，研究了Ｂｒｅｗｅｒ仪器工作波长进行Ｕｍｋｅｈｒ短法反演所包含的信息量，给出Ｂｒｅｗｅｒ仪器探测大气臭氧垂直廓线的方法。同时，用气溶胶光学厚度计算得到气溶胶订正系数，建立了Ｕｍｋｅｈｒ反演的程序，用此程序对ＴａｂｌｅＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎ资料进行气溶胶修正，得到了较好的结果。对北京测站１９９１年１─３月资料进行由气溶胶造成的臭氧反演廓线的误差计算，结果表明，用常规反演方法得到的各层臭氧含量的误差与平流层气溶胶光学厚度有一近似线性的关系；进行气溶胶修正后，与国外的臭氧反演廓线的误差修正工作￣［１］比较，结果较一致。研究提出的气溶胶订正反演方法为更好地对平流层臭氧变化趋势进行研究提供了可能性和可靠的基础。     

华北地区气溶胶垂直分布特征的观测与分析

利用2006 2013年CALIOP激光雷达Level 1B数据的气溶胶衰减后向散射系数、退偏比和色比观测,分析了华北地区大气气溶胶光学特性的垂直分布特征。统计结果显示:2010-2013年,华北地区4-8 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值呈减小的趋势,而0-4 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值呈增长趋势。说明2010年以后近地面层(0-2 km)气溶胶散射作用逐渐增强,高层(4-8 km)气溶胶散射作用逐渐降低,这与近年华北地区霾天气(颗粒物主要聚集在近地层)日趋增加、沙尘天气(沙尘气溶胶层经常存在于4-8 km的范围)有所减少相吻合。20062013年,华北地区冬季0-4 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值最大,近地面层气溶胶散射作用最大,这与该地区冬季取暖燃烧排放增加有关。春、秋两季4-8 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值较大,夏季0-8 km各高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均最小,说明春、秋季节的气溶胶散射贡献主要来自4-8 km的对流层上部大气。春季对流层上部的高后向散射系数与华北地区春季频发的沙尘天气有关,秋季对流层上部的高后向散射系数与华北收获季节的生物质燃烧有关。2008年以后,华北地区2-8 km范围内各高度层的退偏比均值逐年减小,这说明规则的球形气溶胶粒子在近几年有所增加。0-4 km范围的低层大气,2009年后色比均值缓慢增加。而6-8 km范围内的色比均值从2008年后一直都是减小的,说明2008年后对流层上部大气(4-8 km)气溶胶粒子的尺度在减小,这也与近几年沙尘天气减少、霾天数增加的现象是一致的。0-8 km各个高度范围内的退偏比和色比均值春季最大,且退偏比随着高度的增加而增加,再次证明春季华北受沙尘天气影响,不规则的粗粒子气溶胶最多。夏、冬季节近地面层(0-2km)退偏比和色比均值略大于2-4 km高度层的,夏、冬两季近地面主要以人为活动排放的气溶胶为主,冬季除了汽车尾气排放和工业排放外,还有取暖增加的排放。近地面层易受人为活动影响混合一些不规则气溶胶。     

西北东部霾的时空特征与天气特征研究

利用常规地面观测资料和CALIOP/CALIPSO卫星遥感资料统计分析了中国西北东部霾的多年变化以及霾事件期间气溶胶光学特性的垂直空间分布特征,并以2013年3月和11月发生在西北东部的霾天气为例分析了霾发生时大气气溶胶粒子的形状及大小的垂直分布特征、对应的天气形势和气象要素的变化。结果表明:西北东部霾日出现频率由20世纪80年代至90年代末逐渐减小,但21世纪起又明显增加;霾事件主要发生在11、12和1月。霾发生时,在对流层内霾影响最严重的区域在距地面2~4 km范围,垂直方向气溶胶后向散射系数的范围集中于0.8×10-3~2.5×10-3km-1·sr-1,且随高度增加而增大;气溶胶的体积退偏比大部分20%,气溶胶较为规则,不规则的多分布在地表向上4 km以下,随着高度的增加气溶胶不规则性减弱。色比数值大部分0.8,8~12 km气层中主要是色比为0.0~0.4的粒子。当高空受高压系统控制,地面为均压场,近地面出现逆温层时易产生霾。     

基于微脉冲激光雷达观测资料的半干旱区沙尘天气消光效应分析

利用兰州大学半干旱区气候与环境观测站（SOCAL）的微脉冲激光雷达（MPL）2008年4月30日至5月2日观测资料,对晴朗天气、浮沉天气及扬沙天气过程中气溶胶垂直分布的连续变化、物理机制进行了对比分析与探讨。结果表明MPL很好地反映出不同天气过程中大气气溶胶廓线的日变化特征：受人类活动影响,天气晴朗时,早晨9时开始在0—2km范围出现气溶胶聚集区,持续至15时,气溶胶平均消光系数〈0．20km-1;受沙尘输送影响,浮尘天气时,气溶胶聚集区高度范围为1—2km,高层气溶胶富集区高度范围为5—7km,气溶胶平均消光系数0．38km-1;扬沙天气时,气溶胶聚集区高度范围为0—1km,浓度远大于浮尘天气,但高层气溶胶浓度较小且分布较均匀,气溶胶平均消光系数〉0．50km-1。     

基于激光云高仪的雾霾光学特性研究

利用2016年10月~2017年2月激光云高仪资料，分析了霾、雾、轻霾、轻雾、晴空等天气后向散射强度廓线特征，通过统计各高度层后向散射强度、后向散射强度垂直梯度的概率分布，分析了多种天气的气溶胶光学特性。结果表明：雾天气后向散射强度较霾天气大，雾厚度一般不超过300m。霾天气后向散射强度随着高度的增加减小缓慢，霾的厚度大于500m。与雾和轻雾相比，霾和轻霾天气垂直梯度绝对值取小值的概率较大。雾和轻雾天气400m高度以上垂直梯度绝对值较小，400m高度以下数值较大。由于霾区内粒子分布较均匀，雾区粒子分布起伏明显，雾区内后向散射强度忽大忽小，所以雾天气垂直梯度绝对值出现大值的概率较霾天气高。     

基于CALIPSO卫星资料的华东地区气溶胶垂直分布特征

基于2010年12月1日—2011年11月30日美国国家航空航天局云—气溶胶激光雷达与红外探测者卫星搭载的激光雷达CALIPSO的监测数据,通过分析消光后向散射系数、体积退偏比和色比,得到了华东地区垂直方向上气溶胶粒子的散射能力、尺度、规则程度随高度的变化及其季节变化特征。结果表明:随着高度的增加华东地区大气的散射能力减弱。整层大气不同季节粒子的形状大小不同,春季不规则、大粒径粒子所占比例与其他季节相比较大。夏季较规则、小粒径的粒子较多。各高度层的后向散射系数值分布范围为5×10-4~20×10-4 km-1·sr-1。对不同高度消光后向散射系数、体积退偏比和色比随时间变化的研究表明,春季受沙尘输送的影响,0~4 km大气层中不规则大粒径粒子较多;4~8 km大气层由于所含气溶胶粒子较少,大气散射能力随季节变化不明显;而8~10 km大气层中粒子含量最少,导致大粒径粒子所占比例较高,此外该高度层在秋季不规则、大粒径粒子相对较多,冬季规则、小粒径粒子相对较多。     

霾期间上海低层气溶胶微物理属性与地面相对湿度分析

用2007年1月至2010年11月美国国家航空航天局(NASA)的CALIPSO星载激光雷达资料,通过532 nm总后向散射系数、体积退偏比和色比,分析了上海地区霾期间低层0~2 km高度气溶胶微物理属性与地面相对湿度的关系。结果表明,当地面相对湿度为65%~80%时,后向散射系数在0~0.001 km-1·sr-1范围内出现的频率最大;当地面相对湿度为50%~65%时,后向散射系数大于0.001 km-1·sr-1的频率最大;低层大气中聚集的主要是规则气溶胶粒子,当地面相对湿度为65%~80%时,气溶胶粒子最为规则,其次为80%~95%的地面相对湿度。当地面相对湿度为50%~65%时,不规则气溶胶粒子所占比重较大;霾期间,低层大气中细粒子气溶胶均占主导地位,但随着地面相对湿度的增大,气溶胶粒子粒径逐渐增大。在地面相对湿度为80%~95%时,大颗粒气溶胶相对较多。     

北京一次污染过程气溶胶光学特性及辐射效应

利用地面激光雷达、太阳光度计观测反演气溶胶光学特性参数,结合PM_2.5观测数据,分析了2018年1月25—28日北京一次完整污染过程中气溶胶光学特性变化。基于观测数据,利用短波辐射传输模式计算了不同程度污染日,晴空背景下气溶胶对辐射加热率的改变程度。结果表明:清洁日（25日）,PM_2.5日平均质量浓度为19.00 μg·m-3,440 nm气溶胶光学厚度为0.13,单次散射反照率为0.87,整层气溶胶消光系数低于0.10 km-1,短波辐射均为增温效应;污染期间（26—27日）,PM_2.5日平均质量浓度为83.21 μg·m-3,气溶胶光学厚度为2.48,气溶胶散射能力增强,单次散射反照率达到0.94,气溶胶主要消光层厚度提升至3.00 km高度,消光系数平均值为0.43 km-1,气溶胶在垂直方向的变化导致气溶胶中上层（1.50~3.00 km高度）加热作用强烈,短波辐射加热率平均值达到13.89 K·d-1,而低层（1.50 km高度以内）加热作用较弱,加热率平均值仅为0.99 K·d-1。气溶胶散射能力增强导致加热作用减弱,污染日加热率对于气溶胶散射能力变化更敏感。     

1984～2000年印度洋与中国地区上空对流层中上层及平流层气溶胶变化和输送特征

利用美国SAGE II (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II)卫星最新版（6.0版）1.020 μm通道逐日气溶胶消光系数资料，得出了对流层中上层及平流层（10 km以上高度）气溶胶光学厚度的平均分布和变化特征。结果表明:气溶胶光学厚度在低纬度大，在印度洋的岛屿上空有三个高值中心，气溶胶光学厚度高值中心与对流层中上层的上升气流的高值中心相对应。与17年(1984～2000年)年平均相比，近6年（1995～2000年）孟加拉湾至青藏高原东南部上空气溶胶光学厚度明显增加；中国东部地区上空气溶胶光学厚度增加，中西部地区则减小。气溶胶光学厚度存在三个经向的增加带和两个经向的减小带。中纬度与赤道之间的布鲁尔-多普森环流（Brewer-Dobson Circulation）带来的低层大气与对流层中上层及平流层之间的气溶胶输送是导致气溶胶这种经向一致变化的主要因素。气溶胶的这种输送产生的近地面大气污染物向中上层大气输送有可能产生重要的气候变化。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences