CERES—玉米模拟模式的数值试验及应用

利用美国的ＣＥＲＥＳ玉米模拟模式对河南省伊川县１９９２、１９９３年共６期玉米分期种资料进行了模拟，对生育期和籽粒产量的模拟效果较好。     

基于MODTRAN模式与卫星资料的晴空净太阳辐射模拟

探讨了中分辨率大气辐射传输模式MODTRAN4.0与卫星资料同化在模拟净太阳辐射中的应用,并利用CERES卫星资料作为MODTRAN模式输入参数,对2005年北京上甸子进行了晴空下的地表净太阳辐射模拟与比较。结果表明:利用MODTRAN4.0模式和CERES卫星资料可以较为精确地模拟晴空天气下的净太阳辐射,平均绝对误差为25.74 W/m2,平均相对误差为4.98%。此外,对净太阳辐射的影响因子的研究表明:太阳天顶角、反照率、水汽含量、大气光学厚度与臭氧浓度等因子与净太阳辐射均呈负相关关系,且太阳天顶角与反照率影响较大,其余因子影响较小。     

“高温”对我国小麦生长发育及产量的影响

本文通过田间试验、人工气室模拟试验、历史资料统计分析及采用CERES冬小麦模式,分析“高温”对小麦（春小麦、冬小麦）发育历期、产量结构及经济产量的影响。结果表明:随温度升高,小麦发育历期缩短,高温使春小麦经济产量下降,温度升高改善了冬小麦越冬条件,对穗粒数及籽粒重有利。返青后的“高温”对冬小麦经济产量不利。     

模拟气候变化对内蒙古东部地区玉米生产的影响

全球性气候变暖对农作物产量的影响,是当前研究的重要课题。引用CERES玉米模式,模拟气温增加1℃、2℃、3℃、4℃,相应降水不变和增减5％、10％的组合条件下,我区东部4盟市的玉米生长发育及产量变化。结果表明,玉米产量将有所下降,应采取培育和引进晚熟品种,才能稳定玉米的总产量。     

CERES 小麦模式中土壤水分平衡的计算方法

CERES 系列模式,包括玉米、小麦、水稻、花生等十余种作物,是目前世界上比较完善的作物生长模拟模式,在产量预测、风险分析和研究气候变化对农业生产的影响等方面,已得到广泛应用。我国许多单位也陆续引入了此模式,并开展了一些分析、验证和应用。整个模式主要包括三部分:土壤水分平衡、养分(氮)平衡和作物生长发育过程。作者在查阅有关资料和剖析原始计算程序的基础上,得到了 CERES 小麦模式中土壤水分平衡计算的基本过程,并将其独立化进行了运行和验证。     

淹水对夏玉米性状及产量的影响试验研究

为定量探求洪涝灾害对玉米生长及产量的影响,于2008和2009年在河南省驻马店地区进行以淹水日数和淹水发育期为试验因素的模拟试验。结过表明:淹水1 d对玉米产量影响甚微,淹水3 d以上减产率40%以上,拔节期淹水5～7 d,抽雄期淹水7 d夏玉米基本绝收。淹水对夏玉米植株死亡率、果穗成穗率、单株籽粒重影响明显;对株高、果穗长、粗、百粒重和秃尖率影响较小。拔节期的淹水危害重于抽雄期。讨论了淹水日数与淹水发育期对玉米产量影响的交互作用。初步建立了淹水的玉米产量损失率评估模型。     

水热变化对冬小麦生长发育的模拟试验

应用CERES小麦模式,在假定水热条件变化(日平均温度变化-1℃,0℃,1℃和2℃,日降水量变化±20％,±10％,±5％和0％,共28种组合)的气候情景下,模拟了小麦的生育过程。结果表明,对于试验点镇江来说,温度变化比水分变化对小麦的影响更显著;温度升高,发育加快,生育期缩短;水热变化对籽粒产量的影响多数为不利,特别在温度降低、水分减少时更为明显;温度升高、降水减少均可使土壤有效水分减少。     

1981—2016年河南省冬小麦产量对气象因素变化的响应

基于河南省19812016年18个农业气象观测站的冬小麦观测资料及气象资料,采用一元线性回归法、偏相关分析法和多元线性回归模拟等,分析河南省冬小麦生长发育和产量对气候变化的响应。结果表明：河南省冬小麦出苗返青期和开花成熟期延长,返青开花期缩短,全生育期缩短。全生育期内最高气温和最低气温呈升高趋势,降水量变化不明显,太阳辐射呈减少趋势,不同生长阶段内各气象要素变化趋势不一致。最高气温与小麦气象产量为负相关关系,最低气温、太阳辐射与小麦气象产量为正相关关系,降水量与不同区域的小麦气象产量相关关系不同。小麦相对气象产量与各气象要素敏感性分析结果表明：不同生长阶段小麦相对气象产量对各气象要素变化的敏感性不同;小麦生长时期内最高气温升高1 ℃,相对气象产量减少约16.00%;最低气温升高1 ℃,相对气象产量增加约17.00%;降水量减少10.00%,相对气象产量增加约0.35%;太阳辐射减少10.00%,相对气象产量减少约1.70%。     

播期对浚单20夏玉米生长状况及产量影响分析

通过对浚单20玉米新品种进行分期播种试验,研究不同播期对浚单20各个阶段生长状况及产量形成的影响.首先对各播期发育阶段持续日数进行差异性检验,结果表明,夏玉米全生育期日数随播期推迟而缩短.其次,分析了作物各发育期持续日数与各气象要素的关系:在一定的范围内,温度升高可以促进夏玉米生长,日照减少可加快夏玉米生育进程,不同生育阶段降水量对作物生长影响不同,其中抽雄-乳熟期降水量增加能缩短发育日数.然后,对比分析了播期对浚单20干物质及产量形成的影响:随着播期推迟,穗长有缩短趋势,单株籽粒重、百粒重、籽粒与茎秆比也随播期的推迟呈下降趋势;播期一平均实产达864.12g/m2,比播期二高74.56 g/m2,比播期三高128.33g/m2,在一定程度上说明浚单20适时早播,有助于产量提高.     

低温、干旱并发对玉米影响的评估研究

通过人工模拟试验,模拟了低温、干旱及低温干旱并发对玉米生长发育的影响。根据试验结果定量地评估了低温、干旱及并发对玉米苗期、抽雄期生理过程的影响。结果表明:低温、干旱对玉米的生理过程为负效应,并发加大了负效应的影响。并建立了低温、干旱及并发对籽粒产量的影响评估方程:y=-516·2162+58·72343x1+125·9081x2+114·8233x3;方程中:y为籽粒产量(kg·hm-2),x1为土壤湿度(%),x2为苗期温度(℃),x3为抽雄期温度(℃)。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences