乌鲁木齐两种类型降水的雨滴谱特征

利用乌鲁木齐2018年1—12月雨滴谱仪观测数据,分析了两种类型降水(雨、雨加雪)滴谱的微物理参量,以探究乌鲁木齐不同类型降水的雨滴谱特征,此外,对总粒子数浓度与降水强度(Nt-R)、雷达反射率因子与降水强度(Z-R)等关系也进行了研究。结果表明:(1)两种类型降水的雨滴谱均为单峰分布,粒子数浓度峰值均在低谱段,雨夹雪的滴谱宽度为0.31～7.50 mm,雨的谱宽为0.31～5.50 mm。(2)雨的平均粒子尺度参数(如质量加权平均直径Dm)和降水强度R均略大于雨夹雪,而雨夹雪的平均总粒子数浓度Nt比雨的约大23.7%。(3)文中拟合得到的雨、雨加雪Z-R关系分别为Z=181.7R1.45、Z=205.4R1.27。     

2018年冬季南京三次暴雪过程微物理特征分析

为深入研究南京降雪微物理特征及变化,利用第二代激光雨滴谱仪PARSIVEL2、自动气象站观测资料及MICAPS数据,对2018年冬季南京的四次罕见强降雪过程中雪花的微物理参量进行分析。结果表明:（1）雪花谱基本呈多峰分布,个例1降雪强度增大时有小雪花向大雪花的转化,而其余三次过程则有雪花数浓度的显著增大。温度的差异使个例1大雪花形成机制与其余个例不同,最终导致了降雪稳定阶段,雪强增大的机制不同。（2）使用Gamma分布和M-P分布分别对四次降雪的不同阶段进行了拟合,Gamma 分布在各阶段的拟合优度均高于M-P分布拟合,降雪终止阶段拟合优度低于起始阶段及降雪全过程的拟合。四次降雪过程降雪粒子谱的Gamma分布分别为N＝107D-0.21exp(-0.54D)、N＝136D-0.54exp(-0.60D)、N＝256D0.38exp(-1.01D)、N＝9.39×104D4exp(-7.81D),其中,N为降雪粒子数浓度、D为雪花直径。（3）个例1在3 mm左右速度谱存在两个峰值,分别贴近结霜曲线和未结霜曲线,说明该次降雪大雪花的形成存在结霜增长和结霜碰并两种机制。（4）综合个例1、2、3,给出南京地区稳定的层状云强降雪的Z-I关系为Z＝1708I1.51。     

乌鲁木齐地区两种类型降水的雨滴谱特征

利用乌鲁木齐2018年1-12月雨滴谱仪观测数据，分析了两种类型降水（雨、雨加雪）滴谱的微物理参量，以探究乌鲁木齐不同类型降水的雨滴谱特征，此外，对Nt-R、Z-R等关系也进行了研究。结果表明：（1）两类降水的雨滴谱均为单峰分布，粒子浓度峰值均在低谱段，雨夹雪的滴谱宽度约为0.31~7.50 mm，雨的谱宽为0.31~5.50 mm。（2）雨的平均粒子尺度参数（如质量加权平均直径Dm）和降水强度R均略大于雨夹雪，而雨夹雪的平均总粒子数浓度Nt比雨的大23.7%。（3）文中拟合得到的雨、雨加雪Z-R关系分别为Z=181.7R1.45、Z=205.4R1.27，与传统天气雷达降水估测关系Z=300R1.4对比分析后，发现利用Z=300R1.4进行降水估测时存在低估现象，而对降雨的估测误差更大。     

呼和浩特降雨和降雪过程粒子谱分布特征分析

为深入了解呼和浩特地区降雨和降雪过程中降水粒子谱的分布特征,利用Parsivel观测数据并结合常规观测资料,对2017—2019年发生在呼和浩特地区的8次降雨过程和10次降雪过程的降水粒子谱进行分析。结果表明:雨滴谱和雪花谱都比较符合Gamma分布,平均降雪谱的峰值直径、峰值浓度以及最大直径均大于平均雨滴谱,降水强度相近时,降雪个例的粒子数浓度和尺度参数均大于降雨个例;Gamma拟合的形状因子(μ)和斜率参数(Λ)在降雨和降雪过程中均满足二项式关系,但雪花尺度的变化范围较大导致降雪的μ-Λ拟合效果略差;雪花的下落速度小于雨滴的下落速度,降雨过程中雨滴的下落速度多集中于2~5 m·s^-1,而降雪过程雪花的下落速度多集中于0.5~2 m·s^-1,呼和浩特地区降雪的雪花下落速度更接近于未结凇或干雪的情况。     

张家口地区一次长时间降雪过程的滴谱特征分析

本文利用OTT Parsivel2激光雨滴谱仪和站点加密观测资料，对2019年11月29日张家口地区一次长时间降雪天气过程的滴谱演变特征进行了初步分析，本次降雪先后经历开始阶段、雪花阶段、稳定强降雪阶段、结束阶段。结果表明：（1）总体上，降雪天气过程中微物理参量（降雨强度R、数浓度Nt、雨水含量W、雷达反射率因子Z、质量加权平均直径Dm）演变趋势基本相同，其中开始阶段、稳定强降雪阶段、结束阶段的降水强度、雨水含量、雷达反射率因子受粒子数浓度影响较大，而雪花阶段降水强度、雨水含量、雷达反射率因子受粒子直径影响较大。（2）稳定强降雪阶段，粒子数浓度Nt量级为103至104，而Dm小于1 mm，这是由于大雪片在温度较低的情况下，下落过程中破碎形成大量小雪片。降雪过程中，雪滴下落速度小于2 m/s的粒子数占总粒子数的90%，强降雪阶段的雪滴下落速度集中于1~1.5 m/s。（3）分别使用二、三、四阶矩和最小二乘法对不同降雪阶段粒子谱进行Gamma分布拟合，在降雪过程中，最小二乘法拟合效果优于二、三、四阶矩方法。     

西安地区积层混合云的Z-R关系研究

根据2013—2014年5—10月西安地区观测得到的雨滴谱数据,结合C波段新一代多普勒天气雷达的观测资料,对西安地区43次积层混合云降水的平均雨滴谱分布、微物理特征量及雷达反射率因子Z和雨强R的关系进行统计分析。结果表明:积层混合云降水的平均雨滴谱呈单峰型,Gamma分布对降水大粒子的拟合明显优于M-P分布;积层混合云中雨滴数浓度最大值及对雨强贡献最大值均出现在雨滴直径小于1 mm的范围内;利用最小二乘法建立了西安地区积层混合云的Z-R关系Z=168R1.43;当雨滴谱数据计算的回波强度小于(大于)30 dBz,雷达对回波强度有明显高估(低估)现象,针对此现象提出了积层混合云雷达回波的5档修正方案;利用Z=168R1.43估算西安积层混合云降水个例的降雨量更接近实测降雨量,估算降雨量的相对误差从51.3%减小到25.4%。     

鄂西北两次强降雪的滴谱特征和积雪深度预估方法

利用丹江口站Thies Clima激光雨滴谱仪(TCLPM)和地面人工加密观测资料对2010年12月14—15日和2012年1月20—22日两次强降雪天气滴谱演变特征及预估积雪深度方法进行了分析探讨,结果表明:(1)激光雨滴谱仪能自动识别降水相态,结合地面人工加密观测结果,气温高于0.7℃,降水相态为雨,低于0.7℃为雨夹雪,低于-0.5℃为纯雪,同时发现地面温度低于0.5℃,地面开始有积雪,且这两次过程地面风速比较低有利于地面积雪;(2)激光雨滴谱仪还可以很好地监测强降雪天气滴谱特征演变规律,回波强度(Z)、平均直径(D_m)、降雪粒子水含量(W)、数浓度(N)随降雪强度增强而增大,且两次过程中D_m、Z、N、W均与地面积雪速率(VSD)均有不同程度的正相关性,W与VSD相关性更好,分别达到了0.844和0.926;(3)选取降雪粒子水含量W与地面积雪速率进行一阶拟合,得出地面积雪速率预估方程,通过纯雪阶段地面积雪速率预估值(VSDF)和地面积雪深度预估值(SDF)与利用雨滴谱仪实测资料反演的VSD、SD两者进行比较,发现它们两者非常接近,说明通过这种方法可以较好地预估地面积雪速率和积雪深度,其结果可以再现地面积雪跃增的主要时段。     

庐山一次积冰天气过程冻雨滴谱及下落末速度物理特征个例研究

利用PARSIVEL激光雨滴谱仪和自动气象站观测资料及MICAPS数据,对2014年2月7~15日庐山地区积冰天气期间持续时间在5 h以上的2次冻雨过程[2月10日（个例1）和2月13日（个例2）]降水谱分布特征及下落末速度粒径分布进行研究。所观测到的两次个例均是以冻雨为主体的混合相态降水,下落末速度粒径分布偏离G-K曲线,与常规液态降水存在差异,低落速的冻雨滴随降水过程会逐渐向冰粒和干雪转化。结果表明:（1）个例1总降水粒子谱谱宽大于个例2,但峰值数密度比个例2小:个例1谱宽为10 mm,个例2谱宽为4.25 mm,两者峰值粒径均为0.5 mm;个例1降水粒子谱宽为干雪>冻雨>冰粒,个例2降水粒子谱宽为冻雨>干雪>冰粒。（2）Gamma分布更适合描述混合相态降水粒子谱以及冻雨滴谱,个例1中总降水粒子谱Gamma分布为:N（D）=20D-3.61exp（-0.08D）,冻雨Gamma分布:N（D）=76D-2.18exp（-1.11D）;个例2中总降水粒子谱Gamma分布为:N（D）=30D-4.68exp（-0.75D）,冻雨Gamma分布:N（D）=30D-4.67exp（-0.75D）。（3）混合相态降水因混有干雪或冰粒而使得下落末速度粒径谱分布表现出不同程度地向大粒径小落速方向或小粒径大落速方向延展的趋势,这为今后依据下落末速度粒径谱区分同时期降水类型提供了新的思路。     

一次江淮地区突发降雪的多源观测特征及其成因分析

利用激光雨滴谱仪资料、地面观测资料、合肥双偏振雷达资料和欧洲中心ERA5再分析资料，对2022年1月26日发生在江淮之间一次短时强降雪天气过程中滴谱变化和雷达回波特征进行分析，并探讨雨雪相态变化的成因，结果表明：（1）本次江淮之间突发的强降雪过程中，雨雪转换迅速，降水相态变化时间提前于地面温度变化，合肥地区温度变化明显强于周边地区。（2）此次短时强降雪发生在锋生强迫过程形成的高架雷暴中，强烈的上升运动、降水粒子的融化和蒸发引起温度负变化，导致降温过程自上而下产生，表现为地面温度下降落后于雨雪相态的变化。（3）降雪过程先后出现降雨、雨夹雪、纯雪3个阶段，雨（雪）滴谱的时间演变特征变化明显；转雪后降水粒子的下落末速度降低、粒径增大、滴谱明显变宽。（4）雷达观测显示此次降雪回波顶高度较高，超过6.5km，低空1km有强度超过50dBZ强反射率因子带并延伸到地面。反射率因子、相关系数（CC）和降水粒子产品（HCL）在降雪过程的发展中有明显特征。     

北京延庆山区降雪云物理特征的垂直观测和数值模拟研究

基于风廓线雷达、云雷达、粒子谱仪、微波辐射计和自动站等垂直观测设备,结合中尺度数值模式WRF对2017年3月23~24日北京延庆海坨山地区的一次降雪过程进行了观测和数值模拟研究。研究结果表明:垂直探测仪器结合中尺度数值模式可以获得降雪的宏观结构和微物理信息,有助于对降雪的深入研究。此次降雪过程由中高层西南及偏南暖湿气流与低层东南偏冷空气交汇造成动力和水汽辐合抬升形成,4~5 km高度处的风切变有利于降雪的增强。上升气流有助于水汽的输送、冰雪转化以及雪晶凝华、聚合,冰晶数浓度中心对应着上升运动顶部。然而此次降雪云系低层过冷云水含量不足,降雪回波<20 dBZ,回波顶高<7 km,雪花垂直下落速度<2 m s-1,地面降水量大值与低层强回波区对应。降雪粒子谱分布范围较窄,以直径1 mm左右的小粒子为主,相态主要为干雪,基本不存在混合相态。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on