海南省四十年来气候变化的多时间尺度分析

利用Morlet子波变换对海南省16个站1961—2000年的逐月平均气温和降水资料进行小波分析，结果表明：二维小波系数图可以清楚地显示出气候变化在不同时间尺度上的演变特征，并能对未来的气候演变趋势作出定性估计。小波方差图显示海南省逐月平均气温存在1．3—5．3年、7．5—10．7年的显著周期；逐月降水存在1．3—7．5年、10．7—21.3年的显著周期。气温和降水在不同时间尺度上的小波系数变化曲线图揭示了气候的长期和短期变化趋势有很大不同。     

哈尔滨、石家庄、武汉和广州的气候变化对比

利用国家气候中心整编的全国160站的逐月降水和气温资料,采用距平分析和小波变换方法,对哈尔滨、石家庄、武汉、广州等4城市的1951-2004年的年平均气温和夏季降水进行了对比分析。结果表明：4个城市54 a来气温变化趋势比较一致,1970年前后为气温最低的年代,只是在1970年以后开始出现升温趋势,尤其自20世纪80年代后期以来,升温更加明显;4城市气温年代际演变特征非常明显,存在10～25 a尺度的变化周期,在80年代中期发生了气候突变。对于54 a来的夏季降水,哈尔滨和武汉变化趋势基本一致,石家庄和广州变化趋势比较接近;4城市夏季降水年代际变化特征非常明显,都存在10 a左右尺度的变化周期,与气温变化周期明显不同。     

广东省春季低温阴雨的年景变化趋势分析

利用广州２～３月１９０８～１９９７年平均气温与１９５１～１９９７年平均日照资料，用小波变换分析广东省低温阴雨的年景趋势变化，着重分析重低温阴雨年在小波系数图中的分布特征，并根据分析结果对未来１～２年的低温阴雨年量进行了预测估计；然后 小波方差图确定２～３月平均气温存在４０年、６年左右周期振荡，日照存在４３年左右的周期振荡；最后分析了低温阴雨的年最变化与同期和前期５００ｈＰａ环流场有海温场分布特征的     

广州降水天数的统计规律

利用广州1973－2002年逐日的降水资料,用统计方法分析一次降水过程持续天数的规律。研究发现：广州30年来一次降水过程持续最长的天数为33d,且出现1－5d降水的可能性最大,其可能性多数随着降水天数增加而减少。计算降水时间序列的小波方差,发现广州一般降水天数主要存在3年和12年左右的振动,而暴雨以上的降水天数则存在1.5年和6年左右的振动。选取对应主要周期附近的尺度参数进行小波逆变换后,可以看出一般降水天数主要周期的年际变化趋于平缓,而对应暴雨天数的主要周期振荡的幅度逐渐增大。     

三穗县近46a极端气候特征研究

该文利用三穗1961—2006年的逐日平均气温和日降水量资料通过阈值求取,并采用线性趋势分析、相关分析、小波分析[6]等方法来分析三穗极端事件发生频数的总体特征,得出如下结论:夏季温度和降水的阈值比较高,对应温度高、降水多;冬季阈值低,气候干燥,温度低、降水量相对较少;通过趋势分析,95百分位极端降水日数、暴雨日数都呈增加趋势,汛期降水极端事件则呈减少趋势,但它们的变化趋势都不明显,通过相关分析发现,极端降水日数与年降水日数相关性较好,极端降水日数可以间接反映年降水日数的多少;通过小波分析得出极端降水日数周期为9 a左右,汛期降水日数的周期在11 a左右;暴雨日数在1970年以前存在准2 a的周期,在1970年以后存在4~5 a的准周期。     

梅州市近50年的降水特征

利用Morlet小波分析方法,对梅州市1953~2004年年平均雨量与前汛期(4~6月)雨量等气候资料进行分析和计算,得出以下几点结论:梅州市年降水周期在前20年呈现10年的准周期振荡,前汛期降雨量存在准7年的周期振荡;而在后20年,年降水与前汛期降水量的周期都向4年左右转变。     

江西省永修地区盛夏气温和汛期降水变化特征及其预测模型

利用逐日气温和降水资料,对江西省永修地区1961—2015年盛夏(7—8月)气温和汛期(4—6月)降水的变化规律进行分析。结果表明,永修地区盛夏气温和汛期降水均存在25—30 a的变化周期,但在全球变暖的大背景下,两者自1961年以后均未表现出明显的长期变化趋势。通过相关性分析从大气环流指数和外强迫指数中筛选影响永修地区降水和气温的显著相关因子,并采用逐步回归法构建永修地区盛夏气温预测模型和汛期降水预测模型。模拟和预测试验结果表明,气温、降水预测模型不仅能较好地模拟出1961—2010年永修地区盛夏气温和汛期降水的变化,还能很好地分别预报出2011—2015年永修地区盛夏气温和汛期降水。     

新会单站降水的多尺度振荡特征

利用新会国家站1957—2014年逐日降水数据,通过功率谱分析、Morlet小波变换对新会单站年降水、年内逐日降水进行周期分析,使用Butterworth带通滤波对年内各尺度降水振荡进行滤波分析,并对汛期少雨年景与汛期降水正常年景的降水周期对比分析。分析表明:新会单站降水在多个尺度上表现有明显周期振荡特征,其中年降水在整个分析时段内并不存在稳定周期,以阶段性周期递增演变为主;年内逐日降水周期基本表现为5 d及以下天气尺度振荡、准单周振荡、准双周振荡、季节内振荡和季节振荡等5种尺度。在少雨汛期,逐日降水振荡趋向短周期、高频率,而正常降水汛期则在低频振荡表现更明显。     

鹤山市近40年的气候变化浅析

对鹤山观测站1960～2002年的气温、降水资料的分析结果表明：近40多年来鹤山的气温呈上升趋势，特别是90年代增温十分明显，其中秋冬季增温较春夏季增温明显。降水量也呈上升趋势，其中以汛期增加最明显，春播期和10～12月旱季增加较少。应用小波分析得出，年降水量、年平均气温时间序列变化存在16年左右、10～12年、5～6年、3～4年和2年左右的周期。     

广州前汛期暴雨气候特征分析

利用广州站1951～2009年的降水资料和历史天气图资料分析广州在过去59年前汛期（4～6月）暴雨气候变化特征以及暴雨产生的天气形势分类得出以下结论：1）广州前汛期暴雨累积雨量与前汛期降水变化趋势一致,呈逐年增加趋势,前汛期暴雨贡献率呈现波动变化;2）5、6月份的暴雨占前汛期累积雨量的比例呈10年左右的周期变化,未来10年广州可能再次进入5月份暴雨高发期;3）前汛期暴雨频次约占全年暴雨频次52．1％,其小波功率谱呈现4～8年的周期振荡,且在1987～2003年最为显著;4）广州前汛期暴雨偏多的年份,冷暖气团势力相当,在华南地区交汇的机会多,广州暴雨偏多,而暴雨偏少的年份,是极圈附近冷气团过于强盛而海上暖气团过于弱或者冷气团有一定的势力,但是海上暖气团过于强盛,华南地区由单一气团控制,广州暴雨偏少。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on