2003年4月9～13日连续暴雨和强对流天气过程分析及灾情评述

对2003年4月9～13日江西连续暴雨和12日区域性强对流天气过程的天气特点、灾情和预报服务情况进行了评述;并分析了天气形势的演变特征,认为4个高空低槽东移、中低层切变南北摆动、高低空急流藕合、冷空气南侵是造成这次暴雨、强对流天气的原因;同时指出了10日区域性暴雨和12日强对流天气在天气系统的垂直结构和稳定度方面的差异。     

甘孜州2004年"6·17"区域性暴雨天气过程分析

甘孜州日雨量≥50毫米的暴雨天气特少,但由于州内特殊的地形、地貌及地质结构等原因,日雨量≥25.0毫米的降水天气过程就足以造成灾害,所以将州内的暴雨标准确定为日雨量≥25.0毫米,24小时内有≥4站出现暴雨定为一次区域性暴雨天气过程.本文从地面、高空影响系统、数值预报产品特征及本地能量特征、客观预报结论等方面对今年"6.17"区域性暴雨天气过程进行分析总结.     

黔南“95.6.25—26”暴雨分析

通过常规气象资料与静止气象卫星数字化红外云图相结合的方法，分析１９９５年６月２４日下午到６月２６日下午造成黔南州一次连续性暴雨的天气过程，剖析造成这次连续性暴雨的大尺度天气背景和中小尺度天气系统发生、发展和消散的活动过程。     

两次突发性强对流天气的对比分析

为提高强对流天气的预报准确率,对2005年7月31日夜间和2004年6月7日下午衡水地区突发性强对流天气从影响系统、卫星云图、雷达回波及闪电定位资料特征等方面进行了对比分析.发现两次天气过程都属于降水天气结束后,又重新发展的强对流天气过程,预报起来具一定的难度.两次天气过程影响系统不同,造成的天气也不尽相同,"6.07"过程大风天气明显,且移动速度快,影响时间短,"7.31"过程局地短时暴雨天气明显,系统移动速度慢,影响时间长.两次天气过程的红外卫星云图特征不同,"6.07"过程的卫星云图呈带状,"7.31"过程的卫星云图呈团状,具有暴雨云团的特征.两次天气过程中大风和雷达基本反射率中的弓形回波具有非常好的对应关系.垂直积分液态水含量(VIL)的高值区的长时间影响与局地暴雨具有很好的对应关系,其值由高到低的骤减,预示着破坏性大风的发生.两次过程中大风发生前后雷电空间分布均呈扇状分布,对流发展成熟阶段造成雷击灾害的"6.07"过程中地闪所占比例较大,造成局地暴雨天气的"7.31"过程中云闪所占比例较大.在强对流天气的预报中,非常规气象资料起着很重要的作用.     

一次区域性暴雨天气过程的个例分析

区域性暴雨常因降雨范围大而对人民的生产、生活造成极大危害,本文针对2003年8月6日的区域暴雨天气过程,从大的环流背景出发,分析了高空区域天气图表和各种物理量,结合日本传真图数值预报产品,分析了本次暴雨产生的原因,总结了本次暴雨的天气特点。     

T639数值预报产品对一次广西秋季暴雨的诊断分析

为加深对华南秋季暴雨的认识,利用常规资料、T639数值预报产品对2008年10月31日～11月1日广西西部秋季暴雨天气过程进行了综合诊断分析。结果表明:这次暴雨天气过程是由地面弱冷空气、低空切变和副高边缘偏南暖湿气流共同影响造成的。对流层低层东南气流和中高层的西南气流输送的水汽在广西西南地区上空交汇,是造成这次强降水天气的有利条件。广西西南地区较强的差动涡度平流和差动假相当位温平流增强了该地区的上升运动。强烈的上升运动是造成本次暴雨过程的直接动力条件。     

“96·4”广西暴雨过程的天气学及物理量诊断分析

通过对“９６·４”暴雨过程进行天气学及物理量诊断分析，找出造成这次天气过程的水汽、热力、动力等物理量与暴雨的对应关系，为今后暴雨天气的数值预报解释应用提供了一些参考依据。     

影响临沂地区的台风暴雨

台风暴雨具有范围广,历时长、雨量大等特点,是造成大范围洪涝的重要灾害性天气。临沂地区地处中纬度沿海,夏季常受登陆台风影响,产生暴雨乃至特大暴雨天气。 一、天气气候概况 据1956—1985年资料统计,直接影响本区造成暴雨的台风共有14次,其中有大暴雨的11次,特大暴雨3次。雨量最大,范围最广的是7412号台风,1974年8月13—14日,受12号台     

2013年广西一次前汛期暴雨过程分析

利用地面观测资料、探空资料和卫星观测资料对2013年4月29日至5月1日广西东部地区出现的一次暴雨天气过程进行分析,结果表明：（1）本次强降雨过程前期具有典型的暖区暴雨天气过程,主要受高原槽、低层急流系统影响,低层风向辐合高层辐散的配置触发了暴雨天气的产生,后期冷空气南下影响,触发强对流云团发展,造成强降雨天气的持续;（2）过程期间涡度场、散度场低层辐合高层辐散配置较好,水汽辐合上升强烈;（3）中尺度雨团在广西东部连续的生成并维持,造成桂东地区大范围的暴雨天气.     

一次中天山暴雨天气的诊断分析

利用常规气象资料、T213物理量、风云2c红外云图及多普勒雷达探测资料,对2008年7月25日17时-26日08时发生在中天山的暴雨天气过程进行了特征分析。结果表明：此次暴雨过程由天气尺度的冷锋暴雨云团造成,暴雨落区出现在高空西南急流轴南侧,各测站的短时强降水由冷锋暴雨云团中的中尺度雨团所致。     

要重视指示性云的观测及编码

以一些易被忽略、简化的指示性云状及编码为依据,论述云天演变,对于观测、记录及编码具有重要意义。     

要重视指示性云的观测及编码

以一些易被忽略、简化的指示性云状及编码为依据，论述云天演变，对于观测、记录及编码具有重要意义。     

对百色工业立市气象信息服务的探讨

就百色工业立市的情况作简要概叙,并在工业立市进程中,除了决策和公益气象服务以外,气象信息服务的市场前景、营销人员队伍、服务中应注意的事项及气象信息服务的可能服务对象和内容作了较为详细的探讨。     

综合布线系统在气象核心网络升级中的应用

综合布线系统采用标准化的语音、数据、图像、监控设备,各线综合配置在一套标准的布线系统上,统一布线设计、安装施工和集中管理维护。综合布线系统在广东省气象局核心网络升级综合布线实际应用效果明显。     

综合布线系统在气象核心网络升级中的应用

综合布线系统采用标准化的语音、数据、图像、监控设备，各线综合配置在一套标准的布线系统上，统一布线设计、安装施工和集中管理维护。综合布线系统在广东省气象局核心网络升级综合布线实际应用效果明显。     

The Impact Of Air-Flow Separation On The Drag Of The Sea Surface

An approach that allows assessment ofthe impact of air-flow separation (AFS) fromwave breaking fronts on the sea-surface drag is presented. Wave breaking fronts are modelled by the discontinuities of the sea-surface slope. It is assumedthat the dynamics of the AFS from wave breaking crests is similar to thatfrom the backward facing step. The form drag supported by an individualbreaker is described by the action of the pressure drop distributed alongthe forward face of the breaking front. The total stress due to the AFS isobtained as a sum of contributions from breaking fronts of different scales.Outside the breaking fronts the drag of the sea surface is supported by theviscous surface stress and the wave-induced stress. To calculate the stressdue to the AFS and the wave-induced stress a physical model of the wind-wavespectrum is used. Together with the model of the air flow described in termsof surface stresses it forms a self-consistent dynamical system for the seasurface-atmosphere where the air flow and wind waves are strongly coupled.Model calculations of the drag coefficient agree with measurements. It is shownthat the dimensionless Charnock parameter (roughness length normalized onthe square of the friction velocity and the acceleration of gravity)increases with the increase of the wind speed in agreement with fieldmeasurements. The stress due to the AFS normalized on the square of thefriction velocity is proportional to the cube of wind speed. At low windsthe viscous surface stress dominates the drag. The role of the form drag,which is the sum of the stress due to the AFS and the wave-induced stress, isnegligible. At moderate and high winds the form drag dominates. At windspeeds higher than 10 m s^-1 the stress supported by the AFS becomescomparable to the wave-induced stress and supports up to 50% of the totalstress.     

黑潮OLR距平指数与华南西部主汛期降水的关系

OLR距平场与华南西部主汛期降水的相关分析场显示,在黑潮区域有强烈的高相关信号反映。黑潮区OLR距平指数与华南主汛期降水的遥相关分析显示,前期黑潮区OLR距平指数的异常,可以成为预测主汛期降水有一定指示意义的前兆信号。并在此基础上建立主成分降维分析方法,对1989~2000年主汛期降水作预测及回代检验,检验结果准确率达75%,说明用黑潮区OLR距平指数作为预报因子可以取得良好的预报成绩。     

对夜间云观测的体会

介绍夜间进行云观测的工作程序,对云的特征进行分析,提出了观测云的注意事项。     

On The Influence Of The Eulerian Velocity PDF Closure On The Eddy Diffusion Coefficient

The flux-gradient model, often used to describe turbulent dispersion, implicitly defines an eddy diffusion coefficient K that is known to be related to the Eulerian probability density function (pdf) of the turbulent velocity field. In the strict limit of applicability of Fick's law, the relationship between K and the pdf is used to investigate the influence of non-Gaussianity on dispersion in homogeneous turbulence. A bi-Gaussian pdf is used as a closure model that allows for separate studies of skewness and kurtosis variations. The choice of model parameters can have a significant influence on K, especially when the pdf is bimodal. Both arbitrariness of the closure and bimodality are then reduced using the maximum entropy criterion for the selection of the free parameter of the closure scheme, together with the assumption that the model is valid only for those values of the parameters for which a unimodal pdf is possible. The variations of K are found to be sensitive to both skewness and kurtosis showing a more complex behaviour than that found in literature.     

The Role Of Halocarbons In The Climate Change Of The Troposphere And Stratosphere

Releases of halocarbons into the atmosphere over the last 50 years are among the factors that have contributed to changes in the Earth’s climate since pre-industrial times. Their individual and collective potential to contribute directly to surface climate change is usually gauged through calculation of their radiative efficiency, radiative forcing, and/or Global Warming Potential (GWP). For those halocarbons that contain chlorine and bromine, indirect effects on temperature via ozone layer depletion represent another way in which these gases affect climate. Further, halocarbons can also affect the temperature in the stratosphere. In this paper, we use a narrow-band radiative transfer model together with a range of climate models to examine the role of these gases on atmospheric temperatures in the stratosphere and troposphere. We evaluate in detail the halocarbon contributions to temperature changes at the tropical tropopause, and find that they have contributed a significant warming of ~0.4 K over the last 50 years, dominating the effect of the other well-mixed greenhouse gases at these levels. The fact that observed tropical temperatures have not warmed strongly suggests that other mechanisms may be countering this effect. In a climate model this warming of the tropopause layer is found to lead to a 6% smaller climate sensitivity for halocarbons on a globally averaged basis, compared to that for carbon dioxide changes. Using recent observations together with scenarios we also assess their past and predicted future direct and indirect roles on the evolution of surface temperature. We find that the indirect effect of stratospheric ozone depletion could have offset up to approximately half of the predicted past increases in surface temperature that would otherwise have occurred as a result of the direct effect of halocarbons. However, as ozone will likely recover in the next few decades, a slightly faster rate of warming should be expected from the net effect of halocarbons, and we find that together halocarbons could bring forward next century’s expected warming by ~20 years if future emissions projections are realized. In both the troposphere and stratosphere CFC-12 contributes most to the past temperature changes and the emissions projection considered suggest that HFC-134a could contribute most of the warming over the coming century.