20世纪90年代以来广西重大水旱灾害回顾

简略描述20世纪90年代以来广西气象灾害情况,较为详细地分析了造成广西严重灾害的暴雨洪涝、干旱、热带气旋的分布特征及灾害损失情况。结果显示,1994年气象灾害直接经济损失最大;1994年是新中国成立以来暴雨洪涝灾害最严重的一年,其它特大暴雨洪涝发生在1996、1998、2001年和2005年;特大干旱损失最严重的是2003年;出现热带气旋最多的年份是1994年,2001年的灾损最严重。     

2007年中国气候概况

2007年,中国年平均气温较常年偏高1.3℃,为1951年以来最暖的一年;平均年降水量接近常年.年内,我国气象灾害频发,淮河流域夏季发生特大暴雨洪涝,北方出现罕见秋雨;江南、华南发生五十年一遇特大秋旱;热带气旋登陆多、时间集中,损失接近常年,但死亡人数少;辽宁、山东初春遭遇强暴风雪(雨);局地强对流天气频发,雷击灾害伤亡重;春季北方地区沙尘天气少,出现时间集中.总的来看,2007年我国干旱面积偏大,暴雨洪涝损失重,城市内涝频发,雷击灾害伤亡多.     

广西2003年度气候特点及其影响评价

2003年度(2002年12月至2003年11月),广西各地平均气温大部偏高,各地降水量大部偏少,各地日照时数大部偏多。年度气象灾害主要有:霜(冰)冻与降雪、干旱、冰雹与雷雨大风、暴雨洪涝、热带气旋、高温,其中干旱影响较大。年度内,气候条件对社会经济的影响有利有弊。     

广西2003年度气候特点及其影响评价

2003年度(2002年12月至2003年11月)，广西各地平均气温大部偏高，各地降水量大部偏少，各地日照时数大部偏多。年度气象灾害主要有：霜(冰)冻与降雪、干旱、冰雹与雷雨大风、暴雨洪涝、热带气旋、高温，其中干旱影响较大。年度内，气候条件对社会经济的影响有利有弊。     

地面气象观测数据文件的全程质量控制

利用山西省1983年-2006年暴雨洪涝、干旱、冰雹、霜冻、连阴雨等气象灾害受灾面积资料和农作物产量资料,采用灰色关联分析方法,对山西省主要气象灾害对农业的危害大小进行了分析。结果表明,影响山西农作物产量最严重的4种气象灾害依次是干旱、暴雨洪涝、冰雹和霜冻。     

广西热带气旋特大暴雨的特征分析

概况 鉴于1958年以后,广西达到了县县有气象站,为使分析结果具有代表性,所以本文的分析时段取1958年到1990年。分析的重点是对广西有重大影响的热带气旋特大暴雨个例。 关于广西热带气旋特大暴雨的定义。考虑到热带气旋特大暴雨对广西影响的严重程度以及雨强及分布范围,对其定义如下:     

广西沿海主要气象灾害及防御对策

广西沿海地区地处南亚热带季风气候区域。南临北部湾,是我国气候资源比较丰富的地区之一,常年气象灾害较多,常出现寒潮、霜冻、大风、热带气旋、暴雨、飑线、龙卷风、雾、干旱、春季低温阴雨、秋季寒露风等灾害。为了摸清广西沿海主要气象灾害,研究防灾减灾措施,振兴广西沿海经     

广西特大暴雨的特征分析

对1971～2001年发生在广西的特大暴雨和特大暴雨天气过程的时空分布特征及其环流形势特点作一较系统的分析,得出广西特大暴雨的月际分布具有明显的"单峰型";多发区域在沿海地区;造成广西特大暴雨的影响系统主要是热带气旋或热带低压系统。     

团结奋进 开创全省气象工作新业绩──1995年全省气象局长会议工作报告

1．1994年工作回顾1．1气象服务经受了重大考验并有新发展1994年，我省遭受了多次重大灾害性天气的袭击，春季粤西旱情严重，6月上旬热带气旋、冰雹、龙卷风肆虐，6月中旬遭暴雨袭击造成西江、北江近百年一遇的洪涝，7月中下旬“卷水重来”，再遭严重洪涝，全年共有6个台风登陆或影响我省。气象灾害范围之广，造成损失之大，是建国以来最严重的一年。在如此严峻复杂的异常天气面前，我省各级气象部门全力以赴，基本做到预报准确、服务及时，为保护人民生命财产的安全作出了应有有贡献。1．1．l重大灾害性天气服务作出贡献广州中心气象台和湛…     

广西2006年气候特点及其影响评价

2006年,广西平均气温偏高,平均降水量接近常年,时空分布极不均匀,春、秋季降水偏少,干旱严重;夏季降水集中、暴雨洪涝灾害严重。年内影响广西的热带气旋有6个,比常年偏多,其中第4号强热带风暴“碧利斯”和第6号台风“派比安”给广西造成了较严重的损失。总的来看,2006年广西气象灾害较常年偏重。气候对农业、水电、交通运输的影响有利有弊,对人体健康的影响属正常年景,对盐业、旅游业的影响属偏好年景。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on