森林下垫面陆面物理过程及局地气候效应的数值模拟试验

文中基于大气边界层和植被冠层微气象学基本原理 ,建立了一个森林植被效应的陆面物理过程和二维大气边界层数值模式。并应用该模式进行了植被和土壤含水量等生物和生理过程在陆面过程和局地气候效应方面的数值模拟试验。所得数值模拟试验结果与实际情况相吻合。结果表明 ,应用该模式可获得植被温度、植被冠层内空气温度、地表温度日变化特征 ;森林下垫面大气边界层风速、位温、比湿、湍流交换系数的时空分布和日变化特征。该模式还可应用于不同下垫面 ,模拟陆面物理过程与大气边界层相互作用机制及其局地气候效应的研究 ,这将为气候模式与生物圈的耦合研究奠定一个良好的基础。     

绿洲效应的模拟及内外因子的敏感性实验

利用一个已发展的陆面物理过程参数化方案与大气边界层数值模式耦合,模拟了半干旱区绿洲戈壁非均匀下垫面的陆面物理过程及其与大气边界层的相互作用,成功地描绘了绿洲戈壁局地气候效应,并进行了绿洲戈壁局地气候效应对于降水、绿洲水平尺度和植被结构等若干内外因子的敏感性实验.结果表明:绿洲的最小临界尺度为5～10 km之间,最大临界尺度为55～65 km之间,而最利于绿洲维持的尺度范围为20 km左右,这一结论与我国西部地区现存的绿洲尺度统计结果十分一致;绿洲植被覆盖率为0.6左右时,最利于绿洲发展.另外对植被空间分布方式和绿洲植被组成比例上也进行了数值实验,并对影响绿洲生存和持续发展的内、外因子气候效应的影响力量级进行了分级.这些结果对于深入了解绿洲气候的形成和维持机理具有重要的意义.     

不均匀植被分布对地表面和大气边界层影响的数值试验

研究陆地与大气间相互作用的方法之一是建立联系地表面层与大气间各种过程的数值模式进行模拟。本文是建立一个陆面过程与二维大气边界层相耦合的模式,耦合模式中包含了发生在大气边界层、植被冠层和土壤表层各种动力、热力和水文过程。运用这一模式模拟了荒漠环境中一片绿洲的不均匀地表面形成的局地气候。由于绿洲植被与周围荒漠有着显著不同的水份与能量平衡关系,使绿洲表面与边界层较四周荒漠冷而湿,并形成了相应的局地环流,即所谓“绿洲效应”。试验结果表明,模拟的气候状况与观测现象是一致的。模式可以用于陆气相互作用的研究。     

干旱半干旱地区植被气候效应的数值研究

本文利用三维土壤－植被－大气耦合的区域气候模式研究了干旱半干旱地区植被状况发生变化的短期气候效应，着重分析植被对海平面气压场、近地层气温和湿度、土壤温度、边界层风速、局地环流以及地面能量平衡和转换关系的影响，结果可为人们制定合理的农业种植制度，开发和利用有限的生物资源，推广植树种草绿化工程建设，改善区域气候环境提供一定的科学依据。     

荒漠绿洲边界层结构的数值模拟

陆-气相互作用和中小尺度天气系统的研究中,水平不均匀边界层和水平不均匀地表的强迫作用都是重要的物理过程.本文用已建立的陆面过程与大气边界层耦合模式(BLCM),较详细地研究了草地周围为荒漠(半沙漠)的地表植被不均匀而造成的边界层结构特征和局地环流及其昼夜变化.通过边界层顶影响自由大气不同尺度的运动.模式结果揭示出最强的上升和下沉运动是发生在荒漠-草地间动力和热力不连续的界面附近,且呈现出不对称性.     

基于卫星遥感的植被NDVI对气候变化响应的研究进展

回顾了以往植被对气候响应的有关研究,从此类研究常使用的数据、方法及获取的结论3个方面进行了分析,重点阐述了归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）对降水、温度和辐射等气候因子的响应特征,并探讨了未来的发展趋势。结果表明,植被NDVI对降水的显著响应往往出现在干旱半干旱地区和干湿季气候差异明显地区,且具有一定的滞后特征,滞后的时间尺度与局地条件关系密切;温度成为植被NDVI 控制因子的情况常出现在温带或寒温带地区,与对降水的滞后响应相比,植被对于温度的滞后响应并不是特别明显;辐射对于植被的主导影响主要出现在低纬度的部分区域、高云量区域和高纬度地区的特定时间段内。认为量化人类在植被对气候变化响应过程中的作用,全球变暖情形下植被对气候响应特征的深入分析,以及植被受气候影响的多尺度特征可能是以后此类研究的发展方向。     

干旱地区中尺度非均匀边界层气候的数值研究

为了用中尺度模式研究干旱地区非均匀下垫面与大气的相互作用及其对边界层气候的影响，本对Nickerson等提出的β-中尺度模式进行了某些修改．在此基础上我们着重对模式进行了敏感性试验．结果表明：模式对植被覆盖度和背景风速十分敏感。其次我们用此模式研究了我国北方(40°N，100°E)夏季非均匀下垫面对边界层气候的影响．     

陆面露水凝结预估模型研究进展及面临的主要科学问题与展望

露水发生在大气边界层最底层,受大气、植被、土壤的共同影响,在干旱半干旱地区陆地生态系统中发挥着重要作用。文章回顾了近几十年露水凝结模型所经历的3个发展阶段:统计回归模型、潜热通量模型、简化的云物理/能量平衡模型,凝练了当前因观测数据序列短造成的模型代表性不足、对不同下垫面露水形成物理机制分析不够透彻、对自然下垫面露水的有效模拟欠缺、干旱半干旱地区陆面模型的潜热通量关系不合理等造成的露水凝结模型的诸多问题,并指出未来需加深自然下垫面露水凝结机理及下垫面性质对露水凝结速率的影响机制研究,需要发展适用于中国不同气候背景和下垫面的露水凝结模型。     

青藏高原植被变化对区域气候影响研究进展

陆地生态系统与气候变化之间存在这密不可分的相互作用过程。青藏高原地区是全球气候变化的敏感区,全球变暖对高原陆地生态系统演变的影响非常明显,这必将导致高原生态系统变化。生态系统的变化又将会引起局地、区域气候的响应,导致局地、区域、甚至全球的气候变化。因此研究青藏高原地区植被演变及其与气候变化的关系是一个有着重要学术价值和实际意义的课题。本文在对青藏高原植被与气候关系研究回顾的基础上,介绍了近年来关于青藏高原植被变化对区域气候影响取得的新的进展,提出了一些可能的物理过程,同时指出了研究中存在问题及今后的工作重点。     

陆面过程模式TBLSHAW的设计及其在黄土高原地区的模拟研究

为了改善陆面过程模式在半干旱地区的模拟能力,在SHAW(Simultaneous Heat and Water Model)模式和CoLM(Common Land Surface Model)模式参数化方案基础上,结合黄土高原SACOL站(Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University)得到的部分土壤和近地层的研究结果,利用SHAW模式的动力框架,发展了一个新的陆面过程模式TBLSHAW(Two-Big-Leaf-SHAW)。该模式由一层植被、多层土壤和湍流边界层构成。在植被层主要采取双大叶模型计算能量平衡;土壤层利用水热耦合传输模型计算土壤温度和湿度,并包含了冻融、蒸发及降水渗透等物理过程;湍流边界层采取莫宁—奥布霍夫理论计算湍流通量。最后利用SACOL站获取的观测资料,对TBLSHAW模式进行了模拟检验。结果表明,TBLSHAW模式能够合理地模拟半干旱地区各项陆面过程特征的变化趋势;模拟的土壤温度和土壤湿度与观测值的偏差较小,模式效率和相关系数较高;模拟的净短波辐射及向上长波辐射较好;但是模拟的感热通量、潜热通量与观测值偏差较大,这可能与该地区的能量闭合度较低有关,还有待进一步研究。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF VEGETATION COVER FACTOR ON BOUNDARY LAYER CLIMATE IN SEMI-ARID REGION

A numerical model has been developed for simulating land-surface processes and atmosphericboundary layer climate of vegetation and desert in semi-arid region.Dynamically,thermal andhydrological processes take place in the atmospheric boundary layer.Vegetation and surface layerof soil are included in the soil-vegetation-atmosphere coupled system,in which,vegetation isconsidered as a horizontally uniform layer,soil is divided into 13 layers and the horizontaldifferences of variables in the system are neglected.The influence of local boundary layer climateby vegetation cover factor is simulated with the coupled model in the semi-arid region of NorthwestChina (around 38°N,105°E).Results indicate that due to significant differences of water andenergy budgets in vegetation and desert region,the air is colder and wetter over the vegetation andcorrespondingly an obvious local circulation in the lower atmosphere is formed.Simulating results also show that maximum updraft and downdraft occur around thevegetation-desert marginal area,where the dynamical and thermodynamical properties of PBL(Planetary Boundary Layer) are uncontinuous.It is stronger at daytime,weaker and reverse atnighttime.In the simulation,the moisture inversion phenomena are analyzed.Finally.theinfluences of vegetation cover factor exchange on local boundary layer climate are simulated.Thesimulating results bring to light that water may be conserved and improved by developing treeplanting and afforestation,and improving cover factor of vegetation in local ecoenvironment,andthis is an important way of transforming local climate in arid and semi-arid area.Results indicatethat the coupled model can be used to study the soil-vegetation-atmosphere interaction and localboundary layer climate.     

SENSITIVITY TESTS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN LAND SURFACE PHYSICAL PROCESS AND ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER

In this paper,an interactive model between land surface physical process and atmosphereboundary layer is established,and is used to simulate the features of soil environmental physics,surface heat fluxes,evaporation from soil and evapotranspiration from vegetation and structures ofatmosphere boundary layer over grassland underlying.The sensitivity experiments are engaged inprimary physics parameters.The results show that this model can obtain reasonable simulation fordiurnal variations of heat balance,soil volumetric water content,resistance of vegetationevaporation,flux of surface moisture,and profiles of turbulent exchange coefficient,turbulentmomentum,potential temperature,and specific humidity.The model developed can be used tostudy the interaction between land surface processes and atmospheric boundary layer in cityregions,and can also be used in the simulation of regional climate incorporating a mesoscalemodel.     

SENSITIVITY TESTS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN LAND SURFACE PHYSICAL PROCESS AND ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER*

In this paper,an interactive model between land surface physical process and atmosphere boundary layer is established,and is used to simulate the features of soil environmental physics,surface heat fluxes,evaporation from soil and evapotranspiration from vegetation and structures of atmosphere boundary layer over grassland underlying.The sensitivity experiments are engaged in primary physics parameters.The results show that this model can obtain reasonable simulation for diurnal variations of heat balance,soil volumetric water content,resistance of vegetation evaporation,flux of surface moisture,and profiles of turbulent exchange coefficient,turbulent momentum,potential temperature,and specific humidity.The model developed can be used to study the interaction between land surface processes and atmospheric boundary layer in city regions,and can also be used in the simulation of regional climate incorporating a mesoscale model.     

陆面过程和大气边界层相互作用敏感性实验

文中建立了一个研究陆面物理过程与大气边界层相互作用的模式。模拟了草原下垫面的土壤 环境物理、地面热量通量、蒸发、蒸散及大气边界层结构特征。并对主要的环境物理参数进 行了敏感性实验。结果表明，本模式能合理地模拟地表热量平衡、土壤体积含水量、植被蒸 发阻抗、地表水汽通量日变化和湍流交换系数、湍流动能、位温和比湿廓线等。该模式还可 进一步应用于研究城市陆面物理过程与大气边界层相互作用机制，及与中尺度大气模式耦合用于区域气候的研究。     

土壤热异常影响地表能量平衡的个例分析和数值模拟

The statistical relationship between soil thermal anomaly and short-term climate change is presented based on a typical case study. Furthermore, possible physical mechanisms behind the relationship are revealed through using an off-line land surface model with a reasonable soil thermal forcing at the bottom of the soil layer.In the first experiment, the given heat flux is 5 W m-2 at the bottom of the soil layer (in depth of 6.3 m)for 3 months, while only a positive ground temperature anomaly of 0.06℃ can be found compared to the control run. The anomaly, however, could reach 0.65℃ if the soil thermal conductivity was one order of magnitude larger. It could be even as large as 0.81℃ assuming the heat flux at bottom is 10 W m-2. Meanwhile, an increase of about 10 W m-2 was detected both for heat flux in soil and sensible heat on land surface, which is not neglectable to the short-term climate change. The results show that considerable response in land surface energy budget could be expected when the soil thermal forcing reaches a certain spatial-tem poral scale. Therefore, land surface models should not ignore the upward heat flux from the bottom of the soil layer. Moreover, integration for a longer period of time and coupled land-atmosphere model are also necessary for the better understanding of this issue.     

Vegetation and climate variability: a GCM modelling study

Vegetation is known to interact with the other components of the climate system over a wide range of timescales. Some of these interactions are now being taken into account in models for climate prediction. This study is an attempt to describe and quantify the climate–vegetation coupling at the interannual timescale, simulated with a General Circulation Model (HadSM3) coupled to a dynamic global vegetation model (TRIFFID). Vegetation variability is generally strongest in semi-arid areas, where it is driven by precipitation variability. The impact of vegetation variability on climate is analysed by using multivariate regressions of boundary layer fluxes and properties, with respect to soil moisture and vegetation fraction. Dynamic vegetation is found to significantly increase the variance in the surface sensible and latent heat fluxes. Vegetation growth always causes evapotranspiration to increase, but its impact on sensible heat is less straightforward. The feedback of vegetation on sensible heat is positive in Australia, but negative in the Sahel and in India. The sign of the feedback depends on the competing influences, at the gridpoint scale, of the turbulent heat exchange coefficient and the surface (stomatal) water conductance, which both increase with vegetation growth. The impact of vegetation variability on boundary layer potential temperature and relative humidity are shown to be small, implying that precipitation persistence is not strongly modified by vegetation dynamics in this model. We discuss how these model results may improve our knowledge of vegetation–atmosphere interactions and help us to target future model developments.     

A simple soil moisture scheme for regional climate simulations in the tropics

Summary A regional climate model (RCM) is described which incorporates an improved scheme for soil moisture availability (SMA) compared to an earlier version. The improvement introduces a sensitivity of SMA to soil type, vegetation cover and ground albedo, making the model more adaptable to divers regions. In addition, the interactive SMA depends on past precipitation, ground temperature and terrain relief. Six RCM simulations of the monthly mean climate over southern Africa are performed at 0.5° grid spacing. Improvements in the RCM climate simulations compared to control runs are attributed to the newer SMA scheme. Only a slight improvement in skill results from driving the RCM with observational analyses as opposed to GCM “predicted” lateral boundary conditions. The high spatial resolution of the RCM provides a distinct advantage in the simulated spatial distribution of precipitation compared with a global model run at an effective grid spacing of 2.8°. The mesoscale precipitation signal in the RCM simulations is more dominant during the rather dry December 1982 than during December 1988. The improved SMA scheme contributed to a realistic partition between latent and sensible heat fluxes at the ground-atmosphere boundary and consequently a realistic diurnal cycle of ground temperature. Simulated differences in the spatial distribution of rainfall between December 1982 and December 1988 are more realistic with the improved scheme. Received June 28, 2001 Revised August 27, 2001     

Evaluation and estimation of daily global solar radiation from the estimated direct and diffuse solar radiation

Active layer plays a key role in regulating the dynamics of hydrothermal processes and ecosystems that are sensitive to the changing climate in permafrost regions. However, little is known about the hydrothermal dynamics during freeze-thaw processes in permafrost regions with different vegetation types on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). In the present study, the freezing and thawing processes at four sites (QT01, 03, 04, and 05) with different vegetation types on the QTP was analyzed. The results indicated that the impact on the soil water and heat during the summer thawing process was markedly greater than that during the autumn freezing process. Furthermore, the thermal-orbit regression slopes for all sites exhibited a homologous variation as the depth increased, with the slowest attenuation for the meadow sites (QT01 and QT03) and a slightly faster attenuation for the desert steppe site (QT05). The air and ground surface temperatures were similar in winter, but the ground surface temperature was significantly higher than the air temperature in summer in the radiation-rich environment at all sites on the QTP. The results also indicated that the n-factors were between 0.36 and 0.55 during the thawing season, and the annual mean temperature near the permafrost table was between − 1.26 and − 1.84 °C. In the alpine desert steppe region, the thermal conditions exhibited to show a warming trend, with a current permafrost table temperature of − 0.22 °C. The annual changing amplitude of the ground temperature at the permafrost table was different for different vegetation types.     

A numerical study of the influence of urban expansion on monthly climate in dry autumn over the Pearl River Delta, China

Summary In this study, we employed a regional model to simulate the impact of urban expansion on monthly climate in Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. Two experiments were performed by prescribing two different land covers in the PRD region. One land cover represents vegetation in the 1970s which is derived from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) data with 24-category (hereafter referred to as NU). The other land cover represents the current urban condition which is derived from remote sensing data acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) in 2004 (hereafter referred to as HU). Using the two land cover datasets, monthly climate of October 2004 was simulated, which was a very dry season in the PRD region. The results obtained from the numerical simulation show a distinct difference in simulated shelter-level temperature, humidity, surface fluxes and the height of planetary boundary layer (PBL) with two different land cover data sets being specified. The maximum difference in simulated monthly mean temperature over urban areas was 0.9 °C. A large temperature difference was found in urbanized area in Guangzhou, Dongguan, Zhongshan and Shenzhen. The monthly mean relative humidity in urban areas decreased by 1.4% as a result of urban expansion (from 59.2% in NU to 57.8% in HU). The maximum decrease in mixing ratio was 0.4 g/kg in Guangzhou and Dongguan, whereas the maximum decrease in relative humidity was 2.4%. There was an increase of sensible heat flux in developed lands and the maximum increase was 90 W m⁻². In contrast, latent hear flux in urban area decreased and the maximum decrease was 300 W m⁻². In addition, the increase in mean height of PBL ranged from 20 to 80 m (HU compared with NU), and the maximum change of the height was 180 m over urban area in city of Guangzhou.