山西临汾地震台地电阻率异常分析与探讨

对山西临汾地震台地电阻率观测数据在临汾及其周边地区发生4．0级以上地震时的异常变化、异常形态进行了对比分析,认为,临汾中心地震台地电阻率对于捕捉该区地震前兆异常信息有积极的意义;对2008年4月以来临汾中心地震台地电阻率观测数据的变化情况、变化形态做了分析,其结果可为场源外区域地电异常的研究提供依据和参考。     

山西临汾中心地震台地倾斜震前异常变化特征

从原始记录和分量图两方面对山西临汾中心地震台1991年以来的倾斜资料进行了分析，研究了临汾中心地震台地倾斜与省内及周边地区发生的中强地震的关系。结果表明，对1996年至2002年内发生的几次中强地震，临汾中心地震台地倾斜资料都有较好的异常反映。     

2022年6月1日芦山MS 6.1地震前地电阻率异常分析

利用归一化速率变化方法（NVRM）分析处理了芦山M_S 6.1地震震中距450 km范围内的成都地震基准台、冕宁地震台、红格地震台、甘孜地震台等4个台站的地电阻率观测数据,结果显示：红格地震台NS、EW测道及甘孜地震台NE测道原始数据震前出现年变趋势性下降,下降幅度为1%—3%;红格地震台NVRM曲线震前出现正异常,冕宁地震台、甘孜地震台出现负异常,曲线转折下降过程中发生芦山M_S 6.1地震。虽然整体而言提取出的地电阻率震前异常在时间上与此次地震对应关系较好,但甘孜地震台、红格地震台与此次地震震中间距离均大于300 km,提取出的异常是否为此次地震异常,还需进一步探究。     

四川汶川8.0级地震前山西临汾中心地震台地倾斜观测资料分析

将山西临汾中心地震台在四川汶川8.0级地震前地倾斜形变观测的原始记录图、日均值图、矢量图中存在的地震扰动、同震阶跃等异常形态进行分析。以发现震前的中长期异常,总结规律,提高地震预测水平。     

浅析山西临汾中心地震台地电监测地震的能力

对山西临汾中心地震台的台址情况及地电观测环境做了介绍．对影响观测的干扰因素和观测资料的映震能力进行了，分析．认为．山两临汾中心地震台地电观测具有较强的监测地震的能力。     

山西临猗地震前后临汾台地电阻率变化

以临汾台地电阻率观测资料为依据,着重对临猗地震前后的异常变化进行了分析研究,并对这次地震地电阻率前兆异常形态与特征进行了探讨。     

山西临汾中心地震台地电阻率EW测道曲线特征分析

将临汾中心地震台地电阻率EW测道电测深曲线,采用水平层状模型反演测区的电性结构,计算EW测道各层介质的影响系数,解释了地电阻率EW测道"夏高冬低"的年变现象。对地电阻率EW测向从2010年9月17日开始出现的趋势下降变化,采用褶积滤波法分析该区降雨和地下水位对地电阻率的影响,发现二者对地电阻率的影响都不显著。分析认为,当前存在的趋势异常变化是可信的,应密切跟踪此异常的发展变化。     

山西临汾中心地震台ZD9A-Ⅱ地电场仪试运行观测资料的分析

对山西临汾中心地震台ZD9A-Ⅱ地电场仪试运行期间记录的观测资料进行了分析，从记录的数据中，甄别出异常变化形态，分析了造成异常的原因，采取了相应的对策。指出，地电场仪自运行以来，该仪器能较好地反映测区地电场强度的变化。     

对山西临汾中心地震台SSQ-2I数字化石英摆倾斜仪异常图像的分析

对山西临汾中心地震台SSQ-21数字化石英摆倾斜仪记录图像,从仪器自身、人为因素及地震影响等几方面进行了分类介绍与对比,从而为正确地分析异常图像提供了依据,提高了地震预测的可信度。     

山西临汾中心地震台地电场观测数据质量分析评价

简要介绍了山西临汾中心地震台大地电场观测系统,并对2009年以来更换电极后,观测数据质量进行了分析评价,表明,临汾台大地电场观测数据能够反映出地电场强度的时空变化,数据质量符合规范要求,可以为地震前兆研究提供相应信息。     

强震观测网、高灵敏度地震观测网、地中强震观测网、宽频带地震观测网

阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2～ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1　强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了…     

Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration

Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i. e. during the few centuries before and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle- and low-latitude lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production. Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation, rather than escaping from war zones. The “wandering” of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind. Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people. Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer-modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but water-management and agricultural researches to insure food-supply for an everincreasing world population.     

Spatial distribution,source apportionment,and associated risks of trace metals (As,Pb, Cr,Cd, and Hg) from a subtropical river,Gomti, Bangladesh

Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×10⁴.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。     

Age, geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of Mahukona Volcano, Hawai`i

The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km³) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high ³He/⁴He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized.     

山西高平地震

阐述了发生在山西高平的地震和对高平有影响的地震，分析了高平市的地震灾害，通过分析得出高平地震与晋获断裂带活动有关的结论。     

Dynamics of dissolved major (Na,K, Ca,Mg, and Si) and trace (Al,Fe, Mn,Zn, Cu,and Cr) elements along the lower Orinoco River

This study addresses the changes in dissolved major and trace element concentrations along the Orinoco River, including the mixing zone between the Orinoco and Apure Rivers. Water samples from the Apure and Orinoco Rivers were collected monthly in four sectors over a period of 15 months. Auxiliary parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and temperature), total suspended sediments, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and major (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Si) and trace (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cr) element concentrations were measured in all sectors. The relative contribution of both rivers after the Apure–Orinoco confluence was determined using Ca as a tracer. Moreover, a mixing model was developed to determine whether dissolved species exhibit a conservative behavior during mixing. The results indicate that DOC is removed from waters during the Apure–Orinoco mixing, probably due to absorption of DOC on mineral phases supplied by the Apure River. Dissolved Na, Ca, and Mg behave conservatively during the mixing processes, and their concentrations are controlled by a dilution process. The anomaly in the temporal pattern of K in the Orinoco is caused by the input of biogenic K originating from the Apure River during the high‐water stage. The loss of dissolved Si during the low‐water stage can be explained by the uptake of Si by diatoms. Dissolved Mn, Zn, Al, and Fe showed a non‐conservative behavior during the Apure–Orinoco mixing. The removal of Mn and Zn from the dissolved phase can be explained by the formation of Mn‐oxyhydroxides and the scavenging of Zn onto Mn oxides. Dissolved Fe is controlled by redox processes, although the removals of Fe and Al due to the preferential adsorption of large organometallic complexes by mineral surfaces after the Apure–Orinoco confluence can affect the mobility of both elements during transport. The conservative behavior shown by Cu and Cr can be related to the tendency of both elements to be complexed with small organic colloids, which are not preferentially adsorbed by clays.     

The Yecheng,Xinjiang, China,earthquake of February 14, 1980

In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m _b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment.     

Transitional, entraining, cloudy, and coastal boundary layers

Atmospheric boundary layers are marvelously varied and complex. Recent research has examined some of that variety. Boundary layers over land undergo drastic changes throughout the day as the sun rises and sets, and as clouds form and dissipate. Air is entrained at the top of the boundary layer at varying rates. As air moves over the coast, the boundary layer reacts to changes in surface forcing. All of these changes affect pollutant transport and weather formation. In this paper, research attempting to understand transitional, cloud-topped, and coastal boundary layers, and boundary-layer top entrainment, is reviewed.