旅游酒店排污影响下的岩溶地下水水化学变化

岩溶地下水系统具有高度的开放性和脆弱性,使得地下水极易遭受污染.为探究旅游酒店排污对岩溶地下水水化学变化的影响,以金佛山世界自然遗产地水房泉流域为例,对水房泉地下水的水化学进行自动化监测,对流域内雨水、土壤水、某酒店自来水、污废水进行定期采集,结合流域硝酸盐氮氧同位素分析.结果表明,监测期间水房泉水化学变化随酒店入住游客量总体表现为3个阶段：前期受降雨影响显著,旅游高峰期间水质急剧恶化,后期水质明显好转.酒店生活污废水的排放成为水房泉水化学演变的重要因素,硝酸盐氮氧同位素表明水房泉的NO₃^-主要来自粪便、污废水以及土壤N的混合.H₂SO₄及污水中HCl、有机酸等可能参与了碳酸盐岩的溶蚀,使水房泉Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、HCO₃^-浓度增加明显.流域岩溶管道发育,地下水流速快,使污染物质扩散迅速,故在研究期间水房泉主要离子的浓度高峰对污废水排放高峰的响应仅滞后约4 d.     

稳定同位素技术在地表水硝酸盐污染研究中的应用

地表水硝酸盐污染已成为全球面临的主要水环境问题之一,为了有效控制地表水中硝酸盐污染,确定地表水中硝酸盐的来源以及研究其在环境中的迁移转化过程就显得尤为重要.硝酸盐稳定氮(¹⁵N)、氧(¹⁸O)同位素作为一种有效的示踪技术在识别地表水中硝酸盐的来源及迁移转化过程中已得到了广泛的应用,但是硝酸盐在迁移转化过程中,¹⁵N、¹⁸O同位素会因为多种因素而发生分馏,同位素值发生变化使得这种技术的应用存在一定的局限性.本文系统总结了不同来源硝酸盐δ¹⁵N、δ¹⁸O值的组成特征及其影响因素,分析了在不同土地利用类型流域内,利用硝酸盐¹⁵N、¹⁸O同位素技术开展硝酸盐来源识别、负荷估算和反硝化作用评估的方法和研究进展.基于已有研究成果,提出在未来的研究过程中,一方面应以流域为单元,选择适当的研究方法并结合多种辅助指标研究多因素共同作用下NO₃^-污染源的δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-和δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-值的变化规律;另一方面应对比流域污染源详细的调查数据,分析现有负荷估算模型存在的不确定性,并构建合适的负荷计算模型;最后,应深入开展同位素在确定流域和河流中反硝化发生的范围、地点和程度方面的研究,特别是掌握河流系统中沉积物-水体中氮的循环过程.     

北美休伦湖沙金湾中沉积物反硝化率的测定及其特征

It have been measured the denitrification rates (DR) of sediment in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, by N₂ production method. Triplicate samples of sediment core were collected at two GLERL long-term monitoring sites of the Bay in July and August of 1995. The DR are 48.81 -24.99 and 32.81-40.51 micromol N₂ ^-2h^-1 in the Inner and Outer regions of Saginaw Bay, respectively.The characters of DR in Saginaw Bay were studied also in this paper. The DR were influenced by the interactions between the Saginaw River as a main pollution source and the Lake Huron as a reservoir of high quality water. The impacts of zebra mussels (Dreissena Polymorpha) on denitrification in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, were discussed, Significant differences in NH₄⁺ exchange fluxes were detected in the inner and outer bays. The molar ratios of N₂:TIN were similar at both sampling sites. Measured DR were positively correlated to O₂ consumption rates in the headspace. Additionally, a negative correlation between NH₄⁺ and NO₃^- concentrations in the overlying water was found.     

鄱阳湖候鸟栖息地湖泊悬浮有机质的碳氮分布及来源分析——以大湖池和沙湖为例

以江西鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区的2个湖泊——大湖池和沙湖为研究对象,分析不同季节和水位悬浮有机质的碳氮稳定同位素（δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N）及碳氮比值（C/N）的变化特征,甄别悬浮有机质的来源.结果表明：在不同水位条件下,悬浮有机质的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N均存在差异显著性.沙湖5月水位上涨时,悬浮有机质δ¹³C最正,均值为-26.4‰±0.9‰,10月退水后,δ¹³C最负,均值为-31.2‰±1.1‰.悬浮有机质δ¹⁵N值在5月和8月较低（范围为3.5‰~5.5‰）,10月也相对较低,均值为6.1‰±0.6‰,而12月相对较高（7.3‰~10.8‰）.悬浮有机质C/N值在10月最低,均值为6.5±0.6,小于7,与其他各月的C/N有显著差异,而其他各月C/N在7.8~8.7之间,不存在显著差异.大湖池悬浮有机质δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N各月的变化趋势与沙湖类似,并且两个湖泊在相同月份的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N或C/N均不存在显著差异,但大湖池的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N比沙湖的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N均值略偏正0.1‰~0.5‰,C/N比沙湖的C/N略偏低0~0.4.有机δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N结合C/N示踪表明,大湖池和沙湖的悬浮有机质在5月水位上涨和8月丰水期主要来源于河流运输的土壤有机质,表层沉积物对5月悬浮有机质也有一定贡献（16%）,水生浮叶植物对8月悬浮有机质有一定贡献（25%）;10月秋季退水后悬浮有机质主要来源于藻类（77%）,表层沉积物有一定贡献（23%）;12、3和4月冬、春季枯水期悬浮有机质主要来源于表层沉积物,候鸟粪便对12月悬浮有机质有较大贡献（40%）,湿地植物碎屑对3和4月有较大贡献（47%和51%）.     

东北地区典型湖沼沉积物溶解态有机质组成特征及来源解析：以库里泡为例

溶解态有机质(DOM)是湖泊沉积物的重要组分,解析DOM的组成和来源对于深入理解湖泊有机质生物地球化学循环及控制水体富营养化具有重要意义。 本研究于2021年5月和8月采集了大庆市库里泡表层及柱状沉积物、泡内水生物(浮游藻类、挺水植物和沉水植物)、岸边土壤、陆生C3和C4植物、禽畜粪便以及城镇污水等样品,分析了样品DOM的稳定同位素(δ¹³C 和 δ¹⁵N)组成及三维荧光光谱特征,并利用IsoSource软件计算了不同来源样品对沉积物DOM的贡献率。结果显示:(1)库里泡内表层沉积物DOM的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N组成存在季节性差异,5月δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N均值分别为-25.54‰和9.02‰,8月分别为-26.81‰和8.40‰。(2)库里泡内柱状沉积物DOM的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N组成在垂直方向存在差异,表层(0~3 cm)δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N均值分别为-26.58‰和9.04‰,深层(3~30 cm)均值分别为-25.40‰和10.61‰。(3)表层沉积物DOM的三维荧光组分存在季节性差异。5月以类腐殖质荧光组分为主,占比为87.89%,HIX和BIX分别为6.27和0.67;8月蛋白类荧光组分占比为49.58%,HIX和BIX指数均值分别为1.72和0.87。(4)5月表层沉积物DOM外源输入占比为61%,以土壤(21.40%)和城镇污水(18.08%)为主;而8月内源贡献占比稍高(55.10%),且以挺水植物为主(48.68%)。(5)柱状沉积物(0~30 cm)不同深度DOM来源组成相近,主要为城镇污水、沉水植物/藻和挺水植物,贡献率均值分别为42.13%、25.07%和18.53%。整体上,库里泡沉积物DOM来源主要受到流域内人类活动及气候特征的影响,本文研究结果有利于加深对我国东北地区湖泊沉积物有机质迁移转化及累积规律的认识。     

富营养化湖泊中硫酸盐对蓝藻衰亡产甲烷过程的影响

随着外源性硫酸盐（SO₄^2-）的持续性输入,富营养化湖泊水体的SO₄^2-浓度持续升高.野外长期监测结果表明,近几十年太湖水体的SO₄^2-浓度逐渐升高,达到了96 mg/L的水平.此外,富营养化湖泊中蓝藻水华衰亡会产生并释放大量的甲烷（CH₄）,湖泊水体的SO₄^2-浓度升高是否会对沉积物产CH₄过程造成影响仍缺乏相关研究.本实验构建了蓝藻水体沉积物微宇宙系统,通过添加30、60、90、120和150 mg/L五组浓度的硫酸盐,探究不同SO₄^2-浓度下蓝藻衰亡过程中水体的SO₄^2-、还原性硫化物（∑S^2-）和CH₄的变化规律.结果表明,蓝藻聚积衰亡的第6~9天硫酸盐还原作用最为强烈,此时水体中的SO₄^2-浓度快速下降到最低值,依次为7.65、8.87、21.21、41.14和56.54 mg/L.伴随着硫酸盐还原过程的进行,水柱中∑S^2-的浓度不断上升,并达到最高值,依次为4.77、6.98、7.49、7.49和7.43 mg/L.蓝藻聚积衰亡的第10~21天水体中的SO₄^2-浓度维持在较低水平,∑S^2-浓度逐渐下降,并趋近于0.培养开始时,CH₄增长缓慢,SO₄^2-浓度下降之后,CH₄浓度逐渐上升,并在第6~9天迅速上升,培养结束时,CH₄的最终浓度随着水体初始SO₄^2-浓度的增加而降低,依次为546.39、207.24、79.61、37.25和5.56 μmol/L,CH₄的浓度与初始水体SO₄^2-浓度呈指数型负相关关系.因此,对于精准评估富营养化湖泊的产甲烷过程,需要考虑不断上升的SO₄^2-浓度所带来的影响.     

乌梁素海悬浮颗粒物和沉积物有机碳同位素特征及来源

悬浮颗粒物和沉积物是湖泊有机污染物的主要承载物质,其稳定同位素研究对有效识别有机质污染导致的湖泊富营养化具有重要意义.本研究选取乌梁素海为研究区,于2019年4月（融冰期）、7月（夏灌期）和10月（秋灌期）对湖区及入湖渠道的表层沉积物和悬浮颗粒物中有机碳的δ¹³C、C/N比及总有机碳（TOC、POC）和总氮（TON、PON）含量进行测定分析,联合采用δ¹³C、C/N及同位素多元混合模型研究湖泊有机碳来源及其贡献率.结果表明,乌梁素海悬浮颗粒物有机碳δ¹³C_POC的变化范围为-23.29‰~-29.75‰,呈现10月>4月>7月、入湖渠道>湖区的趋势,悬浮颗粒物POC/PON比变化范围为4.10~21.35,呈现出4月<7月<10月的时间变化,悬浮颗粒有机质主要来源于浮游植物（51.59%）、入湖渠道泥沙（34.60%）和大型水生植物（13.76%）.沉积物有机碳δ¹³C_TOC变化范围为-27.58‰~-22.68‰,呈现4月<10月<7月的变化,沉积物TOC/TON比变化范围为3.06~23.77,时空变化明显,沉积物有机质则主要源于入湖渠道挟带的泥沙,贡献达72.79%以上,而浮游植物与大型水生植物的贡献率相差较小,分别为11.85%和15.36%.本研究可以初步判定受入湖渠道影响的富营养化湖泊中悬浮颗粒物和沉积物有机碳来源,为改善湖泊有机污染和研究有机碳来源提供更多理解.     

三峡水库与长寿湖水库鱼类碳、氮稳定同位素特征及营养级的比较

为探究人为活动对水库鱼类食物来源和营养级关系的影响,选择人为影响程度较低的三峡水库和影响程度较高的长寿湖水库为研究对象,应用碳、氮稳定同位素技术对两个水库鱼类δ¹³C值、δ¹⁵N值和营养级进行比较分析.结果显示：长寿湖水库鱼类δ¹³C平均值（-22.66‰±1.94‰）与三峡水库（-22.59‰±1.87‰）较为接近,但长寿湖鱼类的δ¹⁵N值（13.95‰ ±3.02‰）显著高于三峡水库鱼类的δ¹⁵N值（11.98‰ ±2.25‰）.根据δ¹⁵N值计算不同食性鱼类间的营养级,三峡水库营养级为肉食性鱼类 > 杂食性鱼类 > 浮游生物食性鱼类 > 草食性鱼类;而长寿湖中则表现为浮游生物食性鱼类 > 肉食性鱼类 > 杂食性鱼类 > 草食性鱼类,营养级出现了异常现象.这一结果表明,对于人为影响（如人工喂食鱼饲料等）较大的水体,采用δ¹⁵N值计算不同食性鱼类间的营养级存在不确定性.     

太湖流域降雨和湖水酸根阴离子长期变化及其环境意义

为揭示太湖流域降雨和湖水酸根阴离子长期变化特征及环境意义,通过历史数据收集和采样分析,对太湖流域降雨和湖水中的SO₄^2-、NO₃^-变化特征和来源进行了研究.结果表明：自1990s以来太湖流域降雨中SO₄^2-呈显著下降趋势,年平均下降率为0.28 mg/（L·a）;NO₃^-浓度却呈显著上升趋势,年平均增长率为0.05 mg/（L·a）,降雨中氮污染呈现加重的趋势.与之相反,湖水中SO₄^2-呈显著上升趋势,年平均增长率为1.24 mg/（L·a）;NO₃^-浓度却呈显著下降趋势,年平均下降率为0.02 mg/（L·a）.30年以来,太湖水体SO₄^2-/NO₃^-比值不断升高,远高于降水SO₄^2-/NO₃^-比值.研究认为：流域SO₂排放引起的酸沉降是湖水SO₄^2-浓度增长的最重要原因,但氮氧化物排放并未引起湖水NO₃^-浓度升高,说明太湖流域对大气沉降的氮氧化物有滞留作用,而太湖水体是流域大气沉降硫酸盐的重要汇.综合治理太湖流域酸性物质排放对防止太湖水体酸化和治理富营养化都具有重要意义.     

不同水生植物对富营养化水体无机氮吸收动力学特征

采用浓度梯度法,研究了鸢尾(Iris louisiana)、狐尾藻(Myriophyllum verticillatum)、茭白(Zizania latifolia)和水芹(Oenanthe clecumbens)对硝态氮(NO₃^--N)和铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)吸收动力学特征.结果表明:4种水生植物对水体NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N吸收可用Michaelis-Menten酶动力学方程描述,随溶液NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N浓度增加,植物吸收NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N速率增加,当溶液NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N浓度接近于2.0 mmol/L时,吸收速率增加趋缓;4种水生植物对NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N的V_max值大小为水芹 >茭白 >鸢尾 >狐尾藻,对NO₃^--N的K_m值大小为水芹 >鸢尾=茭白=狐尾藻,对NH₄⁺-N的K_m值大小为水芹 >狐尾藻 >茭白=鸢尾.根据吸收动力学参数(V_max,K_m)判断水芹适宜于净化NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N浓度较高的水体,茭白、鸢尾和狐尾藻适合净化NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N浓度较低水体;4种水生植物对NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N表现出不同的吸收偏好性,鸢尾吸收NO₃^--N的潜力大于吸收NH₄⁺-N的,但对NH₄⁺-N的亲和力大于NO₃^--N,表明能在NO₃^--N浓度较高环境中优先吸收NH₄⁺-N.狐尾藻和水芹对NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N能均衡吸收.茭白对NH₄⁺-N具有较高的吸收潜力与亲和力.     

Validation of GOME total ozone by means of the Norwegian ozone monitoring network

The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) onboard the ERS-2 satellite has been in operation since July 1995. The Norwegian ground-based total ozone network has played an important role both in the main validation during the commissioning phase and in the validation of upgraded versions of the analysis algorithms of the instrument. The ground-based network consists of various spectrometer types (Dobson, Brewer, UV filter instruments). The validation of the second algorithm version used until January 1998 reveals a very good agreement between GOME and ground-based data at solar zenith angles <60° and deviations of GOME total ozone data from ground-based data of up to ±60 DU (∼20%) at zenith angles ≥60°. The deviations strongly depend on the season of the year, being negative in summer and positive in winter/spring, The deviations furthermore show a considerable scattering (up to ±25 DU in monthly average values of 5° SZA intervals), even in close spatial and temporal coincidence with ground-based measurements, especially in the high Arctic. The deviations are also dependent on the viewing geometry/ground pixel size with an additional negative offset for the large pixels used in the backswath mode and at solar zenith angles ≥85°, compared to forward-swath pixels.     

Lower thermospheric nitric oxide concentrations derived from WINDII observations of the green nightglow continuum at 553.1 nm

Vertical profiles of nitric oxide in the altitude range 90 to 105 km are derived from 553 nm nightglow continuum measurements made with the Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). The profiles are derived under the assumption that the continuum emission is due entirely to the NO+O air afterglow reaction. Vertical profiles of the atomic oxygen density, which are required to determine the nitric oxide concentrations, are derived from coordinated WINDII measurements of the atomic oxygen OI 557.7 nm nightglow emission. Data coverage for local solar times ranging from 20 h to 04 h, and latitudes ranging from 42°S to 42°N, is achieved by zonally averaging and binning data obtained on 18 nights during a two-month period extending from mid-November 1992 until mid-January 1993. The derived nitric oxide concentrations are significantly smaller than those obtained from rocket measurements of the airglow continuum but they do compare well with model expectations and nitric oxide densities measured using the resonance fluorescence technique on the Solar Mesosphere Explorer satellite. The near-global coverage of the WINDII observations and the similarities to the nitric oxide global morphology established from other satellite measurements strongly suggests that the NO+O reaction is the major source of the continuum near 553 nm and that there is no compelling reason to invoke additional sources of continuum emission in this immediate spectral region.     

新形势下地震监测预报发展的思考

本文从我国30多年地震监测预报历程、今后监测预报的发展方向以及改进监测预报管理工作等方面简明扼要地阐明了在新形式下如何推进地震监测预报发展的思考,文中所讨论的问题及新思维、新观点,相信对广大读者会带来更多的启迪,以此促进防震减灾事业的不断发展。     

The role of sodium bicarbonate in the nucleation of noctilucent clouds

It is proposed that a component of meteoric smoke, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), provides particularly effective condensation nuclei for noctilucent clouds. This assertion is based on three conditions being met. The first is that NaHCO₃ is present at sufficient concentration (10⁴ cm^–3) in the upper mesosphere between 80 and 90 km. It is demonstrated that there is strong evidence for this based on recent laboratory measurements coupled with atmospheric modelling. The second condition is that the thermodynamics of NaHCO₃(H₂O)_n cluster formation allow spontaneous nucleation to occur under mesospheric conditions at temperatures below 140 K. The Gibbs free energy changes for forming clusters with n = 1 and 2 were computed from quantum calculations using hybrid density functional/Hartree-Fock (B3LYP) theory and a large basis set with added polarization and diffuse functions. The results were then extrapolated to higher n using an established dependence of the free energy on cluster size and the free energy for the sublimation of H₂O to bulk ice. A 1-dimensional model of sodium chemistry was then employed to show that spontaneous nucleation to form ice particles (n > 100) should occur between 84 and 89 km in the high-latitude summer mesosphere. The third condition is that other metallic components of meteoric smoke are less effective condensation nuclei, so that the total number of potential nuclei is small relative to the amount of available H₂O. Quantum calculations indicate that this is probably the case for major constituents such as Fe(OH)₂, FeO₃ and MgCO₃.     

Occurrence of polar stratospheric clouds at Kiruna

Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are often observed in the Kiruna region in northern Sweden, east of the Scandinavian mountain range, during wintertime. PSC occurrence can be detected by ground-based optical instruments. Most of these require clear tropospheric weather. By applying the zenith-sky colour index technique, which works under most weather conditions, the data availability can be extended. The observations suggest that PSC events, especially of type II (water PSCs) may indeed more common than predicted by synoptic models, which is expected because of the frequent presence of mountain-induced leewaves. However, it will be of importance to increase the density of independent observations.     

岩石中裂纹孔隙率的实验测定

岩石中的孔隙按形状划分，可以大致分成孔洞和裂纹两类。孔洞的纵横比大，形状近似于球形，它与油气储藏有密切关系。孔洞孔隙度是岩石孔隙度的主要贡献。裂纹纵横比小，形状细长，它所造成的孔隙度是岩石总孔隙度的一小部分。但是岩石中裂纹的存在和裂纹孔隙度的变化，对于岩石的各向异性和S波的分裂有重要的影响。本文利用两类不同形状孔隙对流体静压力的不同响应，利用改变流体静压力的实验对岩石中的裂纹孔隙率进行了测定；实验得到的裂纹孔隙率和岩石裂纹的闭合压力，为了解岩石各向异性、S波分裂以及地壳动力学提供了基础数据。     

Calculating the azimuth of mountain waves, using the effect of tilted fine-scale stable layers on VHF radar echoes

A simple method is described, based on standard VHF wind-profiler data, where imbalances of echo power between four off-vertical radar beams, caused by mountain waves, can be used to calculate the orientation of the wave pattern. It is shown that the mountain wave azimuth (direction of the horizontal component of the wavevector), is given by the vector are radar echo powers, measured in dB, in beams pointed away from vertical by the same angle towards north, south, east and west respectively, and W is the vertical wind velocity. The method is applied to Aberystwyth MST radar data, and the calculated wave vector usually, but not always, points into the low-level wind direction. The mean vertical wind at Aberystwyth, which may also be affected by tilted aspect-sensitive layers, is investigated briefly using the entire radar output 1990–1997. The mean vertical-wind profile is inconsistent with existing theories, but a new mountain-wave interpretation is proposed.     

A brief history of the development of wind-profiling or MST radars

The history of the development of the wind-profiling or MST radar technique is reviewed from its inception in the late 1960s to the present. Extensions of the technique by the development of boundary-layer radars and the radio-acoustic sounding system (RASS) technique to measure temperature are documented. Applications are described briefly, particularly practical applications to weather forecasting, with data from networks of radars, and scientific applications to the study of rapidly varying atmospheric phenomena such as gravity waves and turbulence.     

Preliminary laboratory studies of the optical scattering properties of the crystal clouds

Ice crystal clouds have an influence on the radiative budget of the earth; however, the exact size and nature of this influence has yet to be determined. A laboratory cloud chamber experiment has been set up to provide data on the optical scattering behaviour of ice crystals at a visible wavelength in order to gain information which can be used in climate models concerning the radiative characteristics of cirrus clouds. A PMS grey-scale probe is used to monitor simultaneously the cloud microphysical properties in order to correlate these closely with the observed radiative properties. Preliminary results show that ice crystals scatter considerably more at 90° than do water droplets, and that the halo effects are visible in a laboratorygenerated cloud when the ice crystal concentration is sufficiently small to prevent masking from multiple scattering.     

地震观测数据平台体系架构研究

随着中国地震观测网络项目的实施,我国建设了现代化的地震综合观测系统,日产出数据约40GB.如何对地震观测数据进行规划,实现有效的存储和管理,建设完善的数据管理体系,为地震观测业务系统的持续发展和新业务拓展提供支撑,发挥地震观测数据的效益,使之能更好地为国民经济建设服务,已成为地震观测数据系统建设的关键.本文基于我国地震观测系统现状,结合地震观测台网的组织结构和数据分布、产出特点,阐述了地震观测数据汇聚、存储、交换和服务模式,探讨了我国地震观测数据平台的架构体系.