降雨对尚志井水位动态影响的剖析

本文系统研究了降雨量、降雨方式等对尚志井水位年、季、日动态的影响,指出了降雨是该井水位动态的主要影响因素,剖析了这种影响的特征。此外,还提出了东北地区深井水位早春回升的“冻层底部消融”补给机制的新观点。     

深井水文谱及井-含水系统响应能力研究

深井地下水位动态受气压、固体潮、地震波、降雨荷载等因素的影响。这些因素各具有不同的频率分布和振幅。井－含水系统对这些激励有着或强或弱的响应，存在明显的频率依赖、频率选择现象。目前，对井－含水系统的响应研究大多侧重于对深井水位动态的分析，求得井－含水系统的弹性常数及水文地质参数，并从井－含水系统的弹性性质、含水层孔隙度和系统排水系统研究水位对潮汐和气压的响应（Ｂｒｅｄｅｈｏｅｆｔ，１９６７；Ｒｏｊｓ     

降雨对深井水位动态的影响

本文根据我国地震地下水动态观测网中降雨对深井水位动态影响状况的普查与在北京、福建汤坑与黑龙江尚志等三个典型地区的现场观测试验的结果,讨论了降雨对深井水位年动态影响的类型、特征与模型及其影响因素、机理等,并依此探讨了我国震例中与降雨有关的三种异常的判据与信度问题。     

基于表层岩土渗透对三峡井网井水位降雨影响的精准分析

为研究三峡井网表层岩土渗透对井水位降雨的影响,采取井区表层岩土垂向渗透性测试方法试验,测得表层岩土垂向渗透性,并建立数学模型,用于降雨渗入补给分析。在此模型基础上,通过三峡井网8口井水位、气象三要素的对比观测资料对井水位日动态、月动态、年动态的影响进行精准分析与验证。结果表明:这种影响的特征是相当复杂的,同一个降雨过程在不同井上产生的影响特征不同,这一方面可能与各井的水文地质条件不同有关,另一方面可能还与各井点的降雨过程的差异也有关。     

深井水位的矿震效应ht

在系统收集与整理了1980年以来陶庄煤矿的矿震对鲁15井水位动态影响的资料基础上，研究了深井水位同震效应的特征．发现了深井水位的矿震前兆现象，讨论了深井水位矿震效应的物理机制．      

虎1井水位动态特征及影响因素分析

为解决基岩观测深井虎_1井出现的水位大幅度年动态变化问题,应用区域对比的方法,分析了该井水位、不同深度水质与第四系不同含水组水位、水质变化间的关系,指出虎_1井水位年变幅大,以及水质淡化的原因是该井井水已与第四系第三含水组水发生了混合作用,其水位动态主要由上覆浅层水动态控制。     

通辽CK—9井水位动态及影响因素的分析

本文在对通辽ＣＫ－９井，水文地质条件和水动态特征初步分析的基础上，采用ＰＣ－１５００计算机，对该井的观测数据与气压，蒸发，降雨，开采、河水位、固体潮、地震波和潜水痊等相互关系，进行了定量相互分析，研究所得结果，对该井水位动态变化和影响因素的关系，提出了新的结论。     

利用宁波水文地质监测井网建设地下流体前兆台阵的试验研究

从宁波水文地质监测井网中遴选了北仑井和慈溪井进行水位和水温试验性观测,分析计算水位的气压效率、降雨载荷效应和潮汐因子,并与同处于宁波盆地映震效果较好的庄市井的相应参数进行对比。结果表明：（1）3口水井的水位变化在时间上和空间上均有很好的相关性,水位异常动态与其影响因素之间存在很好的成因上的关联;（2）慈溪井的降雨载荷系数比庄市井和北仑井的大约小一个量级,这可能与慈溪井位于1960年代围海造田的滩涂地有关;（3）水井网均位于含有多个含水层的宁波盆地,为在同一构造中开展不同含水层观测和基础研究提供了可能,可以从井网中遴选出合格的地震前兆监测井,用于建设宁波盆地地震前兆流体台阵。     

采用相关分析法研究降雨对水位的影响

地下水位动态受降雨影响显著,且由于降雨的持续时间、强度和面积的不同,由降雨引起的水位变化形态也复杂多样。为了能直观地判别降雨对水位的影响,排除水位资料中降雨的影响成分,本文采用水位月变化量与降雨月累计值作相关分析后得到的余差值,作为水位微动态研究对象。选用与降雨关系分别为显著、一般、不相关的连江江南井、泉州局一号井、福州浦东井水位进行分析,结果显示水位月变化量均表现了高值异常,异常与地震时间的对应关系有3个震前异常,2个同震异常、1个震后效应、1个无震异常。     

通辽CK－9井水位动态及影响因素的分析

本文在对通辽ＣＫ－９井、水文地质条件和水动态特征初步分析的基础上，采用ＰＣ－１５００计算机，对该井的观测数据与气压、蒸发、降雨、开采、河水位、固体潮、地震波和潜水位等相互关系，进行了定量的相互分析．研究所得结果，对该井水位动态变化和影响因素的关系，提出了新的结论．     

Mediating stream baseflow response to climate change: The role of basin storage

Inter‐basin differences in streamflow response to changes in regional hydroclimatology may reflect variations in storage characteristics that control the retention and release of water inputs. These aspects of storage could mediate a basin's sensitivity to climate change. The hypothesis that temporal trends in stream baseflow exhibit a more muted reaction to changes in precipitation and evapotranspiration for basins with greater storage was tested on the Oak Ridges Moraine (ORM) in Southern Ontario, Canada. Long‐term (>25 years) baseflow trends for 16 basins were compared to corresponding trends in precipitation amount and type and in potential evapotranspiration as well as shorter trends in groundwater levels for monitoring wells on the ORM. Inter‐basin differences in storage properties were characterized using physiographic, hydrogeologic, land use/land cover, and streamflow metrics. The latter included the slope of the basin's flow duration curve and basin dynamic storage. Most basins showed temporal increases in baseflow, consistent with limited evidence of increases and decreases in regional precipitation and snowfall: precipitation ratio, respectively, and recent increases in groundwater recharge along the crest of the ORM. Baseflow trend magnitude was uncorrelated to basin physiographic, hydrogeologic, land use/land cover, or flow duration curve characteristics. However, it was positively related to a basin's dynamic storage, particularly for basins with limited coverage of open water and wetlands. The dynamic storage approach assumes that a basin behaves as a first‐order dynamical system, and extensive open water and wetland areas in a basin may invalidate this assumption. Previous work suggested that smaller dynamic storage was linked to greater damping of temporal variations in water inputs and reduced interannual variability in streamflow regime. Storage and release of water inputs to a basin may assist in mediating baseflow response to temporal changes in regional hydroclimatology and may partly account for inter‐basin differences in that response. Such storage characteristics should be considered when forecasting the impacts of climate change on regional streamflow.     

基于水化学和物理方法的井水位异常分析

针对2008年汶川M_S 8.0地震后江苏地区的地震观测井水位上升现象,选取了苏18井和井周边地表水进行了水化学和物理分析,研究了井水位异常与地表水和大气降水的补给关系,讨论了井水补给来源及其与高邮-宝应M_S 4.9地震的关系。离子含量和氢氧同位素结果表明,苏18井水主要为大气降水成因,存在一定的水岩作用。应用氯离子分析降水对地下水的补给,其结果显示大气降水在井水补给源中占了重要份额,井水位的突然上升与同期降水量增加有一定关系。水库水与苏18井水之间存在水力联系,大气降水增多致使水库水位升高,对该井水位变化有一定的影响。综合分析认为,大气降水的增多致使水库蓄水增加,水库水通过侧向渗透补给造成了2011年苏18井的水位显著升高。苏18井异常不是由构造活动引起的,作为高邮-宝应M_S 4.9地震的前兆依据不充分。水化学和物理结合的方法为今后判别地下水位异常干扰提供了依据。     

含山井水位的特异动态与井孔结构的关系

通过对含山井水位动态在井孔改造前后的变化进行对比分析，认为该井多年来记录到水位的特异动态与井孔结构有关，受井管变径影响，一次较大地震的水位振荡使水位急剧升降并产生不均匀变化。井径大小一致，则水位的振震不受变径阻力影响，振荡均匀，记录对称，同时发现安徽井网中其他他井的水位动态也存在类似情况，因此，某些井水位的特异动态作为异常形态或预报指标，有待进一步深入研究。     

中国大陆井水位与水温动态对汶川M_S 8.0地震的同震响应特征分析

分析了汶川MS8.0地震在中国大陆引起的水位、水温同震变化特征,对比研究了2007年9月12日印尼苏门答腊MS8.5远震和汶川MS8.0近震在四川及其附近地区引起的水位、水温同震变化差异,结果表明:汶川地震在中国大陆引起的水位同震变化以上升为主,同时水位上升与下降的井点空间分布表现出一定的分区性;水位、水温同方向阶变的井点数比例高于两者反方向阶变井点数比例,当水位同震变化为振荡型时,水温以下降型为主;相对于远震,近震引起的水位、水温同震变化井点数量增加,无变化井点数量减少;所有井水位和大多数井水温同震阶变的方向都不因地震的远近、大小、震源机制或地震方位的变化而改变,个别发生水温同震升降方向变化的井点是由于水的自流状态和水位同震阶变由振荡转为阶变的改变所引起;水位同震升降性质受控于当地的地质构造环境和水文地质条件,而水温同震变化还与地震波引起的井孔中水的运动方式、水温探头放置的位置等因素有关,其机理更为复杂     

深井水位降水效率随测层深度的变化规律模拟

统计鲁北平原４井降水效率表明，地质类型相同的深井水位降水效率主要受控于测层埋深；规律性级强，笔者在统计基础上建立了模拟公式，并计算了不同深度测层的降水效率，与实际统计弥合度极好，笔者认为“对类型相同不同深度测层水位降水干扰排除过程中即可利用该式对其效率直接计算，免去了统计，修定的麻烦。     

Precipitation and hydrological variations and related associations with large‐scale circulation in the Poyang Lake basin,China

Long streamflow series and precipitation data are analysed in this study with aim to investigate changing properties of precipitation and associated impacts on hydrological processes of the Poyang Lake basin. Underlying causes behind the precipitation variations are also explored based on the analysis of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis data. Besides, water intrusion from the Yangtze River to the Poyang Lake basin is studied. The results indicate that (1) seasonal transitions of precipitation are observed, showing increasing precipitation in winter, slight increase and even decrease of precipitation in summer; (2) analysis of water vapour circulation indicates decreasing/increasing water vapour flux in summer/winter; in winter, water vapour flux tends to be from the Pacific. Altered water vapour flux is the major cause behind the altered precipitation changes across the Poyang Lake basin and (3) occurrence of water intrusion from the Yangtze River to the Poyang Lake basin is heavily influenced by hydrological processes of the Poyang Lake basin. Effects of the hydrological processes from the middle Yangtze River on the occurrence of water intrusion events are not significant. The results of this study indicate that floods and droughts should share the same concerns from the scholars and policy makers. Besides, the altered hydrological circulation and associated seasonal transition of precipitation drive us to face new challenges in terms of conservations of wetlands and ecological environment under the changing climate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Changing properties of precipitation concentration in the Pearl River basin, China

In this paper, precipitation concentrations across the Pearl River basin and the associated spatial patterns are analyzed based on daily precipitation data of 42 rain gauging stations during the period 1960–2005. Regions characterized by the different changing properties of precipitation concentration index (CI) are identified. The southwest and northeast parts of the Pearl River basin are characterized by lower and decreasing precipitation CI; the northwest and south parts of the study river basin show higher and increasing precipitation CI. Higher but decreasing precipitations CI are found in the West and East River basin. Comparison of precipitation CI trends before and after 1990 shows that most parts of the Pearl River basin are characterized by increasing precipitation CI after 1990. Decreasing precipitation CI after 1990 (compared to precipitation CI changes before 1990) is observed only in a few stations located in the lower Gui River and the lower Yu River. Significant increasing precipitation CI after 1990 is detected in the West River, lower North River and upper Beipan River. These changes of precipitation CI in the Pearl River basin are likely to be associated with the consequences of the well-evidenced global warming. These findings can contribute to basin-scale water resource management and conservation of ecological environment in the Pearl River basin.     

利用重力卫星GRACE监测亚马逊流域2002-2010年的陆地水变化

本文利用GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) 卫星重力资料研究了亚马逊流域2002-2010年的陆地水变化,并与水文模式和降雨资料进行了比较分析.在年际尺度上,GRACE结果表明:2002-2003年和2005年,亚马逊流域发生明显的干旱现象;2007年至2009年,陆地水呈逐年增加的趋势,并在2009年6月变化值达到最大,为772±181 km³;自2009年6月至2010年12月,陆地水总量又急剧减少了1139±262 km³,这相当于全球海平面上升3.2±0.7 mm所需的水量.水文模式得到的亚马逊流域陆地水在2010年也表现出明显的减少.降雨资料与GRACE观测资料有很好的一致性.在2005年和2010年的干旱期,亚马逊流域的降雨显著减少,说明降雨是亚马逊流域陆地水变化的重要因素.此外,本文采用的尺度因子的方法有效地降低了GRACE后处理误差的影响.     

Multiscale variability of streamflow changes in the Pearl River basin,China

The Pearl River basin bears the heavy responsibility for the water supply for the neighboring cities such as Macau, Hong Kong and others. Therefore, effective water resource management is crucial for sustainable use of water resource. However, good knowledge of changing properties of streamflow changes is the first step into the effective water resource management. With this in mind, stability and variability of streamflow changes in the Pearl River basin is thoroughly analyzed based on monthly streamflow data covering last half century using Mann–Kendall trend test and scanning t- and F-test techniques. The results indicate: (1) significant increasing monthly streamflow is observed mainly in January–April, June and October–December. Monthly streamflow during May–September is in not significant changes. Besides, stations characterized by significant monthly streamflow changes are located in the middle and the lower Pearl River basin; (2) changing points of monthly streamflow series are detected mainly during mid-1960s, early 1970s, mid-1970s, early 1980s and early 1990s and these periods are roughly in good agreement with those of annual, winter and summer precipitation across the Pearl River basin, implying tremendous influences of precipitation changes on streamflow variations; (3) abrupt behaviors tend to be ambiguous from the upper to the lower Pearl River basin, which should be due to enhancing combined effects of abrupt changes of precipitation. The streamflow comes to be lower stability in recent decades. However, high stability of streamflow changes are observed at hydrological stations in the lower Pearl River basin. The results of this study will be of great scientific and practical merits in terms of effective water resource management in the Pearl River basin under the influences of climate changes and human activities.     

Climate changes and their impacts on water resources in the arid regions: a case study of the Tarim River basin, China

Streamflow series of five hydrological stations were analyzed with aim to indicate variability of water resources in the Tarim River basin. Besides, impacts of climate changes on water resources were investigated by analyzing daily precipitation and temperature data of 23 meteorological stations covering 1960–2005. Some interesting and important results were obtained: (1) the study region is characterized by increasing temperature, however, only temperature in autumn is in significant increasing trend; (2) precipitation changes present different properties. Generally, increasing precipitation can be detected. However, only the precipitation in the Tienshan mountain area is in significant increasing trend. Annual streamflow of major rivers of the Tarim River basin are not in significant trends, except that of the Akesu River which is in significantly increasing trend. Due to the geomorphologic properties of the Tienshan mountain area, precipitation in this area demonstrates significant increasing trend and which in turn leads to increasing streamflow of the Akesu River. Due to the fact that the sources of streamflow of the rivers in the Tarim River basin are precipitation and melting glacial, both increasing precipitation and accelerating melting ice has the potential to cause increasing streamflow. These results are of practical and scientific merits in basin-scale water resource management in the arid regions in China under the changing environment.