塔里木盆地二叠纪火成岩分布特征——基于高精度航磁资料

本文利用1:20万高精度航磁资料,通过向上延拓、求取剩余异常等手段,分析了塔里木盆地航磁异常与盆地岩性体的对应关系.通过盆地基底断裂的识别,认为盆地二叠纪火成岩岩体的发育与基底断裂密切相关,在航磁异常图上表现为基底断裂附近的串珠状、似圆锥型航磁异常;结合盆地地震及钻井资料,将塔里木盆地二叠纪火成岩分为北部中酸性侵入岩、中西部基性火山岩、南部中酸性火山岩及东北部中酸性火山岩四个区带,火成岩的形成受控于板块构造运动.     

基于张衡一号卫星数据的中国区域岩石圈磁场球冠谐分析

张衡一号卫星于2018年2月成功发射升空,卫星上搭载有测量地磁场的高精度磁强计,包括标量和矢量磁力仪.本文基于张衡一号卫星2018年3月—2022年5月的标量磁测数据,利用球冠谐分析进行中国区域的岩石圈磁场建模工作.首先选取地磁活动平静时期(Kp≤2o)的夜侧数据,来减少外源场的影响;然后,利用CHAOS-7模型计算值去除主磁场和外源场,得到岩石圈磁异常值,再利用球冠谐分析进行中国区域的地磁场建模,得到最大阶数为53.17(对应地表波长为752 km)的球冠谐模型.该模型可以明显揭示出中国及邻区的主要岩石圈磁异常,包括位于我国塔里木盆地、四川盆地、松辽盆地和境外的贝加尔湖、孟加拉盆地附近的高值磁异常,以及位于青藏高原南部的东西向低值磁异常.为了对模型结果进行进一步分析,将其与Swarm-A卫星数据球冠谐建模结果和CHAOS-7球谐模型结果在不同高度上进行了对比,主要磁异常的分布基本一致,而且在向下延拓到100 km高度时,本文的模型也能够提供比较稳定的结果,但是在幅值和磁异常形态细节上存在一定差异.     

陕西地壳磁异常特征研究

利用NGDC-720-V3模型,计算了陕西地区地壳磁异常不同分量网点值,通过计算数据分析了该地区地壳磁异常基本形态及分区特征,结果表明:(1)陕西地壳磁异常各分量强度较弱,分布形态以宽缓的条带为主。(2)陕西北部三条正负相间的磁异常条带可能与基底大断裂有关,反映了块体内部早期不同基底的拼合。(3)陕西南部地壳磁异常总体表现为近东西向大面积的负异常,东部和西部负异常强度有所不同,可能与地壳内物性差异有关。     

欧洲及其邻区MAGSAT卫星磁异常冠谐模型

通过对欧洲及其邻近地区 MAGSAT 卫星黎明资料进行了处理,得到1°×1°卫星磁异常网格值。本文使用冠谐分析方法,计算该地区卫星矢量磁异常（ΔX,ΔY,ΔZ）冠谐模型。球冠极点位于33°N和26°E,球冠半角为40°.冠谐模型的截断指数为18。根据卫星磁异常冠谐模型和地磁场球谐模型 DGRF1980,计算卫星总强度磁异常（ΔF）的冠谐一球谐模型。根据卫星磁异常的理论模型,计算并绘制不同高度（300,400,500km）的理论卫星磁异常图。对冠谐模型和大磁异常进行了分析和讨论。     

应用磁视散度及磁源重力异常确定低磁纬度地区磁性体分布-以哥伦比亚普图马约盆地为例

低磁纬度地区受斜磁化的影响,用常规方法很难准确确定磁性体的平面分布特征.为了研究位于低磁纬度地区普图马约盆地的磁性体分布特征,本文根据场的散度原理,假定磁△T异常为具有一定方向的矢量场,其方向与磁化方向一致,导出了磁△T异常视散度的计算方法;根据磁位与引力位的关系,在频率域中通过磁△T异常求取了磁源重力异常,并尝试利用拉普拉斯方程计算磁源重力异常垂向二阶导数.本文设计理论模型讨论了磁△T异常视散度、磁源重力异常垂向二阶导数的特征与磁性体平面分布特征的关系,证明了上述方法的有效性.进而利用上述方法推测了普图马约盆地磁性体的平面分布特征,结果表明:应用磁视散度及磁源重力异常确定的普图马约盆地磁性体分布与实际地质特征吻合较好,取得的成果对普图马约盆地相关地质研究及对低磁纬度地区的磁性体的确定有一定的参考意义.     

利用重磁资料研究莺-琼盆地构造分界及其两侧断裂特征

莺-琼盆地(即莺歌海盆地和琼东南盆地)位于印支地块与华南大陆交汇处,该区域地质构造复杂,为南海西北走滑型和伸展型陆缘的交汇区,也是印澳-欧亚板块碰撞“挤出-逃逸构造区”和“古南海俯冲-拖曳构造区”.莺-琼盆地的北部以红河断裂带中1号断裂为界,前人对其认识比较统一,但莺-琼盆地南部由于地质和地球物理资料较少、研究程度低,以致其构造格局及分界位置不明确.通过对重、磁资料的处理,认为在莺-琼盆地分界的北段存在明显的重力异常和磁力异常梯级带,该梯级带与1号断裂位置相对应;在其南段存在明显的重力异常和磁力异常高值带,推断该高值带为一“中建凸起”,结合重、磁对应分析技术确定了该“中建凸起”的分布范围.采用重、磁异常归一化总水平导数垂向导数技术识别出控制莺-琼盆地分界两侧的断裂构造,在分界以西断裂走向主要为北北西向,分界以东主要为北东向.通过地质和地球物理综合研究认为莺-琼盆地的北段以1号断裂为界,南段以“中建凸起”为界.     

南海北部陆架西区盆地地质、地球物理场特征及其深部结构

分析了南海北部陆架西区盆地的地质、地球物理场特征，计算了研究海域重、磁资料的1阶小波细节、4阶小波逼近变换。根据分析与计算可知，研究区的布格重力异常以北西低的负值，东南高的正值为特征。在东部及东南部异常等值线走向为北东；西部异常等值线以北西走向为特征；西北地区异常以北东东、北东走向的局部等值线圈闭为特征。磁场的展布十分复杂，按磁异常的变化程度可分为三个变化区，即磁异常平静区、剧变区及缓变区。磁异常的平静区位于研究区的西部，即莺歌海盆地所在位置，这一带磁异常等值线极为稀疏，异常值为负背景异常。剧变区位于海南岛，该地区的磁异常变化极为剧烈，异常特征以局部小圈闭为特征，等值线分布密集。磁异常的平缓区位于平静区及剧变区之外的其它地区。琼东南盆地、北部湾盆地的磁异常具有此特征。根据重、磁场资料以及南海北部盆地钻井取样的测试结果、同时参考穿越南海地学断面的结果，对研究区的地壳结构进行了反演计算，计算表明南海陆架盆地区域地壳结构较为复杂，研究区的地壳厚度在22－33km之间，总的趋势由陆向洋地壳厚度逐渐减薄，反映出该区域地壳具有陆壳、拉伸陆壳、过渡壳的性质，同时存在有上地幔隆起区及凹陷区。磁性底界面厚度在17－24km之间变化，其中在莺歌海盆地较深，在海南岛地区磁性界面较浅。     

基于卫星重磁资料的南海深部构造研究

南海深部构造对研究南海构造演化和油气勘探具有重要意义.本文对南海地区的自由空气重力异常进行布格校正、海水层校正和沉积层校正,得到布格重力异常,再对布格重力异常进行区域异常和局部异常分离,利用位场界面反演方法对区域布格异常进行反演计算得到研究区域的莫霍面深度分布;采用全变倾角化极方法对研究区域的卫星磁异常数据进行化极处理,并进一步对化极磁异常作向上延拓,得到延拓后化极磁异常结果.分析布格重力异常、莫霍面深度及化极磁异常特征,结合天然地震层析成像的证据,得到以下结论：推测南海北部陆缘的古俯冲带位置是从118.5°E,24°N沿北东向延伸至109°E,15°N;红河断裂入海后经过莺歌海盆地在海南岛南部转为南北向与越东断裂相接并延伸至万安盆地;推测中特提斯洋的部分闭合位置是从110°E,2°N到101°E,21°N.     

从短水准观测资料探讨山西省区域地壳形变特征

运用山西省大同、代县、太原、临汾 4个地震台短水准观测资料,对大同盆地、忻定盆地、太原盆地、临汾盆地的地壳形变特征进行分析.结果表明,山西南部、忻定盆地呈趋势性变化,中部、北部地区形变比较大,存在中期异常背景.     

环渤海地区地壳结构及其动力学特征研究

环渤海地区是我国大陆东部强震的多发区,也是我国地震重点监测地区,环绕渤海地区已经开发并投产了包括辽河、冀东、大港、胜利以及渤海海域在内的一系列油田,因此环渤海地区一直是我国地质与地球物理学科的研究重点.本文利用重力数据结合人工地震探测剖面应用调和级数法对该地区的莫霍面深度进行了反演计算,并应用地质、重、磁、地震层析成像、人工地震探测、地热、应力等方面的成果资料,对研究区的地球物理场、地壳结构、地球动力学特征进行了探讨,希望对环渤海地区的深部结构、地球动力学、油气资源等研究有所帮助.通过反演计算结果和动力学特征的分析,得到了以下的认识:1)该地区的布格重力异常主要特征为从陆地向海洋,异常从负异常向正异常变化,反映了地壳厚度自西向东逐渐变薄的总体特征.磁异常在研究区北部地区变化较为剧烈,呈正负交错状.大部分海域地区表现为负磁异常场区.重、磁异常走向主要为NE、NNE向;2)研究区地壳厚度在31～40km,总体趋势为自西向东逐渐减薄,通过与地震层析成像结果比较,两个结果十分吻合;3)渤海盆地动力学机制应是周边各个板块水平运动的远程效应所造成的多期构造应力场作用下多方向的伸展、拉张而成,渤海湾盆地的形成是四个时期、两种动力作用交替影响的结果.     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.