应用遥感和计算机技术探讨卫星影象线性构造与地震震中相关性的新方法

本文应用遥感卫星影象的线件构造解释与计算机统计方法,对线性构造方向长度密度与地震震中相关性进行了探讨.以邢台震区为例,得出了震中密度与线性构造方向长度密度的相关方程.利用该方程对石家庄地区进行了地震危险区预测,结果表明,该研究方法对地震危险区的判定具有一定的实用价值.     

卫星影像解译天水-礼县地区的北东向线性构造

1978年以来,利用陆地卫星多光谱扫描像片,对天水—礼县地区的构造特征进行了目视解译,对本区的卫星影像显示的构造特征有一个初步认识。1981年又将本区的卫片做了假彩色密度分割和图像的计算机数字化剖面量测。补充和修改了目视解译中的不妥之处。本文对区内北东向线性构造的展布特征及其地震地质意义做了初步探讨。1.北东向线性构造展布特征     

重力资料识别鄂尔多斯盆地线性构造方法研究

目的利用重力异常数据微弱信息挖掘技术识别线性构造的方法,并介绍其实现过程.方法采用水平梯度法和二次垂直导数等方法提取微弱信息,利用数字图象显示技术成图.结果识别出鄂尔多斯盆地线性构造多条,分析对比鄂尔多斯盆地区域地质构造资料及重力解释成果,具有较好的吻合性.为深入研究该地区线性构造补充了新的证据.结论该方法提取了区域重力异常资料中的微弱信息,弥补用等值线图示构造信息的不足,有助于线性构造的分析.水平梯度法(最大模)和二次导数处理方法与数字图象成图相结合取得良好的解释效果.     

柴达木盆地航磁资料微弱信息增强技术研究及在线性构造识别中的应用

目的利用重磁异常数据微弱信息增强技术识别线性构造的方法,并介绍其实现过程.方法文中提出了一种梯级带滤波增强非线性滤渡技术与Tilt梯度及其水平导数的有效结合,增强放大微弱信息再识别提取线性构造,利用数字图象显示技术成图.结果识别出柴迭木盆地线性构造多条,分析对比柴达木盆地区域地质构造资料及重力解释成果,具有较好的吻合性.为深入研究该地区线性构造、成矿特征、寻找勘探靶区补充了新的证据.结论该方法提取了区域航磁异常资料中的微弱信息,弥补传统方法的不足,对断层边界及异常的边界划定更为准确.梯级带滤波增强技术与Tilt梯度及其水平导数相结合取得良好的解释效果.     

基于Hessian矩阵的地震随机噪声压制方法

随机噪声的压制在提高地震资料信噪比方面发挥重要作用.考虑到传统去噪方法在构造复杂地区难以取得理想的去噪结果,本文提出基于Hessian矩阵特征值对应的线性目标关系在多个尺度上对随机噪声进行压制.该方法将地震信号看作不同尺度的曲线,从而利用Hessian矩阵在曲线检测方面表现出的良好性能实现信噪分离.该方法与传统方法相比不受地层倾角的限制,因此能够处理构造较为复杂地区的地震数据.利用模型及实际资料对该方法进行了验证并与传统方法F-X反褶积的去噪结果做对比,结果表明基于Hessian矩阵的随机噪声压制方法在构造复杂地区能够保持有效信号的完整性.     

沂沭断烈带深部构造研究

本文利用重磁资料、人工地震测深结果,综合地表地震地质和卫片反映的线性构造特征,对断裂带的深部构造进行了初步探讨。     

日本西南部后续震相剪切波分裂分析：地壳内部线性构造的探测器

尝试用剪切波分裂分析的方法探测地壳内部的线性构造。从地震图上可以看出日本西南部地区存在一些线性构造。在该地区没有发现明显的活断层能证明这些线性构造的存在。我们用两种后续震相，即PpPms和PpSms震相对日本西南部地区的剪切波分裂进行了研究。PpPms是一种后续S波震相，它是P波在地表反射后又入射到地壳中经莫霍面反射转换成的S波。PpSms也是一种后续S波震相，它是P波在地表反射转换成S波后经莫霍面再次反射入射到台站的s波。我们用这两种震相检测了地壳中的线性构造。观测到的快波偏振方向呈现北东东—南西西、北东—南西和南北的横向变化。得到的快波偏振方向与该地区最大主应力方向不一致。最大主应力作用下产生的裂隙引起的各向异性解释不了日本西南部地区的剪切波分裂结果。北东—南西的快波偏振方向与该地区的地质线性构造方向一致。该地区的剪切波分裂有可能是地壳内的线性构造引起的。     

福建大田—一都弧形构造遥感影像特征及其地质意义

本文利用卫星遥感影像数据进行线性构造解译,分析了福建大田—一都弧形构造及其对应的弧形影像特征,认为该弧形构造是在永安—晋江断裂带右行扭动作用下形成的;弧形构造及其特殊影像纹理特征具有表明断裂性质、判断不同方向断裂带发生先后次序的作用;弧形影像与其他断裂构造形成的线性影像叠合特征对指导找矿有重要意义.     

山西地堑系现今构造应力场

利用综合震源机制解和原地应力测量资料,对山西地区的构造应力场进行了概括分析,认为该地区与其东部的华北地区具有明显差异的应力状态．其次,通过拟合观测资料,对影响该地区构造应力场分布的边界力作用等进行了反演研究．反演计算结果显示,边界力作用是影响山西地区现今构造应力场的主要因素,区域内部的材料及其性质是影响构造应力场分布的次要因素．山西地区构造应力场水平最大主应力与断陷盆地展布具有一致性．      

长、株、潭地区构造稳定性数学模拟研究

本文作者通过对长沙、株洲、湘潭地区现有的遥感图像线性构造解译成果和已有的地质、地震、重力、航磁等资料进行分析,选取二十个与该区构造稳定性有关的个变量,采用多元回归分析、逐步回归分析方法、数量化理论Ⅲ和聚类分析等数学方法建立该区构造稳定性评价数学模型对该区的构造稳定性进行定量研究和评价.     

喀什—乌恰地区近年来强震活动平静的可能成因

通过分析喀什—乌恰地区和伽师—柯坪块区强震产生的静态库仑破裂应力变化(ΔCFS), 从断层相互作用和中等地震活动加、 减速特征的角度, 初步论证了两个区域强震活动交替发生特征的可能机理。 库仑破裂应力和加速矩释放模型拟合结果表明, 伽师—柯坪地区1997—1998年成组发生的伽师6级强震、 新疆南部周边发生的1992年苏萨梅尔M_S7.5地震和2005年巴基斯坦7.8级地震产生的静态应力变化不利于喀什—乌恰地区强震的发生, 可能使得该区后续强震的发生时间延迟了。 另一方面, 位于1992年苏萨梅尔M_S7.5地震和1997—2003年伽师系列强震产生的ΔCFS为负的喀什—乌恰地区地震活动表现为弱加速特征, 这或许是1993年以来喀什—乌恰地区强震平静特征的原因。 喀什—乌恰地区7级地震产生的正的ΔCFS可能有利于伽师—柯坪地区后续强震的发生, 3组7级地震产生的ΔCFS为正的区域内后续强震发生前均出现了一定程度的加速特征, 从而定量解释了喀什—乌恰地区强震活动对伽师—柯坪块区地震活动的影响。     

ESW在磁尾磁场重联耗散区分形线附近的观测特性及其作用

磁场重联是空间能量释放和转换的重要机制.静电孤立波(ESW)虽然在空间中有广泛观测,但在磁场重联附近少有直接观测,对它在磁场重联附近的特性了解甚少.通过Geotail卫星对一个磁场重联事件的观测,仔细分析了其边界层上观测到的静电孤立波的特性,并讨论了它对磁场重联的影响.研究表明,亚暴期间在磁尾发生磁场重联,重联区域的分形线附近观测到了大量的静电孤立波,其特性与在其他地方观测到的并没有显著差别,但具有更明显的非线性和孤立性的特征.它们对电子加速和能量耗散有促进作用,加速磁场重联的进程.     

Analysis of nonstationarity in low flow in the Loess Plateau of China

An approach for nonstationary low‐flow frequency analysis is developed and demonstrated on a dataset from the rivers on the Loess Plateau of China. Nonstationary low‐flow frequency analysis has drawn significant attention in recent years by establishing relationships between low‐flow series and explanatory variables series, but few studies have tested whether the time‐varying moments of low flow can be fully described by the time‐varying moments of the explanatory variables. In this research, the low‐flow distributions are analytically derived from the 2 basic explanatory variables—the recession duration and the recession coefficient—with the assumption that the recession duration and recession coefficient variables follow exponential and gamma distributions, respectively; the derived low‐flow distributions are applied to test whether the time‐varying moments of explanatory variables can explain the nonstationarities found in the low‐flow variable. The effects of ecosystem construction measures, that is, check dam, terrace, forest, and grassland, on the recession duration and recession coefficient are further discussed. Daily flow series from 11 hydrological stations from the Loess Plateau are used and processed with a moving average technique. Low‐flow data are extracted following the pit under threshold approach. Six of the 11 low‐flow series show significant nonstationarities at the 5% significance level, and the trend curves of the moments of low flow are in close agreement with the curves estimated from the derived distribution with time‐dependent moments of the recession duration and time‐constant moments of the recession coefficient. It is indicated that the nonstationarity in the low‐flow distribution results from the nonstationarity in the recession duration in all 6 cases, and the increase in the recession duration is resulted from large‐scale ecosystem constructions rather than climate change. The large‐scale ecosystem constructions are found to have more influence on the decrease in streamflow than on the increase in watershed storage, thus resulting in the reduction of low flow. A high return period for the initial fixed design value decreases dramatically with an increasing recession duration.     

磁敏感加权成像对羊脑静脉血管的实验研究

目的:探讨超高场强磁共振SWI对脑静脉血管的检出率和诊断价值。方法:选取5只健康绵羊,然后对羊脑部静脉血管进行3.0T超高场强磁共振成像,对磁共振成像所得T1WI、T2WI及SWI图像进行对比分析。结果:分析所得T1WI、T2WI及SWI图像,将额部脑浅静脉在MRI图像上的表现分为4级(Ⅰ-未显示,Ⅱ-显示模糊,Ⅲ-显示较清楚,Ⅳ-显示清楚),在20支脑静脉血管中,SWI显示Ⅲ级共2支血管,Ⅳ级共18支血管,无I级和Ⅱ级血管显示。结论:超高场强磁共振SWI序列对检测脑静脉血管具有重要价值。     

Statistics of extremes in hydrology

The statistics of extremes have played an important role in engineering practice for water resources design and management. How recent developments in the statistical theory of extreme values can be applied to improve the rigor of hydrologic applications and to make such analyses more physically meaningful is the central theme of this paper. Such methodological developments primarily relate to maximum likelihood estimation in the presence of covariates, in combination with either the block maxima or peaks over threshold approaches. Topics that are treated include trends in hydrologic extremes, with the anticipated intensification of the hydrologic cycle as part of global climate change. In an attempt to link downscaling (i.e., relating large-scale atmosphere–ocean circulation to smaller-scale hydrologic variables) with the statistics of extremes, statistical downscaling of hydrologic extremes is considered. Future challenges are reviewed, such as the development of more rigorous statistical methodology for regional analysis of extremes, as well as the extension of Bayesian methods to more fully quantify uncertainty in extremal estimation. Examples include precipitation and streamflow extremes, as well as economic damage associated with such extreme events, with consideration of trends and dependence on patterns in atmosphere–ocean circulation (e.g., El Niño phenomenon).     

太湖不同湖区风浪的季节变化特征

为明晰太湖风浪的空间分布及季节变化,在湖心区设立波浪观测站,利用其记录的波浪数据证明SWAN模型能够较好地模拟太湖风浪.基于所建模型,对2013年自然风场条件下太湖不同湖区风浪季节动态进行模拟分析,结果表明:受岸线、地形和岛屿等地理因素影响,大太湖的风浪总是最强,其有效波高均值为0.523 m;而东太湖风浪最小,有效波高均值为0.305 m.受盛行风场季节变化影响,太湖春、夏季有效波高均值明显大于秋、冬季.太湖波浪的能量主要来源于风场,其有效波高随风速增大而增大,两者呈极显著正相关.而风向则可以通过改变风区长度来影响风浪生消.在偏东风作用下,太湖湖西区的风浪大于东部湖区;而受盛行于冬季的偏北风影响,太湖南部水域风浪要大于北部.同时,太湖风浪的时空分布特征是造成太湖水质参数、沉积物和水生植物空间分布差异的重要原因之一.     

Evaluation of Methane Sources in Groundwater in Northeastern Pennsylvania

Testing of 1701 water wells in northeastern Pennsylvania shows that methane is ubiquitous in groundwater, with higher concentrations observed in valleys vs. upland areas and in association with calcium‐sodium‐bicarbonate, sodium‐bicarbonate, and sodium‐chloride rich waters—indicating that, on a regional scale, methane concentrations are best correlated to topographic and hydrogeologic features, rather than shale‐gas extraction. In addition, our assessment of isotopic and molecular analyses of hydrocarbon gases in the Dimock Township suggest that gases present in local water wells are most consistent with Middle and Upper Devonian gases sampled in the annular spaces of local gas wells, as opposed to Marcellus Production gas. Combined, these findings suggest that the methane concentrations in Susquehanna County water wells can be explained without the migration of Marcellus shale gas through fractures, an observation that has important implications for understanding the nature of risks associated with shale‐gas extraction.     

Retardation of organic contaminants in natural fractures in chalk

Transport of a conservative compound and two sorbing compounds through fractured chalk was studied using flow-through columns consisting of chalk cores with a single subvertical fracture. Two types of chalk matrix were compared, an oxidized white chalk with low organic carbon content (0.2%), and a gray chalk with a higher organic carbon content (1.3%). Initial rapid breakthrough followed by a delayed approach to a relative concentration of unity for the conservative compound (2,6–difluorobenzoic acid [DFBA]) was clear evidence for diffusion into the porous chalk matrix. Matrix diffusion of DFBA was apparently much greater in the gray chalk columns than in the white chalk columns. Breakthrough curves (BTCs) of the sorbing compounds (2,4,6–tri-bromophenol [TBP] and ametryn [AME]) were retarded in all cases as compared to the conservative compound. Sorption retardation was far greater in the gray chalk as compared with the white chalk, in good agreement with results from batch sorption experiments. BTCs for the conservative compound were relatively nonhysteretic for both white and gray chalk columns. In contrast, BTCs for the sorbing compounds were hysteretic in all cases, demonstrating that sorption was not at equilibrium before desorp-tion began. These experiments suggest that on a field scale, transport of contaminants through fractures in chalk and other fractured porous media will be attenuated by diffusion and sorption into the matrix.     

贺兰山寒武系研究新进展

贺兰山寒武系早期苏屿口组为砂、砾混杂和不等粒结构的水下冲积扇沉积;五道塘组为下古生界碳酸盐台地沉积,其下部为含泥中、细粒砂屑和生物碎屑,中、上部为含不同形态的核形石碳酸盐岩组成;陶思沟组为发育水下流动波痕和水上暴露泥裂构造碳酸盐岩与细碎屑岩系的混合沉积;胡鲁斯台组和阿不切亥组为陆表海与“风暴海”沉积.根据该区与华北地台的对比,首次提出贺兰山寒武纪早期的苏屿口组古地理面貌应是西低东高,而非传统认为的西高东低;寒武纪早期的五道塘组、陶思沟组古地理面貌则为西高东低.     

东南沿海水库下游地区基于动态模拟的洪涝风险评估

我国东南沿海地区大多为一些中小流域,这些流域上游多建有水库工程,下游则为人口稠密的平原区,流域调蓄能力小,汇流时间短.同时,随着近年来城镇化快速发展,洪涝风险不断加大.因此,迫切需要开展水库下游不同暴雨重现期下的洪涝风险评估研究,以便为防洪决策提供技术支撑.为此,本文利用遥感、GIS、水文水动力学模型等相关技术方法,建立洪涝动态模拟模型来评估洪涝危险性;采用层次分析法和因子叠加法,从洪涝危险性和洪涝易损性两方面开展洪涝风险综合评估分析.研究表明,通过多学科与多技术手段相结合方法,来模拟预测不同暴雨重现期洪水动态淹没过程,再结合相关社会经济属性,可以有效地评估研究区洪涝灾害的风险,从而为水库调度及流域防洪减灾提供有力支撑.