贺兰山中段震旦系盖帽白云岩的沉积特征、区域对比及意义

2011年,作者在贺兰山中段腰坝配件厂地区进行1∶5万区域地质调查时发现了震旦系盖帽白云岩,进而研究了其沉积特征、碳氧同位素组成和时代,并与该区紫花沟兔儿坑组白云岩、华南和华北地台南缘相应地层进行对比.结果表明,盖帽白云岩为含陆源细碎屑白云岩,与兔儿坑组白云岩相近;其δ13C值为-4.7‰～0.79‰,且自下而上呈下降趋势;其时代与华南震旦系下、中部相当,与华北地台南缘震旦系罗圈组的沉积特征和古地理环境相近;与全球Gaskiers冰期有相关性.这对华北地台的古构造、古地理、古气候及动物演化“源头”的研究有重要意义.     

贺兰山中段米钵山组沉积特征及其意义

贺兰山中段中、上奥陶统米钵山组,在整个区域地层中占有重要地位,它是贺兰山南北向构造形成的重要标志。其地层明显区别于相邻地台区的沉积,对探讨贺兰山早古生代的构造格局及岩相古地理尤为重要。但对米钵山组沉积环境多有争论,观点各不相同。本文对该区米钵山组沉积特征、沉积层序、沉积岩相和古地理环境进行了分析研究,并划分为碎屑流、浊流和正常深水沉积三种类型,推断贺兰山南北向构造在加里东中期开始形成,并延续到白垩纪的新认识。     

二连盆地乌兰花凹陷沉积特征研究

乌兰花凹陷位于二连盆地南部温都尔庙隆起上,是白垩纪开始形成的一个陆相湖盆,主要发育阿尔善组四段和腾格尔组一段.阿尔善组四段沉积时,凹陷断裂活动剧烈、沉降速率高,凹陷整体以深湖—半深湖环境为主,发育规模小、沉积时间短的扇三角洲、近岸水下扇和湖底扇.腾格尔组一段沉积时,断裂活动依然剧烈,但在凹陷南部陆源碎屑物质的供给率大于凹陷的沉降率,因此发育大面积的扇三角洲沉积;而在凹陷北部陆源碎屑物质供给仍然较少,为深湖—半深湖环境.通过对已有钻井的分析发现,在阿尔善组四段,砂体的展布主要受古地形的控制,有利储层主要为湖底扇的辨状水道砂体;而在腾格尔组一段,砂体的展布主要受沉积物供给和古地形的控制,有利储层主要为扇三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体和席状砂砂体.     

巴颜喀拉及邻区中二叠世古海山的结构与演化

巴颜喀拉地区中二叠世古海山主体由火山岩基座和碳酸盐岩顶盖所组成. 古海山基座中的主要岩石有玄武质熔岩、火山碎屑岩及复成分角砾岩; 而古海山顶盖则主要由块状的生物碎屑灰岩和生物礁灰岩所组成. 碳酸盐顶盖与火山岩基座之间呈整合或沉积不整合接触关系. 通过对古海山结构和岩石组成的分析, 本区古海山的演化至少可分为五个阶段, 即早期火山岩基座的诞生、第一期碳酸盐岩顶盖的形成、古火山的活化及第一期碳酸盐岩顶盖的破坏、紫红色钙质泥岩的沉积、第二期碳酸盐岩顶盖的重建. 在其中一个海山中, 第二期碳酸盐岩顶盖形成后又出现了一次火山活动. 在火山岩基座和碳酸盐顶盖中均发现有大量的Neoschwagerina craticulifera Schwager, Schwagerina sp.及Verbeekina sp.等蜓类化石, 表明古海山的形成和演化时间均为中二叠世的茅口期.     

水氡与井水位短临前兆信息的一种提取方法

1 观察物(?)概况工作中使用了三口水位观测井及五个水氡观测泉点的观测资料。三口观测井均位于南北地震带北段的六盘山地震带上,大地构造位置属于祁吕贺兰山字型构造体系的马蹄型盾地也(图1)。其基本情况见表1。其中陇3号井含水层为第三系河湖中沉积的砂砾岩,为浅层     

基于含砂率的相控地质统计学反演储层预测技术研究

陆相湖盆三角洲沉积储层横向变化快、纵向薄砂泥互层,储层预测难度大.针对该问题,本文以乌石油田群流沙港组二段中层序为背景,提出了一种基于含砂率的相控地质统计学反演储层预测技术.通过单井统计,建立含砂率与沉积微相的关系;再利用平面含砂率横向约束建立三维含砂率初始模型;进而运用贝叶斯理论将三维含砂率初始模型作为约束条件融入到地质统计学反演进程中,实现了三角洲沉积相控反演技术研究.结果表明,相比常规地质统计学反演,应用该技术得到的反演结果精度大幅提升,不仅纵向分辨率高,且对不同期次砂体的叠置关系及沉积相纵、横向演变规律展现效果更好,有效指导了油田勘探开发实施.     

辽东湾地区古近系层序地层格架与沉积体系分布

充分利用地质和地球物理资料,依据层序界面特征,将辽东湾地区古近系孔店组-东营组划分为4个二级层序和10个三级层序.各三级层序可细分为低位体系域、湖侵体系域和高位体系域.低位体系域主要由进积准层序组构成,湖侵体系域主要由退积准层序组构成,而高位体系域则以进积式准层序组为主.沉积类型主要有滨浅湖、半深湖、深湖、三角洲、扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲和近岸水下扇.扇三角洲和辫状河三角洲沉积体系主要分布在早期的SEs4-Ek,SEs3和SEs1 2层序中,SEd3,SEd2和SEd1层序则以三角洲沉积为主,近岸水下扇沉积体系在各层序的凹陷边界断层下降盘发育.沉积体系在平面与纵向上的演化常受古构造与古地貌的控制.最后指出最有利的储集区位于辽西低凸起和辽中凹陷,辽西凹陷中部为较有利储集区.     

据花粉分析论许家窑遗址的时代和古环境

本文应用花粉分析,对许家窑遗址沉积物的地质时代和古环境进行了探讨。指出:遗址沉积期间的气候比较寒冷,气温比现今低;其时的植被面貌,为森林草原类型;遗址沉积物的地质时代为晚更新世     

华夏古陆于奥陶-志留纪之交的扩展证据和机制探索

地层、古生物和群落古生态资料记录了一次发生在奥陶-志留纪之交、“江-绍断裂带”西北侧(浙西、浙西北和赣东北隅)海域生物相、沉积相和古地理格局的重大变化. 晚奥陶世凯迪晚期研究南区西缘为“怀玉山地”(新名), 东南缘为浙赣海; 在长坞组沉积早期, 从“怀玉山地”向东北方海水加深, 已知最深水域在江山-龙游-兰溪一带, 海域呈现西南浅、北东深的格局; 长坞组沉积中晚期, 海底快速抬升, 原先的深水域显著变浅甚至海水退出, 海面下跌略早于奥陶纪末全球范围的海面下降事件. 到赫南特期和志留纪初鲁丹早期, 由于“华夏古陆”从东南方进入且快速扩大, 本区变成了浅水海湾并滋生了华夏正形贝动物群. 海面的大幅度下降、生物群面貌和性质的剧烈变化以及浅水底栖壳相生物的大批迁入, 均发生在奥陶-志留纪交界期内, 这是与特殊而强烈的区域地质构造活动密不可分的. 它暗示了当时“扬子”与“华夏”两个地块的构造演化和汇聚拼合过程, 并造成了“华夏古陆”随后向西北扩展的强大态势.     

藏南上白垩统大洋红层: 岩石类型、沉积环境与颜色成因

西藏南部上白垩统大洋红层岩石类型有碳酸盐岩、泥质岩和硅质岩. 碳酸盐岩又细分为红色有孔虫颗粒灰岩、红色生物碎屑泥晶灰岩、红色含微体生物泥晶灰岩、红色泥晶灰岩、红色-杂色内碎屑砾状灰岩等类型; 泥质岩主要为红色页岩; 硅质岩有红色放射虫岩、红色(含)放射虫硅质岩、红色硅质岩. 红色页岩沉积环境为碳酸钙补偿面(CCD)之下、受浊流影响的下斜坡/盆地相; 而红色灰岩为远洋沉积环境下由先成的较浅水上斜坡红色灰岩层通过滑移、滑塌沉积在下斜坡页岩内. 野外观察、显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射和漫反射数据表明, 细小的、分散状出现的赤铁矿是导致藏南上白垩统大洋红层呈现红色的根本原因, 赤铁矿不是碎屑来源的, 而是同沉积期-成岩早期阶段的产物. 无论是红色页岩还是红色灰岩, 都以出现高含量Fe2O3和低含量FeO为特征, 铁主要以三价形式出现, 指示了一种氧化条件. 藏南大洋红层沉积时期, 在东特提斯洋上斜坡-下斜坡-盆地环境下广泛出现高含量溶解氧的氧化条件, 导致该条件出现的主要因素是气候变冷、洋流活动和海洋-大气氧通量改变.     

Evolution of the Taebaeksan Basin,Korea: I,early Paleozoic sedimentation in an epeiric sea and break‐up of the Sino‐Korean Craton from Gondwana

The Taebaeksan Basin is located in the mid‐eastern part of the southern Korean Peninsula and tectonically belonged to the Sino‐Korean Craton (SKC). It comprises largely the lower Paleozoic Joseon Supergroup and the upper Paleozoic Pyeongan Supergroup which are separated by a disconformity representing a 140 myr?long hiatus. This paper explores the early Paleozoic paleogeographical and tectonic evolution of the Taebaeksan Basin on the basis of updated stratigraphy, trilobite faunal assemblages, and detrital zircon U–Pb ages of the Joseon Supergroup. The Joseon Supergroup is a shallow marine siliciclastic‐carbonate succession ranging in age from the Cambrian Series 2 to Middle Ordovician. The Ongnyeobong Formation is the sole Upper Ordovician volcanic succession documented in the Taebaeksan Basin. It is suggested that in the early Paleozoic the Taebaeksan Basin was a part of an epeiric sea, the Joseon Sea, in east Gondwana. The Joseon Sea was the depositional site for lower Paleozoic successions of the SKC. Early Paleozoic sedimentation in the Joseon Sea commenced during the Cambrian Stage 3 (～ 520 Ma) and ceased by the end of the Darriwilian (～ 460 Ma). In the early Paleozoic, the SKC was located at the margin of east Gondwana and was separated from the South China Craton by an oceanic basin with incipient oceanic ridges, the Helan Trough. The spreading oceanic ridges and associated transform faults possibly promoted the uplift of the Joseon Sea, which resulted in cessation of sedimentation and break‐up of the SKC from core Gondwana by the end of the Ordovician.     

On the last explosions of carbonatite pipe G3b, Gross Brukkaros, Namibia

 Pipe G3b is part of the Upper Cretaceous carbonatitic Gross Brukkaros Volcanic Field in southern Namibia. The pipe represents the root zone of a diatreme and is located 2800 m west of the rim of Gross Brukkaros, a downsag caldera. The pipe is exposed approximately 550 m below the original Upper Cretaceous land surface. It cuts down into its own feeder dyke, 0.3 m thick. The pipe coalesced from two small pipes and in plan view is 19 m long and 12 m wide. It consists of fragmented Cambrian Nama quartzites and shales of the Fish River subgroup. Despite intensive brecciation, the stratigraphic sequence of the country rocks is almost preserved in the pipe. In addition, the feeder dyke became fragmented too and can be traced in a 2- to 3-m-wide zone full of carbonatite blocks along the southern margin of the pipe. The void space of the breccia is 30–50% in volume. Finally, after the disruption of country rocks and feeder dyke, a little carbonatite magma intruded some of the void space. The breccia of pipe G3b is considered to represent a root zone at the transition from the feeder dyke into a diatreme above. Formation of the breccia required a shock wave thought to have been associated with a last explosion of the diatreme immediately above the present level of exposure. The explosion can be shown to have been phreatomagmatic in origin. Received: 11 October 1996 / Accepted: 6 March 1997     

Composition variations of the Sinian-Cambrian sedimentary rocks in Hunan and Guangxi provinces and their tectonic significance

This paper reports the geochemical and zircon U-Pb dating data of the Sinian to Cambrian low-grade metamorphic rocks in the Miaoer Mountain area, Guangxi Province and the Jinjiling area, Hunan Province. Petrographic and geochemical features indicate that protoliths of these metamorphic rocks are clastic sedimentary rocks with medium weathering, which were formed in the passive continental margin. Geochemistry and zircon U-Pb ages indicate that the Sinian and Cambrian sedimentary rocks in the Jinjiling area have similar detritus components, which are characterized by abundant Grenvillian detrital zircons, suggesting a close affinity with the Cathaysia Block. The Cambrian sedimentary rocks in the Miaoer Mountain area have similar geochemistry and zircon geochronology to those in the Jinjiling area, showing an affinity with the Cathaysia Block. However, the Sinian sedimentary rocks in the Miaoer Mountain area show different geochemical features from the Cambrian sedimentary rocks and those in the Jinjiling area, and are characterized by abundant 840-700 Ma detrital zircons and less ～2.0 Ga ones, showing a close affinity with the Yangtze Block. These variations suggest that the Jinjiling area continuously accepted the fragments from the Cathaysia from the Sinian to the Cambrian, whereas the provenance of the Miaoer Mountain sedimentary basin changed from the Yangtze Block to the Cathaysia Block during this interval. This change implies a tectonic movement, which caused the further sinking of the basin in the Miaoer Mountain area and northwestward transferring of the basin center before the Middle Cambrian, so that the Miaoer Mountain basin received the detritus from the Cathaysia Block in the Middle Cambrian. This fact also proves that the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks have converged at least in Middle Cambrian, and the southwestern boundary between them is located between the Miaoer Mountain and Jinjiling areas.     

Uplift and evolution of Helan Mountain

The Helan Mountain lies in the northwest margin of Ordos Basin and its uplift periods have close relations with the tectonic feature and evolution of the basin. There are many views on the uplift time of Helan Mountain, which is Late Triassic and Late Jurassic. It is concluded by the present strata, magmatic rock and hot fluid distribution that the Helan Mountain does not uplift in Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic but after Middle Jurassic. Through the research of the sedimentary strata and deposit rate in Yinchuan Graben which is near to the Helan Mountain, it is proved that the Helan Mountain uplifts in Eocene with a huge scale and in Pliocene with a rapid speed. The fission track analysis of apatite and zircon can be used to determine the precise uplift time of Helan Mountain, which shows that four stages of uplifting or cooling Late Jurassic to the early stage of Early Cretaceous, mid-late stage of Early Cretaceous, Late Cretaceous and since Eocene. During the later two stages the uplift is most apparent and the mid-late stage of Early Cretaceous is a regional cooling course. Together with several analysis ways, it is considered that the earliest time of Helan Mountain uplift is Late Jurassic with a limited scale and that Late Cretaceous uplift is corresponding to the whole uplift of Ordos Basin, extensive uplift happened in Eocene and rapid uplift in Pliocene.     

Uplift and evolution of Helan Mountain

The Helan Mountain lies in the northwest margin of Ordos Basin and its uplift periods have close relations with the tectonic feature and evolution of the basin. There are many views on the uplift time of Helan Mountain, which is Late Triassic and Late Jurassic. It is concluded by the present strata, magmatic rock and hot fluid distribution that the Helan Mountain does not uplift in Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic but after Middle Jurassic. Through the research of the sedimentary strata and deposit rate in Yinchuan Graben which is near to the Helan Mountain, it is proved that the Helan Mountain uplifts in Eocene with a huge scale and in Pliocene with a rapid speed. The fission track analysis of apatite and zircon can be used to determine the precise uplift time of Helan Mountain, which shows that four stages of uplifting or cooling: Late Jurassic to the early stage of Early Cretaceous, mid-late stage of Early Cretaceous, Late Cretaceous and since Eocene. During the later two stages the uplift is most apparent and the mid-late stage of Early Cretaceous is a regional cooling course. Together with several analysis ways, it is considered that the earliest time of Helan Mountain uplift is Late Jurassic with a limited scale and that Late Cretaceous uplift is corresponding to the whole uplift of Ordos Basin, extensive uplift happened in Eocene and rapid uplift in Pliocene.     

贺兰山中段奥陶系米钵山组砂岩地球化学及构造背景分析

本文利用奥陶系米钵山组砂岩地球化学分析,结合区域地质研究,探讨贺兰山中、晚奥陶世的构造环境。贺兰山中段奥陶系米钵山组砂岩的地球化学研究表明,砂岩的siO2平均含量为81．3％;A120。／Si02值0．07～0．11,平均值为0．08;K20／Na20值变化较大,最大60．7,一般介于4．79～7．81;Fe2O3＋MgO含量较低,介于2．1％～2．81％。砂岩微量元素Nb丰度及V／（V＋Ni）与Ce／La、Sr／Ba值均较高,说明砂岩沉积于湿热、还原、低盐度环境,具有大陆型沉积特征。砂岩稀土元素富集,含量在116×10^-6～195×10^-6之间,平均值为158×10～;8Eu为0．52～0．58,具显著的负铕异常。这些数据指示了米钵山组具有重力流快速堆积的特征和大量陆源补给,浊流沉积作用是重力流携带陆源物质的主要途径。通过多种构造环境判别图解分析,显示物源区地质构造具有被动大陆边缘性质。     

江西修水县梅子坑钼矿床地质特征及成因初探

梅子坑钼矿位于九岭钨钼成矿带,为中型石英脉型钼矿床。矿区内地层和岩浆岩钼元素含量分别是克拉克值的43倍和21倍。矿体赋存于双桥山群修水组浅变质岩系中及北西向断裂控制的裂隙密集带中;矿石主要类型为石英脉型,矿石有益组分为辉钼矿,形成于石英-黄铁矿-辉钼矿-黄铜矿早期矿化阶段。矿床可能与隐伏的燕山期细粒花岗岩、花岗斑岩岩脉有成因关系,属与燕山期岩浆活动有关的中-高温热液矿床。北西向断裂密集带,硅化、云英岩化、黄铁矿化围岩蚀变,燕山期花岗岩类及双桥山群浅变质岩系,是其主要找矿标志。     

第四纪洞庭盆地临澧凹陷构造-环境演化的水系和重矿物约束

临澧凹陷为第四纪洞庭盆地西部的一个南北向次级构造单元,居于武陵隆起和太阳山隆起之间。前人已通过地貌、沉积和构造特征重塑了凹陷第四纪地质演化过程。本文研究探讨了临澧凹陷水系特征以及凹陷北部ZK 257孔重矿物特征的构造-环境成因,从而进一步为第四纪地质演化过程提供了轮廓。中更新世中期和中后期临澧凹陷处于断陷阶段,凹陷北段为相对封闭的南北向小湖盆,两侧山麓形成EW向水系;南段为相对开放的河流环境,凹陷东、西两侧分别形成NE向和NW向水系,河水向中央入渐水后再向南汇入沅水。中更新世晚期临澧凹陷整体抬升并遭受剥蚀,雷公庙以北降水向北汇入澧水,凹陷西侧形成总体NE走向的次级水系;雷公庙以南继续形成NW向次级水系（渐水西侧）。构造抬升的同时产生向东的倾斜,导致凹陷西侧水系远较东侧发育。ZK 257孔内中更新世洞庭湖组中的重矿物均来源于凹陷及周缘沉积岩而未受沅水影响,表明沅水古河道未经过临澧凹陷。周缘侵蚀作用随临澧凹陷扩张而向两侧扩展,使物源岩性发生变化,从而导致洞庭湖组上部（晚期）重矿物含量高于下部（早期）。     

Activity Feature of Kazkeaerte Fault Zone in the Late Quaternary

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＫａｚｋｅａｅｒｔｅｆａｕｌｔｚｏｎｅａｂｏｕｔ 1 0 0ｋｉｌｏｍｅｔｅｒｓｌｏｎｇ (Ｆｉｇ .1 ) ,ｉｓｔｈｅｅａｓｔｅｒｎｌｉｍｂｏｆｔｈｅｌａｔｅｓｔｄｅｆｏｒ ｍａｔｉｏｎｂｅｌｔｏｆｔｈｅｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｍａｒｇｉｎｏｆＰａｍｉｒｓ (ＣｈｅｎＪｉｅ ,ｅｔａｌ,1 997) .Ｍａｎｙｍｏｄｅｒａｔｅｌｙｓｔｒｏｎｇｅａｒｔｈ ｑｕａｋｅｓｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄａｌｏｎｇｔｈｉｓｚｏｎｅ (ＦｅｎｇＸｉａｎｙｕｅ ,ｅｔａｌ,1 987) .ＴｈｅｌａｔｅＱｕａｔｅｒｎａｒｙｄｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ…     

东营凹陷波动古湖相烃源岩沉积特征

以东营凹陷牛38井为例,研究显示,该井沙河街组沙三段烃源岩的沉积特征具有明显的波动性．宏观上体现为, 构造因素控制湖盆的整体升降和沉积构造旋回,但季节性气候及其它因素的影响使湖盆呈现次级旋回的复合性沉积．微观上表现为纹层的不连续性及生物扰动构造等事件性沉积.古湖面不同幅度的波动和变化导致相对稳定的泥岩沉积的不稳定性,有机质的分布也呈现较显著的非均质性．湖泊的沉积过程影响了微量元素、有机质以及烃源物质的分布,水体较深、盐度较高的沙三段下部多数微量元素含量较高以及B／Ca、Sr／Ba呈现高值;水体较浅、盐度较低的沙三段中部各元素的分布较为稳定,B／Ca、Sr／Ba比值及Sr的含量均显著降低.波动性沉积导致烃源岩呈现明显的优劣性分布,沙三段下部中的有机质富集,为优质烃源岩;沙三段中部的有机质分布较为分散,生排烃的资源潜力有限．