冕宁县地震人员伤亡预测

地震造成的人员伤亡有直接的和间接的两类。直接伤亡是工程震害直接导致的人员伤亡,这方面国内外都有一些研究文章发表。间接伤亡主要是地震次生灾害造成的人员伤亡,这方面国内外发表的研究文章都不多。据有关文献统计,一般情况下,地震造成的间接人员死亡数小于地震总死亡人数的5％;也有少数地震造成的间接死亡人数相当严重,如1923年日本东京大地震的次生火灾,1933年四川省茂汶县叠溪地震的次生水灾等。这里只作地震直接死亡     

2014年云南鲁甸M_S6.5地震人员震害研究

2014年云南鲁甸MS6.5地震造成1993年以来云南地区同等级地震人员死亡、失踪数量最大震害。以灾区政府部门统计得到的人员震害资料为基础,对鲁甸地震产生的人员震害特点及其引发原因进行了详细分析,同时对地震人员死亡、失踪数量巨大的影响因素进行了分析讨论。结果表明:人员死亡、失踪震害主要发生在Ⅷ度区附近及以上区域,发生地点以活动断裂和河流两侧及其附近尤为明显,分布呈现NW和NE两个较为明显的优势方向,但总体以NW向分布为主;造成人员死亡最主要的原因为房屋倒塌严重,其次为山体滑坡、崩塌滚石等地震地质灾害;造成人员失踪的原因有房屋倒塌和山体滑坡;影响地震人员死亡、失踪数量巨大的直接因素有房屋建筑抗震能力、地震地质灾害破坏程度和人为因素等,间接因素有人口密度、自然地理环境、地质构造条件、气候条件和生态环境等。在上述分析的基础上还提出了一些减少震害的建议和措施。     

基于投入产出分析的汶川地震灾害间接经济损失评估

合理的灾害损失评估是开展救灾和恢复重建的基础。间接经济损失是科学评价灾害影响不可或缺的组成部分。文中以2008年汶川特大地震四川灾区为例,利用投入产出分析法,对汶川地震造成的部门产业关联间接经济损失进行了初步分析。结果表明,汶川地震在四川省导致的产业关联间接经济损失可达25453.23亿元,是四川省直接经济损失的3倍。其中,工业、农业和建筑业部门的间接经济损失分别超过其部门直接经济损失的14.60、8.70和7.11倍。直接经济损失不足以全面衡量汶川地震造成的灾害影响,科学合理地评估灾害间接经济损失是系统地评价灾害影响的一个重要环节。     

2021年日本福岛县东部海域MW7.1级地震建筑震害特征

北京时间2月13日22时07分（当地时间2月13日23时07分）在日本福岛县东部海域发生了M_W7.1级地震,震源深度50 km,震中位于北纬37.75度,东经141.75度。此次地震发生在2011年东日本大地震约10周年之际,震中位置亦非常接近。根据搜集到的资料,部分房屋受损,发生严重结构性破坏的结构相对较少。建筑内部的水管泄漏和柜体倾覆,建筑外部的装饰面板和玻璃等非结构构件的破坏是此次地震的主要建筑震害特征。此外,此次地震没有人员死亡或失踪,仅造成了约180人受伤。非结构的破坏,如柜子倾倒和玻璃破碎是造成人员受伤的重要原因。建筑抗震设防标准高以及居民防灾意识强是此次地震震害轻和人员伤亡少的主要原因。与此同时,尽管在日本抗震设计规范中已充分注意建筑非结构部件的抗震要求,但仍主要针对与人员生命安全、重大次生灾害直接相关的建筑非结构部件进行抗震计算设计,对大量与财产安全及功能运行相关的部件仅作一般构造性要求,在地震中仍难以避免因非结构部件破坏造成的人员伤亡和建筑功能中断。     

2021年5月21日云南漾濞6.4级地震灾害损失快速评估结果分析

本文针对2021年5月21日云南漾濞6.4级地震,选取不同的地震烈度衰减关系模型,对各模型地震影响场评估结果与发布的地震烈度图进行对比分析,并对地震影响范围不确定性进行研究。选取多种死亡人数评估模型,分别计算各模型在不同地震影响场下的死亡人数、人口分布数量,探讨各地震影响场模型下的人口分布特征及影响人员死亡的主要因素。通过对比分析可知,导致此次地震灾害损失评估结果与真实地震现场结果不同的主要原因是地震影响场分布、人口分布、房屋建筑抗震能力偏差、地形地貌、次生灾害等多种因素不同。研究结果表明,有效提高地震灾害损失快速评估精确性的途径为提高地震影响场评估精度,提高人口分布、房屋建筑等数据空间分布评估精度,后期专家检验等。     

2014年云南鲁甸M_S6.5地震人员死亡年龄分布特征

通过收集到鲁甸地震分县(区)地震人员死亡统计表,对死亡人员的年龄、性别、死亡原因、死亡地点等情况进行分类分析,得到鲁甸地震人员死亡类型和死亡人员年龄总体分布特征。并分别对因房屋倒塌、因崩塌滑坡、因抢救无效致死人员年龄分布特征,性别—年龄分布特征等地震人员死亡年龄分布特征进行总结分析。同时与国内同类研究相比,鲁甸地震造成的人员死亡具备地震人员死亡的普遍特征,同时具有山区、经济欠发达地区地震人员死亡的特性。     

地震复合灾害与应急救援对策

地震复合灾害是指以地震主震为灾害源并引发一种以上次生灾害的地震灾害。重大地震灾害都是复合灾害。复合灾害具有各构成灾害的叠加性,不同灾种之间还可能产生叠加效应。地震复合灾害与同时或连续发生的自然灾害、人为灾害构成广义复合灾害。复合灾害扩大、加剧了地震灾害灾情。减少地震复合灾害的构成灾害种数,降低、消除各构成灾害的叠加性与叠加效应,是研究地震复合灾害减灾对策的基本原则。编制城镇应急救援规划应以复合灾害的灾情严重程度为基础。构建完善的应急救援要素系统、合理估算避难人数和救援资源需求量,是复合灾害应急救援的基本对策。     

《地震对策》各篇章编写稿之五 第二篇 地震对策各论 第七章 地震次生灾害对策

地震次生灾害一般指地震强烈震动后,以震动的直接或间接破坏后果为导因而引起的一系列其他灾害。在地震灾害中,次生灾害是极其普遍的、严重的。目前,地震的次生灾害主要有:火灾,毒气、细菌和放射性污染,“盲目避震”造成的摔、挤、踩等伤亡,崩塌、滑坡和泥石流,水灾,海啸等。随着城市生产力的发展,一些新的次生灾害可能出现,如高层建筑的“玻璃雨”灾害,信息储存系统的“记忆毁灭”灾害等。本文在总结我国一些地震的经验和教训的基础上,参考国外一些地震资料,按城市地震次生灾害,崩塌、滑坡和泥石流灾害,地震水灾和地震海啸灾害四个部分,概括分析了各种次生灾害的成因及特点,阐述了震前预防、震时紧急处理、震后救治的各项对策。     

甘肃岷县漳县MS6.6地震重灾区房屋类型与致死的关系研究

地震造成人员死亡主要是由房屋毁坏和次生灾害引起的。2013年7月22日甘肃岷县漳县发生MS6.6地震,造成95人死亡、2014人受伤,灾区民房破坏严重,重灾区房屋毁坏比达36.59%;同时震前不断降雨和地震的耦合作用,诱发大量滑坡、崩塌等地质灾害,给灾区人民生命财产带来严重损失。本文通过对灾区不同类型结构房屋破坏情况、常驻人口、死亡人数、死亡地点及原因、地形地貌和地质灾害的调研,获得大量准确的基础资料;分析得到这次地震人员死亡特点和重灾区不同类型结构房屋的破坏比;利用重灾区9个行政村死亡人数和房屋毁坏比数据,进行多元线性回归拟合,得出房屋毁坏比与人员致死性关系,同时运用不同烈度区内房屋毁坏比数据和人口数据进行验证。结果表明:用此关系计算得到的总死亡人数比实际死亡人数多16人,总误差率为17.02%。     

山西省地震灾害及减灾对策

山西省由于特定的地质和地理环境,是我国各种自然灾害多发省区之一,尤以地震灾害为甚。这是因为强震多发生在人口稠密、工农业发达的一系列盆地中,加之震源浅,所以在地表造成的灾害严重。文中得出山西省地震灾害的分布范围、遭受不同烈度值的面积、地震时发生地质灾害现象的分区特点、人员死亡总数,地震灾害严重的原因解析。在此基础上提出了减轻地震灾害损失的对策。     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

Copper in natural waters in Transbaikalia

Cu concentrations in surface (river and lake) and subsurface waters are determined. The geographic pattern of Cu distribution in natural water is identified. This pattern is controlled by the difference between its concentrations in drained rocks and soils and the geochemical redox conditions of its migration. Territories with low, medium, and elevated Cu concentrations in natural waters are identified. The concentrations of Cu in natural waters of the region are found to be generally lower than the Clarke values.     

Changes in thermal extremes in Poland

Changes in thermal extremes of the climate of Poland in 1951–2010 are examined. Warm extremes have become more frequent, while cold extremes have become less frequent. In the warming climate of Poland, the increase in the number of extremely warm days in a year and the decrease in the number of extremely cold days in a year have been observed. Also the increase of the maximum number of consecutive hot days in a year and the decrease of the maximum number of consecutive very cold and extremely cold days in a year have been observed. However, the trends are not of ubiquitous statistic significance, as the natural variability is strong.     

Hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period

Abstract

The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly.     

Advances in ground motion studies in China

This paper briefly summarizes the works in the processing of strong ground motion data, the factors affecting strong ground motion, the modeling of strong ground motion and the calculating of broad-band response spectrum which have been done recent years by engineering seismologists and seismologists of China. In addition, we think back to the international cooperation in strong ground motion of the recent years and make some expectations for the future.