下击暴流的特征及其对输电线塔风致倒塌的影响

下击暴流为雷暴天气中强下沉气流猛烈冲击地面后形成并沿地面传播的近地面短时强风,其风场特征同传统的大气边界层近地风显著不同。近年来下击暴流作用下输电线-塔结构的倒塌破坏事故层出不穷。根据美国、澳大利亚和南非等国的调查,80%以上的输电线-塔的风致倒塌事故主要为下击暴流所引起。而我国对此却少有研究。据此,本文简要介绍了下击暴流在输电线-塔抗风研究中的重要性,并从尺度特征、风速特征、随机特征和压力特征四个方面对下击暴流的基本特征进行了综述。其次,阐述了下击暴流对输电线-塔结构的灾害作用和下击暴流作用下输电线-塔的破坏特征。最后,论述了下击暴流对输电线-塔结构抗风设计的影响。指出了将雷暴强风,尤其是发生频度高、破坏性强的下击暴流纳入到风荷载规范,是非常重要而迫切的工作。     

一次北京大暴雨过程低空东南风气流形成机制的数值研究

2002年6月24~25日,北京门头沟附近发生了一次大暴雨过程.观测资料和数值模拟均发现,在暴雨发生前和发生过程中,北京地区边界层内出现了一支强盛的东南风气流.东南风气流沿太行山东坡爬升,触发了对流.为探讨这支低空东南风气流的形成原因,本文通过数值模拟和敏感性试验,对这支东南风气流的形成机制进行了研究.结果表明,这支低层东南风气流是一支冷湿的、伴有较强风速辐合的气流,主要是在天气尺度系统作用下生成的.东南风气流形成过程中,地表感热加热作用对其强度有加强作用.大暴雨开始后的潜热加热作用对这支东南风气流有正反馈作用,使气流的强度大大增强,因此,在降水开始后气流强度也增强,降水最强时低空急流的强度达最强.暴雨开始后,由于夜间地表降温造成山风效应,导致在北京西部山脚下出现偏北风.     

大同地震水氡动态图像的前兆异常特征

采用“九五”攻关提出的水氡动态图像分析方法,对二次大同５．８级地震水氡前兆异常的时空演化特征进行分析研究。简介了大同地震水氡动态图像的生成方法。研究表明,地震前震源区及周围出现水氡变化率≥０．０６的异常特征区,异常区的时间演化与地震具有“扩展－急剧扩震－地震－持续扩展－地震－收缩”的关系,且与多种异常发展的中期,中短期和短临阶段相对应,异常区的空间分布演化与震中,地质构造和地热等有密切关系。表明动     

地震地下水位动态锯齿波的成因及排除办法

我们通过资料分析和模拟试验,研究了水位动态锯齿波的成因和排除办法,初步研究了井孔特征,井房气流效应与锯齿波的关系以及锯齿波在地下水观测中的应用。     

城市湖泊时空演变的遥感分析——以武汉市为例

在GIS技术支持下,以多时相Landsat TM/ETM 遥感影像为数据源,利用NDWI指数提取武汉市1991年、1995年、2000年、2002年的湖泊水域面积信息,引入湖泊萎缩强度等测度指标,从时空两方面对主城区湖泊水域变化和26个主要湖泊的发展演化特征进行了系统地分析.结果表明,从1991年到2002年,武汉市主城区湖泊水域面积急剧减少,达38.67km2;主要湖泊水域的面积变化具有时空分异特征,湖泊萎缩变化与湖泊所处地区的城市建设水平、道路交通规划、政策导向等因素密切相关.分析认为,城市湖泊转变为公园后,萎缩现象得到明显遏制,通过立法加强湖泊保护力度并尽早制定城市湖泊的规划管理措施,是保护武汉幸存湖泊的有力手段.     

基于改进的OBV模型的下击暴流风荷载模拟

下击暴流是雷暴天气产生的近地面短时强风,具有和大气边界层近地风显著不同的风场特征,其风荷载数值模拟方法也和常规风荷载模拟方法不同。在将下击暴流风速表达为时变的平均风速和调制的非平稳脉动风速之和的前提下,本文采用基于改进的OBV模型（Oseguera and Bowles／Vicroy（OBV））的方法来模拟平均风速,其平均风速直接由改进的OBV模型表达,而不同于已往研究中将平均风速表达为竖向风剖面与时间函数的乘积,并采用结合快速傅里叶变化的谐波叠加法来模拟调制的非平稳脉动风速。改进的OBV模型考虑了下击暴流的风暴中心移动和强度演化的影响,更准确地描述了下击暴流的实际物理过程。通过实例仿真,说明结果准确合理。     

印支运动以来中国海陆地势演化及阶梯地貌特征

地势是地面高低起伏的形势,是地球内营力和外营力共同作用的结果,是地壳内部结构、构造及其发展在地表的反映.空间重力异常与地形、地貌密切相关,反映地壳内部结构和构造的变化.均衡原理认为高山下面地壳厚,平原下面地壳薄,即地势的起伏同莫霍面的起伏呈镜像关系.中国海陆地质地球物理系列图编制了大地构造格架图和大地构造格架演化图等专题图件,对中国海陆各主要块体的时空演化进行研究,研究了中国海陆地势的"跷跷板"演化过程.本文根据中国海陆1:500万空间重力异常图和莫霍面深度图分析了海陆地貌特征,按照构造地貌的分类原则,将中国海域和陆域作为一个整体进行地貌分类,在中国大陆地势呈三个地貌阶梯的基础上,总结出中国海陆地貌总体特征为西高东低,呈五级阶梯分布.     

永登地震过程中各向异性介质参数演化特征

运用合成地震图方法研究了1995年7月22日永登Ms5.8地震过程中各向异性介质参数动态演化特征.研究结果表明,各向异性介质参数的动态演化特征可以描述地震的孕震过程;各向异性介质参数的微观变化反映了孕震区域应力场的宏观变化;通过研究各向异性介质参数的变化有可能监测地震孕震过程.     

地磁场子夜均值逐日动态演化特征及与汶川大地震关系研究

利用我国地磁台网每天的“子夜均值”资料,应用高性能计算技术,建立中国地磁场动态演化模式,研究汶川5．12地震前后中国地磁异常场逐日演化特征。结果表明：地震前后地磁异常场变化特性较明显,在时间上有显著的阶段性特征,这可能反映了地震不同孕育阶段的特征。     

黄海和邻区重磁场及区域构造特征

黄海作为大陆架浅海,在地壳性质上仍属大陆型地壳。但整个黄海的结构、性质并不完全相同。在地质、地球物理场特征上黄海可分为南、北两个部分。五莲－青岛－朝鲜半岛的临津江为一条重要的结合带。此带以北,地球物理场特征基本与华北地块相同;此带以南,则与扬子地块的性质一致。同样,江绍断裂入海之后继续北上可追朔到光州地区,是区分扬子块体与华南块体的重要界线。各块体的地球物理场特征与本区的大地构造演化史、地壳上地幔     

The wave-induced boundary layer under long internal waves

The boundary layer formed under the footprint of an internal solitary wave is studied by numerical simulation for waves of depression in a two-layer model of the density stratification. The inviscid outer flow, in the perspective of boundary-layer theory, is based on an exact solution for the long wave-phase speed, yielding a family of fully nonlinear solitary wave solutions of the extended Korteweg–de Vries equation. The wave-induced boundary layer corresponding to this outer flow is then studied by means of simulation employing the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) formulation coupled with a turbulence closure model validated for wall-bounded flows. Boundary-layer characteristics are computed for an extensive range of environmental conditions and wave amplitudes. Boundary-layer transition, identified by monitoring the eddy viscosity, is correlated in terms of a boundary-layer Reynolds number. The frictional drag is evaluated for laminar, transitional, and turbulent cases, and correlations are presented for the friction coefficient plus relevant measures of the boundary-layer thickness.     

巢湖快速变化风浪场及其环境效应

浅水湖泊风浪过程对于湖泊生态系统具有重要的意义.基于巢湖风场、风浪和水环境参数同步高频观测结果,详细分析了快速变化风场下的风浪快速变化特征及其对湖泊水环境的影响特征.浅水湖泊风浪的有效波高和平均波周期均随风速的快速变化有较好的同步响应规律.在风速快速衰减阶段,相较有效波高,波周期有更好的稳定性.湖泊水体pH、水温、溶解氧会快速响应风浪的变化,随着风浪强度增强,对水体浊度、总磷浓度以及藻密度和生物量的扰动影响逐渐呈现.强烈的风浪扰动引起水体浊度变化的滞后时间可达3 d.快速变化的风浪场下,风浪的强烈扰动会改变水体固有的理化参数分布特征,扰动藻类常规的水体分布规律,风浪强度是造成差异的主要因子.     

Near-surface flow structure over wind-generated water waves,part I: wave-induced flow characteristics

We report on an experimental study conducted to investigate the influence of small-scale wind waves on the airflow structure in the immediate vicinity of the air–water interface. PIV technique was used to measure the two-dimensional velocity fields at wind speeds of 3.7 and 4.4 m?s^?1 and at a fetch of 2.1 m. The flow structure was analyzed as a function of wave phase. In the near-surface region, significant variations were observed in the flow structure over the waveform. The phase-averaged profiles of velocity, vorticity, and Reynolds stress showed different behavior on the windward and leeward sides of the wave in the near-surface region. The influence of wave-induced velocity was restricted within a distance of three significant wave heights from the surface, which also showed opposite trends on the windward and leeward sides of the crest. The results also show that the turbulent Reynolds stress mainly supports downward momentum transfer whereas the wave-induced Reynolds stress is responsible for the upward momentum transfer from wave to wind. In the immediate vicinity of the air–water interface, the momentum is transferred from waves to wind along the windward side, whereas, the momentum transfer is from wind to waves along the leeward side.     

Near-surface flow structure over wind-generated water waves,part II: characteristics of separated and non-separated flows

We report on an experimental study conducted to investigate the influence of small-scale wind waves on the airflow structure in the immediate vicinity of the air–water interface. PIV technique was used to measure the two-dimensional velocity fields at wind speeds of 3.7 and 4.4 m s⁻¹ and at a fetch of 2.1 m. The flow structure was analyzed as a function of wave phase. In the near-surface region, significant variations were observed in the flow structure over the waveform. The phase-averaged profiles of velocity, vorticity, and Reynolds stress showed different behavior on the windward and leeward sides of the wave in the near-surface region. The influence of wave-induced velocity was restricted within a distance of three significant wave heights from the surface, which also showed opposite trends on the windward and leeward sides of the crest. The results also show that the turbulent Reynolds stress mainly supports downward momentum transfer whereas the wave-induced Reynolds stress is responsible for the upward momentum transfer from wave to wind. In the immediate vicinity of the air–water interface, the momentum is transferred from waves to wind along the windward side, whereas, the momentum transfer is from wind to waves along the leeward side.     

海面动量、感热和水汽输送的动力学分析

基于大气边界层动量、感热和水汽通量的基本方程,定量地计算了波动海面的动量、感热和水汽通量。首先,应用Prandtl的混合长概念,推导出贴海面大气层中风速、位温和比湿的涡动交换率及其贴海面层厚度,并且证明了波面上位温或比湿贴海面层厚度与速度贴海面层厚度的比值,和平面上的相应比值完全相等。随后,利用空气动力学理论讨论了贴海面动量、感热和水汽输送的参数化问题。最后,对现有五种理论模式进行了比较说明。     

Wave energy input into the Ekman layer

This paper is concerned with the wave energy input into the Ekman layer, based on 3 observational facts that surface waves could significantly affect the profile of the Ekman layer. Under the assumption of constant vertical diffusivity, the analytical form of wave energy input into the Ekman layer is derived. Analysis of the energy balance shows that the energy input to the Ekman layer through the wind stress and the interaction of the Stokes-drift with planetary vorticity can be divided into two kinds. One is the wind energy input, and the other is the wave energy input which is dependent on wind speed, wave characteristics and the wind direction relative to the wave direction. Estimates of wave energy input show that wave energy input can be up to 10% in high-latitude and high-wind speed areas and higher than 20% in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, compared with the wind energy input into the classical Ekman layer. Results of this paper are of significance to the study of wave-induced large scale effects.     

Surface roughness length dynamic over several different surfaces and its effects on modeling fluxes

Roughness length and zero-plane displacement over three typical surfaces were calculated iteratively by least-square method, which are Yucheng Experimental Station for agriculture surfaces, Qianyanzhou Experimental Station for complex and undulant surfaces, and Changbai Mountains Experimental Station for forest surfaces. On the basis of roughness length dynamic, the effects of roughness length dynamic on fluxes were analyzed with SEBS model. The results indicate that, aerodynamic roughness length changes with vegetation conditions (such as vegetation height, LAI), wind speed, friction velocity and some other factors. In Yucheng and Changbai Mountains Experimental Station, aerodynamic roughness length over the fetch of flux tower changes with vegetation height and LAI obviously, that is, with the increase of LAI, roughness length increases to the peak value firstly, and then decreases. In Qianyanzhou Experimental Station, LAI changes slightly, so the relationship between roughness length and LAI is not obvious. The aerodynamic roughness length of Yucheng and Changbai Mountains Experimental Station changes slightly with wind direction, while aerodynamic roughness length of Qianyanzhou Experimental Station changes obviously with wind direction. The reason for that is the terrain in Yucheng and Changbai Mountains Experimental Station is relatively flat, while in Qianyanzhou Experimental Station the terrain is very undulant and heterogeneous. With the increase of wind speed, aerodynamic roughness length of Yucheng Experimental Station changes slightly, while it decreases obviously in Qianyanzhou Experimental Station and Changbai Mountains Experimental Station. Roughness length dynamic takes great effects on fluxes calculation, and the effects are analyzed by SEBS model. By comparing 1 day averaged roughness length in Yucheng Experimental Station and 5 day averaged roughness length of Qianyanzhou and Changbai Mountains Experimental Station with roughness length parameter chosen by the model, the effects of roughness length dynamic on flux calculation is analyzed. The maximum effect of roughness length dynamic on sensible heat flux is 2.726%, 33.802% and 18.105%, in Yucheng, Qianyanzhou, and Changbai Mountains experimental stations, respectively.     

Surface roughness length dynamic over several different surfaces and its effects on modeling fluxes

Roughness length and zero-plane displacement over three typical surfaces were calculated iteratively by least-square method, which are Yucheng Experimental Station for agriculture surfaces, Qianyanzhou Experimental Station for complex and undulant surfaces, and Changbai Mountains Experimental Station for forest surfaces. On the basis of roughness length dynamic, the effects of roughness length dynamic on fluxes were analyzed with SEBS model. The results indicate that, aerodynamic roughness length changes with vegetation conditions (such as vegetation height, LAI), wind speed, friction velocity and some other factors. In Yucheng and Changbai Mountains Experimental Station, aerodynamic roughness length over the fetch of flux tower changes with vegetation height and LAI obviously, that is, with the increase of LAI, roughness length increases to the peak value firstly, and then decreases. In Qianyanzhou Experimental Station, LAI changes slightly, so the relationship between roughness length and LAI is not obvious. The aerodynamic roughness length of Yucheng and Changbai Mountains Experimental Station changes slightly with wind direction, while aerodynamic roughness length of Qianyanzhou Experimental Station changes obviously with wind direction. The reason for that is the terrain in Yucheng and Changbai Mountains Experimental Station is relatively flat, while in Qianyanzhou Experimental Station the terrain is very undulant and heterogeneous. With the increase of wind speed, aerodynamic roughness length of Yucheng Experimental Station changes slightly, while it decreases obviously in Qianyanzhou Experimental Station and Changbai Mountains Experimental Station. Roughness length dynamic takes great effects on fluxes calculation, and the effects are analyzed by SEBS model. By comparing 1 day averaged roughness length in Yucheng Experimental Station and 5 day averaged roughness length of Qianyanzhou and Changbai Mountains Experimental Station with roughness length parameter chosen by the model, the effects of roughness length dynamic on flux calculation is analyzed. The maximum effect of roughness length dynamic on sensible heat flux is 2.726%, 33.802% and 18.105%, in Yucheng, Qianyanzhou, and Changbai Mountains experimental stations, respectively.

     

南极中山站至Dome A考察断面湍流参数特征近地层湍流参数特征

利用南极中山站至Dome A考察断面上3个自动气象站2005～2007年的观测资料和2008年夏季在中山站附近冰盖获取的湍流观测资料,应用空气动力学方法和涡动相关法计算分析了中山站至Dome A断面上近地层各种湍流参数(感热通量,潜热通量,湍流温度、湿度和速度尺度,地表粗糙度,大气稳定度及动量输送系数)的季节变化、日变...