根据历史地震和应变能积累释放过程分析山东地区近期地震活动趋势

根据历史地震和应变能积累释放过程对山东地区地震活动特征进行分析,认为该区目前处于地震活跃时段后期的能量剩余释放阶段,在此期间将以中等或中强地震活动为主。由现代地震活动特点分析认为,该区目前处于最近的一个应变能积累—释放过程中的释放阶段,这一阶段还可能持续4年左右,在此释放阶段中有可能发生多次4～5级乃至6级地震,但发生6级以上地震的可能性不大。     

鲁东-南黄海地块区近期地震趋势分析

分析了鲁东—南黄海地块区历史与现代地震活动特征,讨论了地震活动在时间、空间以及应变能积累等方面的演变过程。分析认为,鲁东—南黄海地震区自1839年以来,显示3个中强以上地震密集时段———地震“幕”,当前幕可能还会持续10年左右;根据应变能积累释放图像分析,认为今后3年内本区发生5级以上地震的可能性较大;从空间上认为下一次5.5级地震发生在北部的可能性较大。     

基于应变积累释放模型研究鄂尔多斯块体地震活动特征

利用1970年以来积累的仪器记录地震目录资料,基于G-R关系的应变积累释放模型,研究了鄂尔多斯块体周缘的应变积累释放分期特征及其所处的应变状态。结果表明,块体周缘的应变积累释放具有明显的两阶段分期特征,其周缘整体的应变释放和积累的分界线大致在公元2000年左右。块体周缘以及块体北缘、东缘、西缘目前均处于应变积累状态,应变积累时间均超过10年,未来将进入应变释放阶段,应变释放强度最大的为块体北缘、其次是块体的东缘和西缘;释放的应变量分别相当于6.5级和6.0级左右地震强度。南缘仍处于应变积累释放的起伏阶段。     

利用应变能积累分析方法估计鲁冀豫交界区地震活动趋势

利用应变能积累分析方法对冀鲁豫交界区历史地震活动特征进行分析研究，认为该区目前处于地震活跃时段后期的能量剩余释放阶段，在此期间将以中等或中强地震活动为主，估计发生M≥7地震可能性很小。由现代地震活动特点分析认为，目前研究区处于应变能积累一释放过程中的释放阶段后期，剩余能量较少，估计未来几年内该区发生M≥5较强地震的可能性不大，但不排除发生中等或稍强地震的可能。     

中国大陆地区强震活动特征统计

从时空展布和应变积累释放角度,对中国大陆及大陆西部和东部地区地震活动进行分析,认为青藏高原地震区是中国大陆强震活动主体区域,在目前空间格局不发生改变的情况下,巴颜喀拉地块区及边界、川滇地区是强震活动主要场所的可能性较大;其次为新疆地震区,其强震主体区域依次为南天山与西昆仑交汇区、阿尔泰地区、南北天山地区;中国大陆东部目前可能处于第2轮回后剩余释放阶段或可能已进入第3个轮回的应变积累阶段,总体应变积累水平较低,发生强地震的可能性较小,若进入活跃期,华北地震区应是M≥6.0地震活动的主体区域。     

山西地震带热流体对强震活动的影响

以山西地震带热水点为基础资料，计算每个热水点的年热释放量，分析山西地区热水点的年热释放量与地震活动的关系。结果表明，热释放量低值区中小地震不活跃而强震活跃，高值区强震不活跃，而中小地震活跃。通过研究，还表明山西地区地壳活动所积累的能量，每年以热能形式释放的能量相当于一个7.3级地震，这对强震的孕育起到了缓解的作用，因此可能推迟或减少地震的发生。     

西水准时空图像动态演化特征研究

<正>地震的孕育和发生是地壳内应力-应变能量的逐渐积累和快速释放过程,必然导致地壳内部和外表的形状变化。因此,地壳形变与地震之间应存在某种联系。观测结果表明,地震容易发生在形变高梯度带上,这种地区通常又是地壳构造比较脆弱的地段。用于监测地震地壳形变观测的短水准路线大都在这些部位布设。山西地区尤其是山西断陷带是华北地区现代构造活动较强的区域之一,也是地震灾害重点防御区之一。山西断陷带在历史上发生多次7级以上大地震,现在中等地震也时有发生。本文基于修改的MPI算法,利     

东南沿海地震带（含台湾海峡地区）地震活动期的讨论

东南沿海地震带（含台湾海峡地区）地震活动存在一个３４０年左右的主要分期，目前处在１４００年以来的第二活动期。本文充分注意到７０余年的次级分期影响，分析表明，第二活动期可以简单划分为平静和释放两个阶段，释放阶段存在两个应变释放高潮时段自１９８６年进行第二高潮时段，１９９４年９月台湾海峡７．３级地震其主要标志之一，预计这一高潮时段将持续至２０４０年左右，其间可能会有效次Ｍ≥６级地震发生，并且不能排除继     

燕山-渤海地震带中强地震的分析研究

分析了燕山-渤海地震带历史与现代地震活动特征,讨论了地震活动在时间、空间以及应变能积累等方面的演变过程.认为燕山-渤海带第四活动期持续时间不足,现处于后期能量剩余释放阶段中,发生7级以上地震的可能性不大,但不排除未来发生6级以上地震的可能,今后的中强地震可能仍在西段和中段的东部活动,下一次地震迁至中段东部的可能性较大.     

强震前断裂亚失稳阶段及失稳部位的特征研究——以新疆南天山西段为例

我们把处于亚失稳阶段的断裂简称为亚失稳断裂,亚失稳阶段是断层临近失稳的最后阶段,识别这个阶段并判断出地震最终的发生位置是一个关键的科学问题.参考实验室关于断层亚失稳应力状态的研究结果,以6.8级以上地震为研究的目标地震,提出判定具备发生6.8级以上地震的亚失稳断裂研究方法：①构造区Benioff应变积累支持6.8级以上地震发生;②从高应变积累构造区中找出高应变积累且应变开始缓慢释放的断裂;③区分断裂的积累段和释放段,根据断裂释放段的协同化程度判定其是否处于亚失稳阶段,寻找失稳部位;④断裂Benioff应变是否符合加速释放模型,分析亚失稳断裂发震的紧迫性.本文以南天山西段为研究区,使用亚失稳断裂判定方法对2008年10月5日乌恰6.8级地震进行回溯性研究,结果显示卡兹克阿尔特断裂在主震前具备上述4个条件,预测取得较好的效果;进而使用该方法对研究区现今应力状态进行探索性预测研究,发现目前柯坪断裂符合亚失稳状态条件的前三条,需关注该断裂的地震活动.     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.