地球去气作用

利用地质学、天文学、地球物理学、古生物学资料进行约束，对地球的去气作用进行研究发现：太阳系的部分冷物质，通过吸积作用形成早期地球.在碰撞动能转变的热能作用下，造成了早期地球的表面熔融.在熔融状态的高温高压作用下，构成地球表面物质的结晶水排出地表进入原始大气；在高温高压下分解的碳酸盐、硫酸盐、卤化物等产生的二氧化碳、硫化氢、二氧化硫、氯化氢、氟化氢等气体进入原始大气，和水蒸汽一道共同组成原始大气.当地球内部在重力势能和放射能的作用下继续熔融时，地球表面固化为原始岩石圈.后来，地球除表面岩石圈外，整个地球完全熔融.地球内部物质熔融形成的水和二氧化碳等气体，被岩石圈圈闭.只有当冰川形成和消融，引起造海和造陆作用，导致火山喷发和地震时，这些气体才可能排出地表.这些气体的排出，受地球内部的熔融状态、冰川形成的位置（是在海洋或是在陆地）、生物的演化、太阳光的强度等因素的综合影响.     

Mechanical problems in geodynamics and work done in China

The subject of geodynamics concerns the dynamics of the global motion of the earth, of the motion in the earth's interior and its interaction with surface features, together with mechanical processes in the deformation and rupture of geological structures. A brief historical review is given from Sir I. Newton, Maclauwin, Jacobi, Poincaré, Poisson, Lamé, Darwin, Rayleigh, and Love, who dealt with the homogeneous sphere, to Leibenson, Takeuchi, and Meinesz, concentrating on layered spheres, and after the advent of plate tectonics, on the use of numerical simulation, to the analyses of tectonic features, earthquake mechanism, the application of nonlinear dynamics. By discussing the forward and inverse mechanical problems, and the questions facing the inverse problems of searching for the structural parameters, driving forces, etc. are raised in more detail. Thereafter, some works accomplished in China on the global and regional stress fields analyses; tectonic features' analyses, mantle flow studies; experimental studies of rocks and their constitutive relations are presented. Finally, the interdisciplinary nature of the subject is emphasized, and the main mechanical problems that need special attention are then proposed.     

地面电磁探测系统(SEP)研究

近年来,大地电磁法作为深部找矿与地球电性探测的感应类电法有了迅猛的发展,国内电磁法仪器基本上都是美、加、德三国地球物理公司所生产,中国已进口了几百套这些设备.随着中国国力的增强,地面电磁探测系统的自主研制被提到议事日程.从2010年开始,中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所牵头,联合中科院院内及高校等单位在国土资源部探测技术与实验研究专项(SinoProbe)中承担了《地面电磁探测(SEP)系统研制》项目的研究,目前已取得阶段性成果.本文详尽地论述了大地电磁法仪器发展现状、系统研究目标和总体设计,SEP发射系统、感应式磁传感器、分布式电磁数据采集系统、3D EM数据正反演成像软件和可视化数据管理软件、SEP系统集成和野外测试结果,最后对地面电磁探测系统研究进行了讨论、总结和展望.     

Voraussetzung und Grenzen der Qualitätssicherung in der Wasseranalytik

A discussion is presented on the conditions required and limitations of the guaranteeing of quality in water analysis as the basis for the necessary standardization of analytical methods. The following concepts are of particular importance: principle of analysis, method of analysis, technique of analysis, specification for analysis, measured value, analytical value, result of measurement, result of analysis, precision, repeatability, reproducibility, detection limit, determination limit, sensitivity and rate of retrieval. Prequisite for the ensuring of quality proper are the standard addition method and the ring analysis. In the water analysis the guaranteeing of quality is of particular importance due to the multifarious matrix as well as for the interpretation of the analytical results as a basis for important decisions in the national economy.     

KRIGEAGE APPLIED TO GEOPHYSICS THE ANSWER TO THE PROBLEM OF ESTIMATES AND CONTOURING*

None of the processes of estimation currently available is fully acceptable to the geophysicist. Firstly, they all assume that the variable, be it seismic reflection time, rms velocities, Bouguer anomaly, etc.… is random, amenable to pure statistical considerations, and the processes all disregard the relationships which link the values of the variable in the different points of the domain under investigation. Secondly, they do not provide the geophysicist with any guideline for smoothing his data, as smoothing and estimation are considered two separate operations. Thirdly, they fail to offer a valid criterion of estimation and a measure of the estimation error. The krigeage process overcomes the above mentioned difficulties. It synthesizes the structural or “geostatistical’ characteristics of the variable by using a function called the variogram (variances of the increases of the variable with respect to distance and direction). It smoothes the variable, when necessary, as a function of the “nugget effect’ (value at the origin of the experimental variogram). It yields an optimum estimation of the variable by minimizing the estimation error, and it computes a measure of the reliability of the estimation, the variance of krigeage. The process is demonstrated herein with three examples of variograms on seismic and gravity data and an example of contouring of velocities, reflection times and depths of a productive layer in an oil field, with detection and correction of irregular data, smoothing of velocities, migration of depth points, and display of estimation error.     

Investigations on Mineralogical and Chemical Composition of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in the Odra Estuary

In order to recognize lateral and seasonal variations in composition of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the Odra Estuary, samples were taken at four sites in the period July 1996 - July 1997 monthly if possible. The contents of the elements Si, Ti, Al, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, Na, K, P, C, S as well as Ba, Cr, Sr, V, Zn, Cu, Zr, and of the minerals illite, chlorite, smectite, kaolinite and others have been determined. The decreasing influence of the river Odra towards the open sea could be realized with the help of the contents of the minerals quartz, smectite, and of the elements Ba, Cr, K, P, Si and other. 60% of the seasonal and lateral variations can be explained by changing contents of total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), Al, Fe, Si, Ti, P, Mn, and Ba. They are mainly caused by differences in the production of organic matter, resuspension, riverine input, and redox-sensitive processes.     

防灾避难场所应急标识系统优化设计研究

防灾避难场所应急标识在防灾避难场所中属于基础设施部分,在场所的建设中必不可少,一个完善的标识系统在疏散和安置灾民、减少伤亡等方面发挥着重要作用。首先分析了目前防灾避难场所应急标识系统存在的问题;其次,以标识牌系统的完整性、美观性、安全性和平灾结合为优化设计原则,通过问卷调查,确定影响应急标识设计的各项指标及重要度,进行防灾避难场所应急标识优化设计;最后,以泰州中学新校区中心避难场所为例,结合防灾避难场所的防灾类型、使用功能和要求以及地方的风俗文化与环境,从大小、类型、高度和颜色等方面对防灾避难场所应急标识系统进行规划方案整体优化设计。     

三亚崖州湾海域开发建设适宜性定量分析评价

三亚崖州湾是海南自贸港科技发展的前沿阵地,摸清其地质环境是科技发展规划的基础条件。选取水深、坡度、沉积物环境质量、古河道或古湖泊面积、沙波面积、沙脊面积、软土面积和软土厚度共8个影响因素,采用K-means聚类法、层次分析法和熵权法对研究区适宜性进行定量分区,共划分适宜性好、较好、中等、较差和差五个等级,分析不同影响因素对崖州湾适宜性的影响,总结五个分区的地质环境特征。研究结果表明适宜性最好区位于研究区中北部,其次是中南部,两翼地质环境质量最差,中等区镶嵌分布于崖州湾的外缘;建议优先考虑适宜性最好区进行规划开发,其次是适宜性较好区。文章先用K-means聚类法对影响因素分级,再用层次分析法和熵权法计算评价因子的主客观权重,形成一种主客观结合的科学评价方法,并运用到地质环境开发适宜性评价中,很好地划分出优选区。评价结果可为研究区开发规划及防灾减灾提供基础地质依据,同时具有良好的借鉴作用。     

由加卸载响应比的时空变化预测中国大陆未来的地震趋势

利用加卸载响应比理论在１９９４年底对中国大一年左右尺度的地震趋势预测，总体上是符合实际情况的。在１９９５年还发展了基于高响应比区向未来震中延迁移、全聚的规律对地震的时空强参数进行预测的方法。并据此对云南孟连地震作了中期预测，该次地震的时空强参数都在预测范围内。     

Factors affecting outbreaks of Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms in coastal areas of Korea

We evaluated the causes of the first outbreak of Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms in Narodo and the Southern coast of Namhaedo on the South Sea, as well as the outbreak of C. polykrikoides blooms in the East Sea and around Wando. From the results of AGP tests using diverse seawater types, we identified seawaters in which C. polykrikoides grow well and those in which they do not, depending on the sampling time and location. The reason for C. polykrikoides blooms initially occurring in Narodo, Namhaedo, and Gujaedo seems to be because the seawater that promotes the growth of C. polykrikoides is transported to the areas of primary generation, such as these three areas, by the influence of the Tsushima Warm Current. The reason that C. polykrikoides blooms occur in the coastal area of Wando and the East Sea is because after the seawater promoting the growth of C. polykrikoides is transported to these areas, the amount of sun radiation increases, and abundant nutrients flow in from heavy rains, resulting in mass propagation of C. polykrikoides. The origin of the seawater that promotes the growth of C. polykrikoides is assumed to be the southern section of the southern coastal area of Narodo, Namhaedo, and Gujaedo, in which C. polykrikoides blooms were initially discovered. The components of the f/2 medium (N, P, Fe, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Mo, B12, biotin, thiamine) do not seem to trigger the occurrence of C. polykrikoides blooms.     

小波变换与地震信号特征分析

地震波的瞬时信号,如瞬时振幅、瞬时频率及瞬时相位等,是研究地球介质的重要参数。根据小波定义,对Morlet 小波进行了修正,并对修正后的小波形态进行了深入讨论。理论分析表明,小波变换效果受到整形参数、小波长度、中心频率、频带宽度及小波个数等参数的制约,特别是整形参数与小波中心频率及频带之间关系对小波变换起到决定性作用。在地震波信号的实际处理中,可选取恰当的整形参数,同时采用合适的小波中心频率以避免小波变换对信号产生的遗漏和冗余。文中给出了实际地震记录处理的示例。     

Rehbinder effect in tectonophysics

The modern concepts regarding a number of phenomena, joined together by a common name “Rehbinder effect” and consisting of a change in the mechanical properties of solids as a result of their reversible physicochemical interaction with the medium (physical adsorption, low-energy chemisorption, wetting), which leads to the decrease of their surface energy, are considered. The different manifestations of the effect, such as the strength reduction, the intergranular destruction, the facilitation of plastic flow, studied on the rocks (in the laboratory experiments and at the places of natural occurrence) and on model objects, are examined. Special attention is given to the analysis of thermodynamic, kinetic and structural factors, which determine the possibility, the form, and the degree of manifestation of the Rehbinder effect, and considerations about its place among other mechanisms of fluid-rock interaction are also formulated. The main conclusion, which follows from the consideration of data accumulated at the present time, is the high probability that the Rehbinder effect in many cases plays a determining role in reducing the macro-strength and increasing the deformability of rock massifs.     

玉树地震的地磁预测研究

利用玉树地震前玉树周围500 km范围内的地磁观测数据,采用地磁垂直分量加卸载响应比、地磁垂直分量日变化幅度逐日比、地磁垂直分量日变化空间相关、低点位移等方法讨论了震源区地磁场变化与地震的相关性,并发现它们之间有较好的对应关系。     

中国满洲里──绥芬河地学断面地球物理综合研究

叙述满洲里－绥芬河地学断面的地球物理成果．断面全长１３００ｋｍ，穿越了中国东北的大兴安岭岩浆岩带和张广才岭岩浆岩带，松辽盆地和海拉尔盆地，以及郯庐断裂北延部分的敦化－密山断裂、佳木斯－伊通断裂．结合地质资料，解释了断面多种地球物理方法的资料，包括重力、磁力、大地电磁（ＭＴ）、地震（广角地震测深、垂直反射地震与天然地震）、地热、古地磁以及综合解释，给出了断面岩石层构造的地球物理解释模型．讨论了松辽盆地基底的性质、莫霍界面的性质、大兴安岭重力梯级带的特征与成因，以及断面域地块拼合过程．研究结果认为，东北亚大地是一个拼合的增生大陆，是世界上一种新型的小地块碰撞拼合时受大洋板块俯冲的应力场作用形成的盆、山相间结构．     

Displacements of ridges and subduction zones in the models of mantle convection with lithospheric plates

In the existing kinematic theory of the tectonics of lithospheric plates, the position and the parameters of plates are assigned a priori in the initial and boundary conditions. However, in the self-consistent dynamic theory, the properties of oceanic plates (as well as the structure of the mantle’s convection) should appear automatically as the solution of the differential equations of energy, mass, and momentum transfer for a viscous fluid. In this case, the viscosity of the mantle’s substance as a function of temperature, pressure, shear stress, and chemical composition must be taken from the data of laboratory measurements. In the present work, the results of the numerical solution of the equations of convection are presented in the problem formulation mentioned above on a simple model of heated viscous fluid with properties that correspond to the mantle’s substance. In this case, to reveal the main reason for the generation of plates and their influence on the convection, a number of simplifications are introduced; in particular, temperature variations in the viscosity in the mantle are disregarded. In spite of the undertaken simplifications, the models show how the rigid lithosphere can be split into separate plates immersed in the mantle, how in the course of evolution the sizes of plates and their number can change, and how in this case the ridges and subduction zones can be displaced.     

强震作用下地铁车站结构损伤破坏的高效分析方法

地下结构的关键构件(如柱子等)在地震作用下可能发生破坏,进而影响结构体系的整体稳定性。在借鉴传统反应位移法的基础上,提出了一种新的位移时程反应分析方法,采用该方法对日本神户大开地铁车站进行地震响应分析。结果表明:位移时程反应分析方法能够考虑土-结构相互作用、材料非线性、几何非线性、水平地震与竖向地震的耦合作用及地震动传播的时空效应,适用于地下结构地震反应分析,利用该方法得出的地铁车站结构变形及损伤破坏与实际震害观察具有较好的一致性,并指出大开地铁车站结构的整体垮塌是由于柱子剪坏和高轴压联合作用所致。     

地震灾害快速自动评级方法研究

发生地震时,需根据本次灾害的各个方面的损失程度来确定最终的应急响应级别,目前的地震等级评估办法,主要参考受伤死亡人数、房屋损伤程度、经济损失情况、烈度等,其中部分参考因素需震后较长时间调查之后才能获取,无法及时为应急响应提供参考。利用回归分析方法,对我国历史上大量地震数据进行分析,提出一种地震灾害快速自动评级的方法,综合地震震级、经济损失、受灾人数、衍生灾害等各种影响因素在震害初期快速评估出本次地震的等级,为应急响应的启动提供保障,方便救灾工作的展开。数据分析结果表明,提出的地震等级评估结果与综合灾害指数灾区分级结果基本一致,且在震害初期就能评估出地震等级,能为应急响应、地震救援工作提供参考。     

Influence of geomagnetic storms of September 26–30, 2011, on the ionosphere and HF radiowave propagation. II. radiowave propagation

A study of HF wave propagation in the three-dimensional inhomogeneous ionosphere has been carried out in an approximation of geometrical optics. The three-dimensional medium of radio wave propagation is considered to be inhomogeneous, absorbing, and anisotropic due to the influence of the geomagnetic field. The parameters of the medium are described by the results of calculations on the basis of the Global Self-Consistent Model of the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, and Protonosphere (GSM TIP). The propagation of radio waves in the equatorial, middle-, and high-latitude ionosphere was studied. Comparisons of the ray trajectories, integral attenuation, deviations of the projection of radio wave trajectories onto the Earth’s surface from the great-circle arc, and the behavior of the angle between the wave phase and wave energy directions, as well as the angle between the direction of propagation and the external magnetic field obtained for quiet and disturbed conditions, have been performed. We consider a geomagnetic storm that occurred in 2011, with the main storm phase occurring on September 26, and the day after geomagnetic disturbances, September 29, as disturbed conditions in the ionosphere.     

隧道磁共振测深超前探测模型参数不确定度分析方法研究

地面磁共振方法探测地下水趋于成熟.随着研究的深入,磁共振技术在隧道超前探测方面也开展了应用.然而,由于隧道空间特殊环境限制,获取的磁共振信号信噪比极低,解释结果中各参数的确定性值得深思.基于这一问题,本文提出隧道磁共振测深超前探测模型参数不确定度分析方案,实际工作前,根据不同探测目标要求及环境噪声水平,优化仪器装置参数设计,提高解释结果准确性.本文首先在地面磁共振探测理论基础上,推导了考虑天线铺设角度影响的隧道矩形线圈激发场计算表达式,模拟了隧道准全空间磁共振测深正演响应.其次,基于后验模型协方差矩阵,计算模型参数标准偏差因子,划分参数不确定度等级.最后,构建三层含水模型,将第二层含水体作为观测目标.在仿真合成数据的基础上,分别探讨了电阻率、含水量、水体厚度、线圈边长、匝数、线圈旋转角度以及噪声水平等参数对目标含水体测定的影响.通过对比分析,得到如下结论：当探测目标前方地层的电阻率小于10 Ωm时,目标含水体的不确定度随着该电阻率的增大而降低;当该电阻率大于10 Ωm时,其不影响目标含水体的不确定度;目标体前方地层含水量的增大能够明显增加目标含水体的不确定度;目标层电阻率以及含水量对该层含水体的不确定度几乎不造成影响;目标层厚度越大其含水体的确定度越高;线圈边长和匝数的增大都能在很大程度上降低含水体的不确定度;线圈的偏转角度不影响目标体的不确定度;磁共振信号中噪声的幅度越大,含水体参数的不确定度越大.本文的研究结论有助于提高隧道磁共振探测数据反演参数的准确性,同时能够为实际探测提供预先优化参数的分析方案.     

微动测试技术在古建筑拱桥结构检测中的应用

在古桥梁建筑结构保护中,无损高精度检测一直是一个重要的研究课题。为识别古桥梁拱桥的结构损伤问题,以上海青浦迎祥桥为研究对象,采用全站仪对桥梁结构的变形进行观测及分析,评价桥梁的变形及受力状态;采用微动测试技术,获取结构的损伤动力特性参数,包括固有频率及振动模态。通过分析现有桥梁的模态分布,观测振动模态的突变位置确定结构损伤位置,比较结构的变形特性,对结构的损伤程度进行评价。