高层结构群风压力分布与干扰效应

为研究群风环境中高层结构的风压分布特性与群风干扰效应,采用1:300缩尺刚性模型风洞试验,在24种风向角下分析了高层结构风荷载特性的群风效应,研究了结构的压分布特性与群风干扰效应。结果表明,现有《建筑结构荷载规范》的结构风压设计值不宜用于群风环境中高层结构抗风设计,而模型风洞试验可有效地反映群风环境中的结构风压特性;迎风面与背风面脉动压力系数较侧风面低,最大脉动压力出现在涡旋运动最强烈处,也是最大负压产生处;结构极值风压可以通过脉动风压的概率特性识别,进而对结构采取相应的加强措施。试验研究技术可靠,结果可用于该工程及类似工程的抗风设计参考。     

高层建筑表面风压干扰效应研究

基于刚性模型测压实验,研究了不同干扰条件下高层建筑表面风压特性。结果表明:(1)单体建筑表面迎风面风压系数均为正值,其余各面均为负值,且迎风面位于中上部的测点平均风压系数较大;(2)受到来流方向周边建筑的遮挡效应,迎风面转为负压;(3)周边建筑的干扰,使得表面脉动风压系数大于单体工况;(4)上风向周边建筑的干扰效应比下风向更为明显。获得的结果可以为此结构设计提供风荷载,同时也为其他建筑的抗风设计和风洞实验提供技术参考。     

典型体育场屋盖风荷载特性的风洞试验研究

对某一具有代表性的大型体育场刚性模型进行了表面测压风洞试验,介绍了试验所采用的主要技术参数和基本的数据处理方法,分析了结构典型测点在不同风向角下的风压变化规律,给出了该体育场屋盖上的对应于50年和100年重现期的10min平均风压值及前10个最小极值风压值。分析表明：风压系数平均值分布规律明显,能体现屋盖上流场分布的情况;均方根值能在一定程度上反映出气流分离和旋涡脱落情况。典型体育场屋盖上表面主要分布负压,其中迎风边缘及突出部位较大,低凹处及尾流区域较小;屋盖下表面在迎风的钝体边缘有较大区域正压出现,背风处分布有不大的均匀负压。     

湍流对高层建筑风压幅值特性影响的研究

风荷载是高层建筑设计的控制荷载之一,来流湍流对结构风荷载分布和风致响应有很大的影响,研究来流湍流对高层建筑风荷载的影响有很重要的实际意义。本文主要研究来流湍流强度对高层建筑风压幅值特性的影响。为形成不同的湍流强度,本文采用风洞试验的方法,共模拟了五种风场,对2种不同断面相同高度共2个模型进行了研究。结果表明,当湍流强度比我国D类风场的湍流强度明显增大时,模型的四个侧面的平均风压系数在数值上是增大的,但是在背风面和侧面的平均风压系数绝对值是减小的;在D+风场中,背风面和侧风面出现了小正压。特别是背风面平均风压系数增加量比迎风面前后对应位置增加量更大,从而使整个结构所受的平均风阻力减小。高湍流强度对高层建筑表面风压有明显影响(如小正压),可为高层建筑抗风设计提供参考。     

建筑物表面风压以及风场的数值模拟与风洞实验研究

利用自主开发的模拟建筑物周围风环境数值模式“北京大学大气环境模式”(Peking University Model of Atmospheric Environment, PUMA), 通过求解非静力动力学方程, 模拟了一个特殊塔型结构建筑物周围的空间流场以及建筑物表面风压系数的分布特征, 同时与风洞实验的数据进行了对比, 对该拟建项目可能导致的风环境问题以及建筑表面风荷载进行了评估. 模拟结果与实验数据的比较显示, 两者在速度场与建筑表面风压系数具有较好的吻合度, 体现了该模式在风场以及压力场计算方面的良好性能. 但通过与实验结果的对比不难发现, 模式的结果在某些情况下与试验存在较大的误差. 造成这种偏差的原因, 一方面是模式现有的分辨率为水平方向2 m, 垂直方向3 m, 难以将塔型结构建筑物表面的气压变化完全精确的展现出来; 另一方面, 固壁面上格点的气压和周边空间气压分布之间关系的参数化方案, 仍需要进一步改进. 从整体来看, 该模式模拟结果与风洞实验基本吻合, 可以较好计算特殊形状钝体结构建筑物导致的风场以及风压分布情况. 研究表明该数值模式可用以评估建筑物的表面风压及周围的风环境, 在建筑物的风工程项目中具有良好的应用前景.     

南海礼乐盆地礁体水热循环及其对地温场的影响

南海礼乐盆地自渐新世以来持续发育碳酸盐岩礁体,礁体区地温场可能受到礁体与周围低温海水间水热循环的扰动.为了解礁体与周围海水间的热交换过程及其对礁体区地温场的影响,以便从位于礁体区的钻井测温数据中提取深部热信息,本文以过礁体区S-1井的地震剖面为基础,在流热耦合条件下对礁体内的水热活动进行数值模拟.结果表明,礁体与海水间存在水热交换,该水热活动对礁体区温度场有明显的扰动,使得礁体上部温度和地温梯度明显降低,进入礁体下伏地层后,地温梯度逐渐趋于正常;水热循环对礁体区地温场的影响程度与礁体的厚度和渗透率密切相关,礁体厚度越大、渗透率越高,礁体及其下伏地层温度越低;计算剖面中,2100 m厚礁体之下可能存在约400 m厚、渗透率约为3×10^-12 m^2的高渗碎屑岩层,高渗层上覆礁体平均渗透率估计介于1×10^-13~5×10^-12 m^2之间.分析表明,在受水热活动影响的礁体区,礁体下伏地层中的热流可近似代表礁体区的深部热背景,S-1钻井深部热流介于65~75 mW·m^-2之间.     

悬挂网壳结构风压分布的环境影响因素研究

为了研究环境因素对机场大跨度悬挂网壳结构风荷载分布特性的影响,通过在SST k-ω湍流模型的基础上结合CFD技术对悬挂网格结构进行风洞试验数值模拟,验证了数值模拟方法的准确性并对比研究了周边建筑、围护结构、地势高低与支撑结构等不同环境因素下悬挂网壳风荷载分布规律,发现：周边建筑可以对风荷载起到遮挡效果,降低网壳表面风压,遮挡效果随着夹角的增大逐渐衰弱;有围护结构的封闭式悬挂网壳较开放式悬挂网壳存在更大的风压梯度,在一定程度上可以提高结构承风能力,但对于非规则网壳结构无规律可循,故在实际工程中,需根据情况具体分析;随着悬挂网壳结构所处地势高度的增加,其受到风压的影响程度有一定的增幅,但当地势变化差异不大时,结构受风扰动不明显;拱梁对结构表面风压分布趋势影响较小,对风荷载起到了遮挡作用,可以降低悬挂网壳结构风压系数值。     

旋转变径管内螺旋流相干结构的大涡模拟研究

旋转管式分离设备的主分离段一般为变径管结构,针对其内部螺旋流的研究主要集中在平均统计量的分布规律上,缺乏从流动结构角度的描述。本文采用大涡模拟方法对不同旋转条件下变径管内螺旋流开展数值模拟研究,分别以Q准则与基于SVD方法的POD分解法,对数值计算的速度场进行了分析。Q准则等值面显示,螺旋涡从大锥段开始发生破碎,旋转效应能够减弱外涡流区的漩涡强度;POD分解重构后脉动速度场显示,脉动速度场的1阶模态为主模态,包含了湍流的大部分能量,5阶模态之后的流动为由小尺度涡构成的复杂湍动结构。旋转效应抑制了径向涡,促进了轴向涡。从流场结构的角度而言,旋转效应对分离起到了积极的作用。     

超高层建筑风致振动的现场实测与数值模拟

通过采用现场实测和数值模拟方法,对某超高层建筑的风致振动特性进行研究。在建筑物顶部布置结构振动监测系统,对常态风和台风作用下的结构振动响应进行测量,分析加速度、位移幅值和结构的自振特性。以实测动力特性为基础,建立超高层建筑的等效气动弹性模型,采用平均风剖面入口,联合ANSYS和CFX对风场与建筑物的流固耦合振动进行数值模拟,得到不同顶部风速下,建筑物不同高度处的位移时程、气动力系数时程及频谱分析、尾流旋涡脱落模式。将数值模拟结果与现有的实测结果进行对比分析,表明该方法模拟流固耦合振动是可行的,并可为实际超高层建筑的抗风设计和舒适性计算提供技术依据。     

太湖水动力学三维数值试验研究——3.马山围垦对太湖风生流的影响

地形地决定湖泊流场的大小和结构和重要因素,它会影响湖泊水体内的物质输移与扩散和水质的分布,因而弄清马山围垦对湖流的影响有助于了解无锡市重要饮用水水源地梅梁湖的藻类“水华”和水质变化规律,本文在太湖风生流的三 数值模拟的基础上,用数值试验方法探讨了马山围垦对湖泊流场的影响,结果表明：虽然围垦对表层及底层风生流影响较小,但是对中间转层的流场影响较大,对整层平均流场影响更大,在多数风场作用下,围垦虽未对     

组合网壳屋盖结构风振响应分析及等效静风荷载

结合惠州会议展览中心风洞试验结果,对波浪形组合网壳结构的风荷载和风振响应进行了分析,包括：24个风向角下屋盖荷载分布特性分析;结构整体和局部的自振特性分析;根据风洞试验结果对6个风向角（0°、30°、45°、90°、135°和180°）进行结构的风致动力响应分析。根据风振响应分析结果,基于响应的不同振动特点,提出将屋盖结构分为独立屋盖结构、屋盖结构两端挑棚结构和整体屋盖结构3个部分,指出对这3部分最不利的风向角分别为0°、30°、90°。最后综合考虑各个风向角下结构的响应及风振系数,给出了最终的风振系数建议值。     

Multivariate stationary non-Gaussian process simulation for wind pressure fields

Stochastic simulation is an important means of acquiring fluctuating wind pressures for wind induced response analyses in structural engineering. The wind pressure acting on a large-span space structure can be characterized as a stationary non-Gaussian field. This paper reviews several simulation algorithms related to the Spectral Representation Method (SRM) and the Static Transformation Method (STM). Polynomial and Exponential transformation functions (PSTM and ESTM) are discussed. Deficiencies in current algorithms, with respect to accuracy, stability and efficiency, are analyzed, and the algorithms are improved for better practical application. In order to verify the improved algorithm, wind pressure fields on a large-span roof are simulated and compared with wind tunnel data. The simulation results fit well with the wind tunnel data, and the algorithm accuracy, stability and efficiency are shown to be better than those of current algorithms.     

Research on wind-induced responses of a large-scale membrane structure

The wind-induced responses of a large-scale membrane structure, Expo Boulevard, are evaluated in this study. To obtain the wind pressure distribution on the roof surface, a wind tunnel test is performed. A brief analysis of wind pressure on the membrane roof is conducted first and then an analysis of the wind-induced responses of the structure is carried out using a numerical integral method in the time domain. In the process of calculation, the geometrical nonlinearity is taken into account. Results indicate that mean, RSM and peak values of the structure responses increase nonlinearly while the approaching flow velocity increases. Strong nonlinear characteristics are observed in the displacement responses, whereas the responses of nodal stress and cable axial force show minimal nonlinear properties when the membrane structure is subjected to wind loads. Different values of the damping ratio only have a minimal impact on the RSM response of the structure because the background component is a dominant part of the total dynamic response and the resonant component is too small. As the damping ratio increases from 0.02 to 0.05, the RMS responses of vertical displacement, nodal stress and cable axial force decrease by 8.1%, 6.7% and 17.9%, respectively. Since the mean component plays a significant role in the wind-induced response, the values of the gust response factor are not high for Expo Boulevard.     

Near-surface flow structure over wind-generated water waves,part II: characteristics of separated and non-separated flows

We report on an experimental study conducted to investigate the influence of small-scale wind waves on the airflow structure in the immediate vicinity of the air–water interface. PIV technique was used to measure the two-dimensional velocity fields at wind speeds of 3.7 and 4.4 m s⁻¹ and at a fetch of 2.1 m. The flow structure was analyzed as a function of wave phase. In the near-surface region, significant variations were observed in the flow structure over the waveform. The phase-averaged profiles of velocity, vorticity, and Reynolds stress showed different behavior on the windward and leeward sides of the wave in the near-surface region. The influence of wave-induced velocity was restricted within a distance of three significant wave heights from the surface, which also showed opposite trends on the windward and leeward sides of the crest. The results also show that the turbulent Reynolds stress mainly supports downward momentum transfer whereas the wave-induced Reynolds stress is responsible for the upward momentum transfer from wave to wind. In the immediate vicinity of the air–water interface, the momentum is transferred from waves to wind along the windward side, whereas, the momentum transfer is from wind to waves along the leeward side.     

Form–flow interactions of an aeolian saucer blowout

Airflow patterns through a saucer blowout are examined from wind speed and direction measurements made during a chinook wind event. The blowout long‐axis is oriented east–west with a broad depositional apron on the east side. Wind directions during the event rotated from south‐westerly to westerly, permitting an assessment of oblique and axis‐parallel flows. Results show that airflow passing over the windward rim of the saucer blowout expands and decelerates, leading to flow separation and a small re‐circulation zone on sheltered lee slopes. Near the deflation basin, airflow re‐attaches to the blowout surface and accelerates up to a small opening in the east rim, where it can be up to 50% faster than on the windward edge. Beyond the downwind rim the airflow expands and decelerates and sand is deposited onto a broad apron. Similar to coastal trough blowouts, the degree of airflow steering and acceleration along the deflation basin is determined by the angle of incidence between the approach wind and the long‐axis of the blowout. As the angle of incidence increases wind speed accelerates at 0·3 m above the surface of the deflation basin and the degree of airflow steering increases. Overall, a two‐fold process is identified, where south‐westerly flows have greater potential for eroding the deflation basin, while westerly flows have greater potential for evacuating sand from within the blowout. Visual observations indicate that sand eroded from the deflation basin during south‐westerly flows is re‐distributed to adjacent zones of low wind speed until axis‐parallel winds evacuate the sand through the opening in the east rim. Morphometric changes since 1994 indicate that the blowout morphology has remained relatively constant, suggesting a persistent interplay between oblique and axis‐parallel wind erosion events. Collectively, these findings indicate that the angle of approach winds is an important control on saucer blowout morphodynamics. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

京津冀城市群地区夏季低层大气风速谱特征分析

利用京津冀城市群地区6个观测站风廓线雷达夏季一个月同步观测资料,对其进行了风功率谱和小波分析.越接近地面,测站之间风的周期变化特征差异越明显,离地面越远,差异不显著.各站大于1天周期的频谱特征差异小,而小于1天周期的频谱特征差异大.各站频谱在几百米高度有明显日变化.不同位置的测站其日变化周期信号随高度分布表现为不同程度的地形影响效应.部分测站1km高度以下风功率谱在大于1天高频区近似满足-5/3幂分布规律.降水过程风频谱在低层普遍有小于1天的高频周期,这与降水过程高低空风速起伏和变化密切相关.各站平均风矢量日变化在5∶00—6∶00、20∶00—21∶00有明显风速变化和风向转换,1500m以下风向变化差异显著,偏南风出现时间及影响高度与该地区的山谷风和海陆风相联系.各站之间风速相关系数随高度分布呈现出低层低、上层高的特点.最后还给出了风廓线雷达布网建议.     

Near-surface flow structure over wind-generated water waves,part I: wave-induced flow characteristics

We report on an experimental study conducted to investigate the influence of small-scale wind waves on the airflow structure in the immediate vicinity of the air–water interface. PIV technique was used to measure the two-dimensional velocity fields at wind speeds of 3.7 and 4.4 m?s^?1 and at a fetch of 2.1 m. The flow structure was analyzed as a function of wave phase. In the near-surface region, significant variations were observed in the flow structure over the waveform. The phase-averaged profiles of velocity, vorticity, and Reynolds stress showed different behavior on the windward and leeward sides of the wave in the near-surface region. The influence of wave-induced velocity was restricted within a distance of three significant wave heights from the surface, which also showed opposite trends on the windward and leeward sides of the crest. The results also show that the turbulent Reynolds stress mainly supports downward momentum transfer whereas the wave-induced Reynolds stress is responsible for the upward momentum transfer from wave to wind. In the immediate vicinity of the air–water interface, the momentum is transferred from waves to wind along the windward side, whereas, the momentum transfer is from wind to waves along the leeward side.