黄河上游某水电站坝址区顺层岩质斜坡变形破坏模式及成因机制分析

通过对黄河上游某水电站坝址区顺层岩质斜坡的野外调查,分析研究区表部及深部的变形破坏特征,初步探究其力学机理,结果表明,研究区顺层岩质斜坡的变形破坏模式为弯曲—倾倒,中部冲沟处表现得更为明显。弯曲—倾倒演化过程为:在河流下切初期,反转应力导致坡体卸荷,后缘产生拉裂缝,表现为悬臂梁式横向弯曲变形。随着河谷下切加深,坡体进一步卸荷,在反转应力、上覆岩土体荷载及自重作用下,较弱的板岩逐渐被剪断,砂岩出露。静水压力加剧倾倒变形,裂隙向下部和深部不断发展贯通,上部破碎岩体拉裂并沿坡面滑动,下部岩层反转,总体上岩层倾角从坡底到坡顶增大,倾向相反,最终表现为岩层倾倒变形。     

四川罗家青杠岭滑坡成因机制及稳定性分析

我国多山,滑坡灾害频繁发生,相应的滑坡稳定性分析也是一个重要研究课题.四川罗家青杠岭的滑坡现场非常典型,而且现场资料较全,是较好开展滑坡稳定性评价研究的实例.首先采用综合的勘察方法对该滑坡发育特征进行了详细调查,根据坡面岩土体性质的不同,将滑坡体划分为4个区域,并分析了滑坡的成因机制.然后基于FLAC3D软件,利用强度折减法对滑坡的稳定性进行模拟计算.通过建立三维数值计算模型和选取合理的计算参数,模拟得到了滑坡体天然和暴雨工况下的稳定性系数、剪应变增量云图等.通过计算和综合分析表明,滑坡变形较大的区域集中在坡体后缘残坡积区的两侧和崩坡积区后缘,滑坡在天然条件下处于稳定状态,在暴雨条件下处于欠稳定状态,坡体后缘左右两侧裂缝发育的区域很容易再次发生局部滑动,有必要采取相应的防灾减灾措施.     

地震后降雨作用下堆积体滑坡模型试验研究

为研究震后降雨作用下堆积体滑坡的灾变机理、裂缝发展规律、滑坡启动时间等问题,以甘肃省舟曲县江顶崖滑坡为对象,采用振动台及人工降雨模型试验,开展4组相同地震烈度不同降雨强度的震后降雨试验。研究结果表明：(1)地震作用使坡体发生剪切破坏,震后降雨工况坡体呈现土体流失的浸蚀破坏,在坡脚处产生明显的剪出口,震后降雨作用诱发堆积体滑坡发生局部失稳。(2)地震作用使坡体中部产生剪切裂缝与错台,后缘处产生“圆弧状”张拉裂缝,在后期降雨中,裂缝变形随降雨强度增大而加剧,并在降雨中期发生突变变形。(3)地震烈度相同的情况下,滑坡启动时间与降雨强度呈指数函数关系,土体沉降变形与降雨强度呈对数函数关系。研究成果可为堆积体滑坡在震后降雨作用下的预警及防治提供参考。     

大型高位堆积体滑坡稳定性分析与数值模拟

青藏高原边缘地带堆积体滑坡的发生与地质构造、强降雨、地震等作用密切相关,其中多数属于大型高位堆积体滑坡。为研究其发生机理与稳定性,以舟曲县江顶崖大型高位堆积体滑坡为研究对象,首先,从滑坡所处的地理位置、地质条件等出发,分析滑坡的概况与成因;其次,基于传统传递系数法划分滑坡计算模型,提出滑坡稳定性分析的变坡法;最后,采用Midas GTS NX软件对江顶崖滑坡自然工况下稳定性进行数值模拟分析,并与传统及改进算法结果进行对比。研究结果表明：(1)研究区的地形坡度、地层岩性条件以及活动断裂、历史强震作用是滑坡发生的内因,外因是连续强降雨作用使岩土体力学强度降低以及暴雨导致滑坡前缘的白龙江水位上涨、流速加快,冲刷坡脚导致前缘失稳,滑坡中后缘发生牵引式滑动;(2)运用传递系数法计算折线形滑坡稳定性时,滑面倾角变化值大于10°会导致结果出现较大误差,应用改进的“等分均匀变坡法”可以减小误差,以江顶崖滑坡为计算实例并结合数值模拟验证该方法的有效性;(3)自然工况下模拟发现,滑体的前缘主要表现为水平滑移,滑体的中后部局部主要表现为垂直下沉,而滑坡前缘则主要表现为隆起,因此,滑坡部分区域出现了较大的位移...     

三峡库区卧沙溪次级滑体变形机理与阈值研究

在库水位升降及降雨作用下,三峡库区不少土质滑坡出现周期性阶跃变形,此类滑坡变形机理复杂,预警预报难。以典型涉水土质滑坡卧沙溪滑坡为例,通过10多年野外宏观巡查资料、13年的人工监测和4年的全自动监测数据,揭示卧沙溪滑坡次级滑体的变形机理,建立降雨及库水位相关阈值。结果表明：(1)次级滑体变形的主控因素由库水位下降和库水浸泡转变为持续性降雨。(2)持续性降雨导致坡体变形,监测点位移速率“峰值滞后”效应为1～2 d,位移速率衰减时间为5～9 d。(3)降雨及库水位阈值：30 d累积降雨量阈值150 mm,且变形前1 d降雨量40 mm;变形启动3 d内,累积降雨量超过50 mm会加速坡体变形,且变形时间延长。库水位下降至146 m前30 d累积降雨量115 mm,库水位下降速率阈值为0.8 m/d。研究成果可为类似滑坡的监测预警提供参考。     

河谷地形的地震反应分析

震害现象显示在一些覆盖层很薄的基岩河谷山区地震动分布差异明显.为了厘清各形状要素的均质地形模型对地震动特性的影响,侧重分析了河谷坡角、坡高及不对称坡体等要素对均质体河谷模型的地震动(PGA)的影响.研究结果表明:河谷地形谷底内部的地面运动幅值在坡角40°～50°范围内达到最大值;在高坡角的河谷内波衰减比较慢,波形相对较复杂;在深宽比较小时,高频和低频脉冲的地面加速度峰值都呈现同样的变化趋势,且谷底地面各个位置PGA变化不明显,随着深宽比的增加,高频脉冲的地震反应变化复杂,出现谷底中心加速度幅值大于山脚;河谷的不对称形状对谷底PGA有影响,谷底PGA最大的位置靠近坡高小的一侧,且坡角大的一侧山脚附近谷底PGA要小一些,即坡度和高差越大,会很大程度地增加河谷两侧坡体的临空面,并增大地震加速度的放大系数,凸起地形对地震响应有放大作用,对它附近区域却有抑制作用,而且坡高、坡角越大,抑制作用越明显.     

地震波效应与山体斜坡震裂机理深入分析

"5·12"汶川大地震造成了大量山体斜坡震裂变形和破坏现象,为深入研究其力学机理,通过实例详细调查及地震中体波效应和面波效应的深入分析,认为地震中地震波的作用使山体斜坡表部岩土体尤其是坡肩部位受到量值和方向不断变化的拉张应力作用,该作用在垂直平面内表现为全方位动态变化特点,导致坡肩岩土体具有旋转倾倒和正、反拉作用;与此同时在坡体内部伴随出现潜在剪动作用力及岩土体的开裂和压碎现象,尤其在潜在滑动面上剪切作用力更为集中;此外坡体表面还受到鼓胀拉力和扭力的共同作用.据此可将地震波作用效应划分为4种重要表现形式,即拉一剪破裂效应、界面动应力效应、潜在的楔劈效应和超空(孔)隙水压力激发机制.分析结果与实例及振动模拟结果一致.研究成果可为灾后重建和防灾减灾提供参考.     

金沙江矮子沟巨型古滑坡形成机制及运动过程研究

通过详细的野外调查，并结合遥感解译、室内试验以及数值模拟等手段，对矮子沟巨型古滑坡的基本特征、形成机制及运动演化过程进行了深入研究。矮子沟古滑坡的形成条件为：滑坡剪出口与坡脚之间存在巨大的高差，为滑坡的形成创造了良好的临空条件；顺向岸坡结构以及坡体内发育的多组控制性结构面是滑坡发生的结构基础；玄武岩系中的凝灰岩软弱夹层削弱了岩体的完整性，地表水及地下水长期入渗，水的软化作用降低了软弱夹层的抗剪强度；地震作用是造成岩体最终滑动失稳的关键因素。该滑坡的动力学过程可划分为四个阶段：(1)启程活动阶段。斜坡地形效应使得地震波在斜坡上部表现出异常放大现象，当短时间内积聚的振动能量超过岩土体的强度时，易形成高位滑坡，滑坡的变形破坏机制为拉裂-滑移；(2)近程活动阶段。近3.82×10⁸ m³的滑坡物质高位高速下滑，与矮子沟右岸坡体发生猛烈碰撞后进一步碎裂解体；(3)高速远程碎屑流阶段。碎屑流继续沿矮子沟高速运动约3 km；(4)堆积堵江阶段。滑坡物质最终形成体积为2.73×10⁸ m³的巨型堰塞坝，堵塞金沙江并...     

宝兰客专天水市王家墩滑坡地震稳定性分析

天水市秦安县王家墩滑坡为宝兰客专沿线巨型古滑坡群,宝兰客运专线秦安隧道穿其而过。以王家墩滑坡为研究对象,围绕工程中静、动力抗滑稳定性问题,通过室内试验、现场调查对影响王家墩古滑坡稳定性的地质构造、场地工程条件等内在因素进行分析评价,在此基础上通过有限元动力分析,对王家墩古滑坡在地震载荷下的动力响应进行分析,明确地震荷载作用下,王家墩古滑坡失稳影响因素、地震荷载与滑坡失稳破坏间的关系。采用动力有限元法和强度折减法相结合的方法,开展动力抗滑稳定性分析方法研究;采用位移突变的方法来确定边坡动力失稳及动力安全系数,分析结果表明：地震作用时的水平推力对王家墩古滑坡的稳定性有很大影响,表现为上部坡体的整体滑移和隧道入口段黄土堆积层局部失稳滑塌;在天然状态下坡体处于稳定状态,在遭遇未来该区域中强地震作用时,该斜坡会发生失稳,黄土斜坡的整体滑动最容易出现在第三阶坡体,沿着塑性应变最大的滑移面整体滑移;给出了坡体动力稳定性安全系数F_s=0.92。     

交通荷载作用下边坡动力响应数值分析

利用岩土数值分析软件FLAC2D6.0对边坡岩土体在不同交通荷载作用下动力响应做了数值分析。结果表明:在交通荷载作用下,岩土体的振动加速度在震源附近最大,沿坡面向上以及向内水平向逐渐减小;离震源越近衰减越快,随着距离增大而逐渐变慢,并且交通荷载越大衰减的幅度越大;路面以上边坡岩土体垂直加速度和水平加速度处于同一量级,垂直加速度大于水平加速度;路面以下加速度比路面以上大一个量级,水平加速度和垂直加速度处于同一量级,并且水平加速度大于垂直加速度。研究结果对于评价交通荷载对边坡岩土体的影响及边坡的加固与治理具有一定的理论意义和工程应用价值。     

LANDSLIDE ANALYSIS IN TAIWAN

I.INTRODUCTIONForagrowingandprogressivesocietywitheconomicadvancement.Wehavetodoourbesttomanageintensivelyoursoilandwaterresources.Wehavetousethemforgenerationstocomeandthereforewemustprotectandimprovethematthesametime.TaiwanisanislandlocatedintheweSternPacificOcean,andhasanareaof36,000Km2.ItresemblesashapeoftobaccoleafandiscomPOsedoftwo-thirdsmountains.Theaverageannualrainfallisconcentrated70%ofitstotal2510nunintheperiodofMaytoSeptember,theothermonthsaremostlydry.Becauseoftheprecipi…     

青海玉树地震灾区地质灾害监测预警浅析

玉树7.1级地震不仅造成大量人员伤亡和财产损失,还造成岩体松动,并引发了大量崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害。通过监测获取了崩滑体变形信息,掌握了崩滑体演变过程和泥石流危险信息,为地质灾害分析评价、预测预报及工程治理等提供可靠的资料和科学依据。     

Spatial Distribution of Seismic Landslides in the Areas of 1927 Gulang M8.0 Earthquake

The 1927 Gulang M8.0 earthquake has triggered a huge number of landslides, resulting in massive loss of people''s life and property. However, integrated investigations and results regarding the landslides triggered by this earthquake are rare; such situation hinders the deep understanding of these landslides such as scale, extent, and distribution. With the support of Google Earth software, this study intends to finish the seismic landslides interpretation work in the areas of Gulang earthquake (VIII-XI degree) using the artificial visual interpretation method, and further analyze the spatial distribution and impact factors of these landslides. The results show that the earthquake has triggered at least 936 landslides in the VIII-XI degree zone, with a total landslide area of 58.6 km². The dense area of seismic landslides is located in the middle and southern parts of the X intensity circle. Statistical analysis shows that seismic landslides is mainly controlled by factors such as elevation, slope gradient, slope direction, strata, seismic intensity, faults and rivers. The elevation of 2 000-2 800 m is the high-incidence interval of the landslide. The landslide density is larger with a higher slope gradient. East and west directions are the dominant sliding directions. The areas with Cretaceous and Quaternary strata are the main areas of the Gulang seismic landslides. The X intensity zone triggered the most landslides. In addition, landslides often occur in regions near rivers and faults. This paper provides a scientific reference for exploring the development regularities of landslides triggered by the 1927 Gulang earthquake and effectively mitigating the landslide disasters of the earthquake.     

基于不同核函数的2010年玉树地震滑坡空间预测模型研究

基于统计学习理论与地理信息系统(GIS)技术的地震滑坡灾害空间预测是一个重要的研究方向,其可以对相似地震条件下地震滑坡的发生区域进行预测.2010年4月14日07时49分(北京时间),青海省玉树县发生了M_w6.9级大地震,作者基于高分辨率遥感影像解译与现场调查验证的方法,圈定了2036处本次地震诱发滑坡,这些滑坡大概分布在一个面积为1455.3 km²的矩形区域内.本文以该矩形区域为研究区,以GIS与支持向量机(SVM)模型为基础,开展基于不同核函数的地震滑坡空间预测模型研究.应用GIS技术建立玉树地震滑坡灾害及相关滑坡影响因子空间数据库,选择高程、坡度、坡向、斜坡曲率、坡位、水系、地层岩性、断裂、公路、归一化植被指数(NDVI)、同震地表破裂、地震动峰值加速度(PGA)共12个因子作为地震滑坡预测因子.以SVM模型为基础,基于线性核函数、多项式核函数、径向基核函数、S形核函数等4类核函数开展地震滑坡空间预测研究,分别建立了玉树地震滑坡危险性指数图、危险性分级图、预测结果图.4类核函数对应的模型正确率分别为79.87%,83.45%,84.16%,64.62%.基于不同的训练样本开展模型训练与讨论工作,表明径向基核函数是最适用于该地区的地震滑坡空间预测模型.本文为地震滑坡空间预测模型中核函数的科学选择提供了依据,也为地震区的滑坡防灾减灾工作提供了参考.     

震(前)兆远场异常与德令哈6.6级地震临震特征分析

简要叙述了2003年4月17日发生在青海德令哈6．6级地震及异常台站概况。采用甘肃省内11个地电台共61个测项(其中电阻率28个测项、自然电位28个测项、大地电场5个测项)及地震活动空间扫描图像(频度场、6值、GL值)进行筛选,从中检索到了15项异常指标。经对数据的处理与临震异常特征分析,结果表明：震(前)兆异常信息的出现为6．6级地震事件的发生提供了临震异常判据;这些异常判据也可为将来地震的预测预报提供一定的参考依据。     

地震诱发滑坡的危险性分析与预测

结合地震滑坡的特点和相关文献研究,介绍了地震力的分析方法、地震滑坡的机理、地震危险性分析的方法、地震活动性参数的确定方法以及场点地震危险性概率计算原则。将两种地震诱发滑坡预测结果进行对比,分析结果表明,地震滑坡危险区主要集中在中国西部地区（川、滇、甘、陕、新疆等省区）及中国台湾地区,随预测年限的增加场地的地震滑坡危险性也随之增高,地震崩塌滑坡的危险区域明显加大。     

山西省古交市滑坡灾害及其预测

根据野外调查和收集到的资料,研究了山西省古交市滑坡的基本特征和形成条件,对古交市滑坡进行了分类,并在本区使用多因素模糊数学综合评判的方法预测了滑坡危险区。     

Landslide susceptibility analysis based on citizen reports

Landslide susceptibility estimates are essential for reducing the risk posed by landslides to social and economic well-being. However, estimates of landslide susceptibility depend on reliable landslide inventories whose production requires extensive field or remote sensing efforts. Further, most inventories are not updated through time and thus may not capture the influence of changes in climate and/or land use. Inventories based on citizen reports of landslide occurrence, have the potential to overcome these limitations. Such an inventory can be produced from citizen reports to a 311-phone and online system, a nationwide database that updates real-time and records reported landslides location and timing. Whereas this landslide inventory is promising, it has not used for landslide susceptibility analyses and may be associated with spatial uncertainties and reporting biases. In this study we explore the use of 311-based landslide inventory for landslide susceptibility estimates in Pittsburgh, PA, USA, where landslide risk is among the highest in the nation. We compare the 311-based inventory to field-validated inventories through a multi-pronged approach that combines field validation of 311-reported landslides, probabilistic analysis of the association between landslides and the underlying topographic and geologic factors, and spatial filtering. Our results show that: (a) approximately 70% of the 311-reported landslides are associated with an identifiable landslide in the field; (b) the spatial uncertainty of the 311-reported landslides is 104 ± 25 m; (c) 311-reported landslides differ from other inventories in that they are primarily associated with proximity to roads, however, field-correction of 311-reported landslide locations rectifies this anomaly; (d) a simple spatial filter, scaled by the uncertainty in location as determined from a subset of the 311-data, can increase the consistency between the 311-reported inventory and field-validated inventories. These results suggest that 311-based landslide inventories can improve susceptibility estimates at a relatively low cost and high temporal resolution.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMATION MECHANISM OF LARGE ROCK AVALANCHES TRIGGERED BY THE LUDIAN MS6.5 EARTHQUAKE AT HONGSHIYAN AND GANJIAZHAI

The 3 August 2014 Ludian, Yunnan M_S6.5 earthquake has spawned more than 1, 000 landslides which are from several tens to several millions and over ten millions of cubic meters in volumes. Among them, the Hongshiya and Ganjiazai landslides are the biggest two with volumes over 1 000×10⁴m³. The Hongshiya and Ganjiazai landslides are two typical landslides, the former belongs to tremendous rock avalanche, and the latter belongs to unconsolidated werthering deposit landslide developed in concave mountain slope. Based on field investigations, causes and formation mechanism of the two landslides are discussed in this study. The neotectonic movement in the area maintains sustainable uplifting violently all the time since Cenozoic. The landform process accompanied with the regional tectonic uplifting is the violent downward erosion along the Jinshajiang River and its tributary, forming landforms of high mountains and canyons, deeply cut valleys, with great height difference. The regional seismo-tectonics situation suggests that:Ludian earthquake region is situated on the southern frontier boundary of Daliangshan secondary active block, and is seismically the strongest active area with one earthquake of magnitude greater than M5.0 occurring every 6 years. Frequent and strong seismicity produces accumulated effects on the ground rock to gradually lower the mechanical strength of slopes and their stability, which is the basis condition to generate large-scale collapse and landslide at Hongshiyan and Ganjiazhai. The occurring of Hongshiyan special large rock avalanche is associated with the large terrain height difference, steep slope, soft interlayer structure and unloading fissures and high-angle joints. The formation mechanism of Hongshiyan rock avalanche may have three stages as follows:Stage 1, when P wave arriving, under the situation of free surface, rocks shake violently, the pre-existent joints(in red)parallel to and normal to the river and unloading cracks are opened and connected. Stage 2, on the basis of the first stage, when S wave arriving, the ground movement aggravates. Joints(in green)along beds develop further, resulting in rock masses intersecting each other. Stage 3, rock masses lose stability, sliding downward, collapsing, and moving over a short distance along the sliding surface to the inside of the valley, blocking the river to form the dammed lake. The special large landslide at Ganjiazhai is a weathering layer landslide occurring in the middle-lower of a large concave slope. Its formation process may have two stages as follows:Firstly, under strong ground shaking and gravity, the ground rock-soil body around moves and assembles to the lower of the central axis of the large concave slope, which suffers the largest earthquake inertia force and firstly yields plastic damage to generate compression-expansion deformation, because of the largest water content and volume-weight within the loose soil of it. Secondly, in view of the steep slope, along with the compression, the plastic deformation area enlarges further in the lower of slope, giving rise to a tensional stress area along the middle of the slope. As soon as the tensional stress exceeds the tensile strength of the weathering layer, a tensional fracture will occur and the landslide rolls away immediately making use of momentum. This two large landslides are the basic typical ones triggered by the M_S6.5 Ludian earthquake, and their causes and mechanism have a certain popular implication for the landslides occurring in this earthquake region.     

玉树地震滑坡分布调查及其特征与形成机制

2010年4月14日青海省玉树县发生了MS7.1地震.文中基于现场考察与遥感影像目视解译的方法,对玉树地震滑坡进行分析,并制作了玉树地震滑坡空间分布图.结果表明,该地震触发了约2 036处滑坡灾害,总面积约1.194km2;地震滑坡分布受主地表破裂控制作用强烈;滑坡类型多样,但以崩塌型滑坡为主;滑坡有5种成因机制:人工开挖坡脚型、地表水入渗致坡体震动滑动型、断裂错断震动型、震动型、后期冰雪融化或降雨入渗型;除地震主地表破裂外,还有许多坡体裂缝,主要分布在主地表破裂带SE端的SW盘,该部位在地震中受到了强烈的挤压作用.