GPS-MR技术用于降雪厚度监测研究

降雪是重要的淡水资源,也是全球气候系统中重要的组成部分.目前全球雪深探测主要依靠站点稀疏的人工探测仪或低时空分辨率的遥感卫星.近几年,基于不同地表介质引起GPS多路径效应的GPS-MR技术以其全天候,自动化,时空分辨率高、无需建网等诸多优点成为雪深探测领域的一个新型探测手段,本文在国内首次开展了基于测量型接收机的GPS-MR探测雪深研究.首先详细给出了基于GPS信噪比观测值的GPS-MR技术进行雪深探测的基本原理;其次结合实测GPS观测数据和雪深测量数据,分别利用单颗和多颗GPS卫星对GPS-MR探测雪深的可行性与探测精度进行深入研究与分析.初步实验结果表明基于信噪比观测值的GPS-MR技术可用于雪深探测,与实测雪深数据相比其探测精度约为10cm左右,尤其可用于暴雪监测.GPS-MR技术不仅可充分挖掘全球密集GNSS网络用于地表环境监测(雪深探测、海平面变化、土壤湿度、植被变化、火山活动等)的潜能,而且可进一步精化GNSS多路径模型误差,以期进一步提高GNSS用于精密定位与地表环境监测的精度.     

基于S变换的高频全球导航卫星系统同震数据的震相识别研究

为研究高频全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）信号的P波和S波到时，本文利用2008年汶川M_S8.0地震震时部分站点记录到的1 Hz高频GNSS数据，采用广义S变换将同震信号进行二维时频域平面分解，以此对P波和S波到时进行识别。本文通过调整广义S变换中的调节因子λ_a和p得出，当λ_a＝1.05，p＝1.05时，变换所得图像中的P波和S波到时均较为明显。结果表明，S变换在高频GNSS震相识别中效果明显，可作为GNSS地震学应用中一项有效的技术手段。      

COMPASS与其他GNSS组合导航完好性分析

GNSS用于民用航空导航必须满足完好性要求,而完好性监测主要通过接收机自主完好性监测和基于增强系统的GNSS完好性通道两种手段实现．北斗卫星导航系统（COMPASS）的快速发展将显著改善卫星几何观测结构,此外,GNSS多频信号可以消除一阶电离层延迟的影响,从而改善RAIM的可用性,使得利用RAIM提供全球范围内无缝的航空进近的完好性服务成为可能．利用仿真数据分析了COMPASS对RAIM可用性的贡献;分析了COMPASS单系统及与其他卫星导航系统组合用于民用航空导航时,利用RAIM能够满足航空进近哪些阶段的完好性需求;探讨了COMPASS用户测距精度对其完好性性能的影响．     

不同卫星载荷探测NDVI性能差异分析及变换参数确定

提出了一种多卫星载荷探测归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)的差异定量分析与改正新方法.该方法集成PROSPECT模型、SAIL模型和MODTRAN大气辐射传输模型来模拟不同卫星载荷的遥感信号,使用遥感模拟信号而非实际卫星图像进行NDVI差异分析和改正.信号模拟中考虑了传感器光谱响应和大气条件的影响,对国内外的30种卫星载荷探测NDVI的差异进行了定量分析.最后,针对不同卫星载荷探测NDVI之间存在的差异,利用模拟数据建立了地面能见度分别为10,23,50km大气条件时30种国内外主要卫星载荷NDVI值间的相互转换关系.本文方法对多载荷NDVI应用分析具有一定的理论及实用意义.     

基于单站多系统的GNSS硬件延迟估算方法及其应用

随着全球导航卫星系统（Global Navigation Satellite Systems，GNSS）的不断发展，中国地区单个GNSS接收站在一个时刻可以接收到超过30颗GNSS卫星的信号，这为单站GNSS硬件延迟估算方法的研究提供了有利条件.本文首先通过GNSS硬件实验，分析了不同温度条件下GNSS系统硬件延迟的变化特征，研究结果显示：当温度快速变化时，硬件延迟变化比较剧烈，变化幅度可达12.53 TECU（1 TECU=10 ¹⁶el·m^-2）；在恒温条件或室温条件下，硬件延迟变化比较缓慢，变化幅度在1.00 TECU左右.在GNSS系统硬件延迟实验的基础上，充分利用单站多星观测的特点，提出了一种基于单站多系统的GNSS硬件延迟的估算方法——单站三角分解与差分消元法，并将该方法应用于河北保定站2015-2017年GNSS系统硬件延迟的求解中.通过对估算的GNSS系统硬件延迟进行分析显示：单站三角分解与差分消元法具有计算速度快、独立性好的特点；在北斗系统上硬件延迟的求解效果优于GPS、GLONASS系统，硬件延迟求解的结果整体上比利用欧洲定轨中心全球电离层地图校正的结果大2.50~3.00TECU左右；同时，该方法在消除GNSS系统硬件延迟后，获得的垂直总电子含量（Total Electron Content，TEC）能较好地反映电离层TEC的周日变化、日出增强、半年变化、年变化和春秋分不对称性等特征.     

GPS大气掩星技术在全球气候变化研究中的应用

人类活动引起全球变暖,衡量全球气候变化的指标有陆地、大气和海洋温度,水汽含量等等.研究对流层底层大气温度和水汽含量变化的传统方法是用数值天气预报模型和微波声纳,尚未实现用全球均匀覆盖的数据来做精确的定量研究.和GNSS系列卫星计划比较,最近发射的COSMIC卫星气象探测数据的空间、时间以及垂直分辨率都大大提高.采用COSMIC数据可以改进和量化南极洲的大气压力模型,并综合GNSS系列卫星测量的水汽和温度剖面研究全球气候变化.用一维协方差算法估计南极洲及附近海洋的大气压、温度和湿度剖面.把COSMIC卫星密集测量期间演算得到的大气折射率和GNSS系列卫星的结果进行比较.再和独立测量数据进行比较,包括南极洲自动气象观测站资料,数值天气预报模型资料,多种测高卫星水汽资料和海洋表面温度资料以及区域GPS水汽图.上述工作将改进发展中的气象遥感技术并应用于天气预报和空间天气预报及全球气候变化研究.     

蒸发波导对GNSS海面反射信号有效散射区域的影响

蒸发波导在海洋低空的发生概率高达90%,对舰船雷达、通信等电磁系统具有重要影响.为了分析利用GNSS卫星海面反射信号的时延-相关功率波形反演蒸发波导的可行性,本文提出了GNSS卫星海面反射信号的有效散射区域的概念,并将有效散射区域内的GNSS反射信号区分为GNSS标准反射信号和GNSS波导反射信号;然后,利用射线追踪方法,仿真分析了GNSS卫星海面反射信号的有效散射区域大小对蒸发波导的关键参数——波导高度的敏感性,并分析了在时延-相关功率波形上利用反射信号的传播时延将二者分离开的可行性.结果表明,GNSS卫星海面反射信号的有效散射区域对蒸发波导高度非常敏感,对于2～25m高的GNSS反射信号接收天线,当蒸发波导的高度由0m增加至20m时,GNSS反射信号有效散射区域半径的均值可由约14km迅速扩展至约160km;采用高度角足够大的GNSS卫星可以将有效散射区内的GNSS标准反射信号与GNSS波导反射信号在时延-相关功率波形上分离开.     

高光谱遥感技术在建 (构) 筑物震害识别中的应用

高光谱遥感作为20世纪空间对地观测技术重大进步的产物，通过其较高的光谱分辨率，为人们提供了丰富的地球表面信息，在各个研究领域得到了快速发展和广泛应用，并取得了卓越的成果。尽管高光谱遥感具有独特的优势，但是针对其在震害评估领域中应用的相关研究较少。本文在总结高光谱遥感的特征、优势及不同领域应用现状的基础上，开展了其在震害评估领域的应用研究。基于ASD地物波谱仪获取的建（构）筑物光谱曲线构建可用于震害分析所需的光谱特征库，对比光谱库中地物曲线之间的差异后，发现高光谱遥感在震害评估领域中的应用是可行的，因不同震害地物之间的光谱特征曲线存在差异，依据这种差异可区分不同的震害信息，从而对震害遥感图像进行精细分类。     

应用地基GPS遥感倾斜路径方向大气水汽总量

应用地基GPS沿倾斜路径方向遥测大气水汽总量，是获得测站周围水汽三维空间分布信息(水汽层析)的基础.本文介绍了地基GPS沿倾斜路径方向遥感大气水汽总量的原理和方法；首先用湿梯度、后处理残差联合计算接收机上空不同方位上大气水汽各向异性成分，在此基础上重构倾斜路径水汽总量.为验证GPS观测结果精度，用微波辐射计（WVR）与GPS一起进行了联合观测，不同观测地点和时间的对比结果表明，二者root mean square (RMS)误差小于4mm，证明应用此种方法地基GPS可较精确地反演出倾斜路径方向大气水汽总量，而且这种反演方法适合于近实时大气遥感探测.地基GPS测量具有全天候可连续观测等优点，可以弥补常规观测的不足，为气候研究提供高精度且连续的水汽数据资料；组网观测可以为数值天气预报提供好的初始场，提高模式预报精度.     

基于ArcGIS的遥感与地球物理考古探测数据综合管理系统研究

遥感与地球物理考古探测数据类型多样，然而各种探测数据因缺少综合管理和分析平台，使综合分析更加困难，从而限制了考古探测技术应用效果。在了解遥感与地球物理考古探测技术的基础上，本文对当前遥感地球物理考古探测数据管理系统进行逻辑和业务需求分析，构建基于ArcGIS Engine开发引擎和Visual Studio 2017平台的遥感与地球物理考古探测数据综合管理系统。系统通过分层次设计功能模块，实现考古探测数据的编辑、解释、分析以及数据之间的交互和管理。实际应用表明，对于遥感地球物理考古探测技术与地理信息技术相结合的思路和研究，能够提升遥感与地球物理考古探测数据的综合分析能力，促进考古探测技术的有效应用。      

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTER ON EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION(IRTCES)

正Director:Shangfu Kuang,China Vice-directors:Chunhong Hu,China Duihu Ning,China Guangquan Liu,China The International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation(IRTCES)was jointly set up by the Government of China and UNESCO on July 21,1984.It aims at the promotion of international exchange of knowledge and cooperation in the studies of erosion and     

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正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in both basic and applied research.     

Dynamic process-response model of river channel development

Feedback mechanisms, which operate upstream through drawdown and backwater effects and downstream through sediment discharge are responsible for channel evolution. By combining these mechanisms with channel processes it euables a dynamic process-response model to be developed to simulate the initial evolution of straight gravel-bed channels. When erosion commences on a land surface, sediment entrained in the headwater reach by hydraulic action is selectively transported, deposited and reworked. This produces a damped oscillation between degradation and aggradation as the channel and valley respond to spatial and temporal variations in sediment calibre and hydraulic conditions. The initial cut and fill phases are responsible for valley incision and floodplain development while secondary and subsequent activity can produce river terraces. Eventually sediment entrainment in the headwaters declines as slopes are reduced. Subsequent channel evolution is relatively insignificant because it is dependent on local weathering activity producing material that can be transported on declining slopes. Therefore landforms produced during the initial phase of development, when local weathering was non-limiting, dominate the landscape.     

Discussion on the Precise Relocation and Seismo-Tectonics of the Jiujiang-Ruichang Earthquake

Based on relocating the Jiujiang-Ruichang earthquake sequence which occurred on November 26, 2005 in Jiangxi Province with the double-difference （DD） algorithm and master event technique, the paper discusses the focal mechanism of the main shock （MsS.7） and the probable seismo-tectonics. The precise relocation results indicate that the average horizontal error is 0.31kin in a EW direction and 0.40kin in a NS direction, and the average depth error is 0.48kin. The focal depths vary from 8kin to 14kin, with the predominant distribution at 10kin - 12kin. The epicenter of the main shock is relocated to be 29.69^oN, 115.74^oE and the focal depth is about 10.Skin. Combining the predominant distribution of the earthquake sequence, the focal mechanism of the main shock and the tectonic conditions of N-E- and NW-strike faults growth in the seismic region, we infer that the main shock of the earthquake sequence was caused by a NW striking buried fault in the Rnichang basin. The nature of seismic faults needs to be further explored.     

Hydrochemical and bacteriological features of the groundwater: southern border of the Rharb basin (Morocco) / Caractérisation hydrochimique et bactériologique des eaux souterraines: bordure méridionale du bassin du Rharb (Maroc)

Abstract

The western reservoirs represent the principal groundwater system in Morocco. Demographic, industrial and agricultural developments during the last decade have markedly altered groundwater quality. The Mamora coastal aquifer system is among the Atlantic systems which are most heavily threatened by pollution. Agricultural and industrial activities, and rapid urban growth contribute to the pollution of the groundwater. Contamination transport is facilitated by a high permeability of the aquifer formations. In order to assess the actual groundwater quality of the Mamora aquifer and to understand the influence of the factors generating the pollution, an extensive multidisciplinary research programme is in progress, with hydrochemistry and microbiology playing essential roles. The present paper concerns the spatial distribution of physico-chemical parameters in the groundwater, subjected to domestic, industrial and agricultural pollution. Fifty-seven samples were analysed for several parameters (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^?, SO₄ ^2?, HCO₃ ^?, NO₃ ^?, pH, electrical conductivity and temperature). The microbiological analysis of 143 samples reveals the presence of four kinds of indicator bacteria in the groundwater resources: faecal Streptococci, faecal coliform, Escherichia coli and Clostridium. The physico-chemical results and bacteriological monitoring show that the nitrate and bacteria concentrations exceed the maximum admissible levels, notably around pumping stations in the sectors of Sidi Taibi, Sidi Ahmed Taleb and Aïn Sbaâ. Contamination is generated by uncontrolled anthropogenic activities and accentuated by the high intrinsic vulnerability of the aquifer system. Several parameters appeared to exceed admissibility standards. Measures are recommended to prevent groundwater pollution in the region.     

Zink in der Umwelt

Zinc in the Environment. In 1990 the world production of zinc ammounted to 7 Mio. metric tons. The main areas of application were: galvanization, alloys like brass and zinc metal. The content in the earth crust varies between 10–300 ppm zinc with a mean of 70 ppm. Uncontaminated surface waters contain less than 10 mg/m³ zinc. Apart from civilization air contains 1–10 ng zinc per m³. These background concentrations are exceeded by orders of magnitude in zinc deposit areas and where anthropogenic influences predominate. Accumulation can occur in sediments and sewage sludge. Molluscs and Algae also accumulate zinc. Zinc is essential for live. With normal food the zinc supply of man is just sufficient. Bioaccumulation of zinc towards man or chronic oversupply of man is not known. Zinc has no teratogenic or mutagenic effects, a suspicion on a carcinogenic effect proved wrong. In stockbreeding and plant cultivation a minimum supply of zinc is necessary. Plants are relatively less sensitive against higher soil contents of zinc. Considering the toxicological and ecotoxicological effects of zinc in the environment, the critical organismens are marine invertebratae like tubifex, daphnia, gammarus and algae. But normally only a minor part of the total zinc contest is biologically available, depending on salt content and pH of the waters.