昆明周边地区活动断层滑动与现代构造应力场

昆明盆地是一个受南北向活动断裂控制的新生代断陷盆地. 昆明盆地及其周边地区共有8条主要断裂带, 野外地震地质调查和断裂滑动观测表明, 南北向和北东向活动断裂以左旋走滑为主, 北西向活动断裂以右旋走滑为主. 采用野外观测取得的22个测点共706条活断层擦痕数据, 利用断层滑动资料反演构造应力张量的方法, 计算获得了研究区现代构造应力场主要特征: 昆明盆地及其周边地区现代构造应力场以北北西——南南东向挤压、 北东东——南西西向拉张为特征, 其最大主压应力（sigma;1）方向为333deg;——2deg;, 平均倾角21deg;; 最小主压应力（sigma;3）方向为44deg;——93deg;, 平均倾角14deg;; 中间主应力（sigma;2）倾角较陡, 近垂直. 应力结构均为走滑型. 断层滑动反演结果与震源机制解资料分析结果基本一致.      

2020年1月19日新疆伽师MS6.4地震震源及邻区震后构造应力场特征

收集2020年1月19日新疆伽师M_S6.4地震周围及柯坪逆冲推覆构造附近震源机制解资料,应用MSATSI软件包中阻尼最小二乘法反演该地震震中周围的构造应力场。结果表明,研究区主压应力轴方向呈近NS向且整体一致性较好,西段最大主应力方向为NNW向,东段为NNE向,但西段中的喀什、巴楚等靠近塔里木块体边缘地区主压应力方向为NNE向。柯坪逆冲推覆构造带所在区域的主压应力方向呈NNW向,主张应力方向呈NNE向,与此次地震的震源机制解P、T轴方向相同,表明该地震的发生受区域构造应力场影响。研究区整体张轴的非均匀性明显,方位分布范围较大,但地震震中周围主压应力轴倾伏角一致性特征明显,反映了该区域以逆冲为主的应力特征。     

1976年唐山地震前后华北地区现代构造应力场的时空变化特征

通过对华北地区1963～1998年间126个地震(Ms≥4.7)震源机制解的逐一筛选,运用逐次收敛法对中国华北地区现代构造应力场进行了反演分析,发现该地区现代构造应力场的方向在时间和空间上存在着较为明显的演变特征①中等主应力σ2基本上是近垂直的,最大主应力σ1和最小主应力σ3都接近水平,σ1、σ3的方位在时间和空间上则存在着一定的变化;②1976年唐山地震以前,该地区现代构造应力场的方向基本一致,最大主应力σ1的方位角为68°(北东东向);③1976年唐山地震以后,华北地区现代构造应力场的方向发生了一定的变化,华北北部地区和郯庐断裂带以东地区现代构造应力场的方向没有明显改变,最大主应力σ1的方向仍为北东东向,方位角保持68°不变,而华北中南部地区最大主应力σ1的方位则发生了顺时针的转动,方位角变为87°(近东西向).     

1997-1998年伽师强震群震源区应力场特征

利用1997-1998年伽师强震群中强地震震源机制系统聚类及震源区应力场反演,得到以下主要结果:(1)伽师强震群中强地震主要以走滑和正断层为主,伽师震源区主压应力方向为NNE或近NS向,与相邻的柯坪块体区域构造应力场方向不一致;伽师强震群的破裂面沿NEE方向,属左旋破裂;(2)4~5级中强地震应力场反演得到最大主压应力轴为NNE向,最小主压应力轴为NWW向,中等主应力轴倾角为65°,比较直立;(3)伽师强震群震源区应力场在强震前后经历了一系列变化。最后对所得结果进行了一定的讨论。     

江苏南部地区现今震源机制和应力场特征

利用2000年3月至2014年4月江苏及邻区数字地震波形资料,采用P波、S波初动和振幅比求解方法计算了江苏南部地区123次中小地震震源机制解。分析震源机制解特征表明,研究区中小地震震源类型以走滑型为主,其次为正断层类型,P、T轴优势方向分别为NEE—SWW和NNW—SSE向。依据盆地和断裂发育、历史及现代中小地震分布、震源机制等特征将研究区划分为A区和B区。采用Gphart方法分别反演了这两个区域应力张量,结果显示:A区最大主应力方位角为78°,倾角为23°,最小主应力方位角为340°,倾角为17°;B区最大主应力方位角为60°,倾角为25°,最小主应力方位角为330°,倾角为1°。两个分区应力场结果的差异显示了局部应力场的不均匀性,体现了局部地区地质条件、构造活动等差异性。各分区应力场特征与区内的中强地震震源机制特征较为一致,这在一定程度也佐证了反演结果的可靠性。     

广东及邻区的应力场反演

利用137个震源机制解的资料,反演了广东及邻区的应力场,获得了12个地区的构造应力张量数据. 结果表明,福建西南部、江西南部、广东河源、珠江三角洲地区最大主应力sigma;1的方位大致为WNW;广东阳江地区最大主应力sigma;1的方位为NW,广西东部两区和北部湾地区最大主应力sigma;1的方位为近NNW. 从东到西,最大主应力sigma;1方位大体上呈WNW-NW-NNW变化;最小主应力sigma;3的方位大体上呈NNE到ENE变化. 中等主应力sigma;2相对大小R值在北部湾地区最小,福建龙岩地区最大. 断层运动以走滑型为主.      

云南地区震源机制及应力场特征

利用云南和四川区域台网记录的地震波形资料,采用CAP方法计算得到了云南地区1999年1月至2014年8月268次M_L≥4.0地震的震源机制解,结合收集的哈佛大学1976年以来109次地震的震源机制解,分析了云南地区震源机制解分类及其区域特征。基于上述震源机制解资料,采用区域应力张量阻尼反演方法计算了云南地区每个网格的最佳拟合构造应力张量,并利用最大主应力计算方法计算得到了云南地区最大水平主应力的方向。结果表明:1)研究区地震震源类型以走滑型为主,其次为正断型,逆断型相对较少,震源机制空间分布特征明显,反映了研究区不同区域受力源及其作用方式的差异性;2)云南地区应力场方向呈现一定的空间连续性,最大水平主压应力方向由北向南呈顺时针旋转,由西向东呈逆时针旋转,同时应力场方向表现出空间的不均匀性,EW和SN方向分别存在2个应力转换区。应力场反演结果显示,云南地区应力场较为复杂,主应力方向变化很大,不同区域存在明显差异。     

伽师震源区中等强度地震矩张量反演及其应力场特征

使用区域数字地震台站记录的宽频带长周期波形资料,在时间域反演了1997~2004年伽师震源区52次中等强度地震的矩张量.反演结果揭示,在小尺度的伽师震源区内,震源机制解的P轴、T轴和N轴呈现出明显的分区特征.本文进一步把伽师震源区分为东区和西区,分别反演了东区与西区的应力场.应力场反演结果表明,东区的应力场主压应力轴走向为321°,基本水平.最大主张应力走向68°,倾角40°.截至2004年7月,伽师震源区西部的应力场一直较为稳定,最大主压应力方向为12°,最大主张应力方向282°,二者都基本水平,中等主应力轴基本直立.自西向东,伽师震源区最大主压应力轴逆时针旋转了49°,并且西区张应力的水平作用较为显著,东区压应力的水平作用显著.应力场的这种非均匀变化特征与GPS观测得到的地壳运动速率的空间分布以及塔里木盆地边界附近的地形地貌特征有很好的一致性.震源区深部结构的陡变以及位于震源区东部边界规模较大的NW走向的普昌断裂和色力布亚隐伏断裂可能对产生这种横向非均匀的局部应力场起了重要的作用.     

天山地震带应力状态分析

以天山地震带520次地震震源机制解数据为基础,应用MSATSI软件包中阻尼最小二乘反演该地区构造应力场的空间分布状态。结果表明,天山地震带主要受到近NS向挤压应力作用,其最大主压应力轴方向从东到西呈NNE―N―NNW向的渐变过程,北天山地震带主应力方向大范围为NS向,乌鲁木齐周边及以东地区为NNE向;南天山地震带西段最大主应力方向为NNW向,东段为NNE向,但西段中的喀什―乌恰地区周围主压应力方向为NNE向。此外研究区普遍的较大R值表明区域含有一定张性成分,并产生张力作用,但相对NS向挤压来说较小,结果较好地反映了天山地震带构造应力场的空间分布特征。     

伽师强震系列应力场的转向过程

自1997～2003年,新疆伽师地区相继发生多次强震. 取哈佛大学公布的伽师强震系列CMT(矩心矩张量解)解资料,由滑动矢量拟合法反演区域应力场. ＣＭＴ解的系统聚类分析表现出3个阶段的时序特征. 分析震源区应力场发现,1997年3月1日至2003年1月4日期间新疆伽师地区的应力场发生变化,2003年2月24日起,又恢复到基本应力场的方向,从而完成从基本应力场－变化应力场－基本应力场一次完整变动过程. 结合区域受力状况和构造背景,讨论了新疆伽师强震系列应力场变化的成因,并且认为伽师强震系列具有体破裂的特征.     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.