新疆伽师强震群的震源破裂特征

利用国内外短周期P波初动符号及全球数字地震台网 (GDSN)的宽频带数字记录资料 ,研究了 1997年 1月 2 3日至 1997年 11月 4日伽师强震群的震源机制解和伽师强震群中的 5个强震、后续地震及其周边地震的震源破裂过程。从震源机制解来看 ,伽师强震群主要有走滑和正倾两种破裂类型 ,主压应力轴方向主要为NNE向和近垂直 ,而主张应力轴为NW向并近水平 ,与区域构造应力场方向存在差异 ,具有明显的局部特征。从破裂过程看 ,伽师强震群的破裂过程相对简单 ,破裂面积不大 ,上升时间较短 ,是由一点向四周快速扩散的脆性破裂 ,无明显的伸展方向 ,与阿图什地震完全不同。研究结果表明 ,伽师强震群与震源附近的地壳结构在垂向和横向上的非均匀变化有着密切关系 ,而阿图什地震与塔里木盆地的现今构造运动关系密切。伽师强震群是在震源区附近地壳上部垂向和水平向力共同作用下发生的多次沿NNE向的快速脆性破裂 ,从而形成了以张性破裂和左旋走滑为主的震源特征     

2003年2月24日伽师-巴楚6.8级地震前后地震活动与地震破裂特征

利用新疆地震目录研究伽师-巴楚6．8级地震前后，该震区附近地震活动情况，并结合其强震震源机制解，2003年1月4日5．4级、5月4日5．8级和2月24日6．8级地震宏观地震烈度。对该区域应力场和破裂方向特征进行探讨。结果表明，这次6．8级地震主压应力轴为NNW—SSE向，破裂方向为SSE向，与1997-1998年伽师强震群的区域应力场主压应力为NNE—SSW向、破裂方向为NNE向完全不同。     

伽师强震群震源破裂特征的初步分析

为深入研究1997年新疆伽师地区连续发生的强震群的震源破裂特征,利用全球数字地震台网(GDSN)宽频带数字资料及区域台网资料,较详细地研究了伽师强震群的震源机制及震源破裂特征.结果表明:伽师强震群的震源机制解主要有走滑和正倾两种破裂类型,其共同特点是主压应力轴方向沿北北东向,主张应力轴沿北西向,与区域构造应力场方向存在差异,具有明显局部特征;从震源破裂特征来看,伽师强震的滑动尺度、上升时间和持续时间均较小,震源破裂面积不大,是由一点向四周快速扩散的脆性破裂,无明显伸展方向;伽师强震群的破裂断层面为北东向,与震源深度梯度变化带、地壳接触变形梯度变化带、等烈度线以及地震扩展方向吻合;伽师强震群是在近南北向挤压环境下,在震源区附近剪切和张扭应力作用下发生的多次沿北东向的脆性快速破裂,从而造成了伽师强震群以张性破裂和左旋走滑为主的震源特征.     

2020年1月19日新疆伽师MS6.4地震震源及邻区震后构造应力场特征

收集2020年1月19日新疆伽师M_S6.4地震周围及柯坪逆冲推覆构造附近震源机制解资料,应用MSATSI软件包中阻尼最小二乘法反演该地震震中周围的构造应力场。结果表明,研究区主压应力轴方向呈近NS向且整体一致性较好,西段最大主应力方向为NNW向,东段为NNE向,但西段中的喀什、巴楚等靠近塔里木块体边缘地区主压应力方向为NNE向。柯坪逆冲推覆构造带所在区域的主压应力方向呈NNW向,主张应力方向呈NNE向,与此次地震的震源机制解P、T轴方向相同,表明该地震的发生受区域构造应力场影响。研究区整体张轴的非均匀性明显,方位分布范围较大,但地震震中周围主压应力轴倾伏角一致性特征明显,反映了该区域以逆冲为主的应力特征。     

伽师震源区中等强度地震矩张量反演及其应力场特征

使用区域数字地震台站记录的宽频带长周期波形资料,在时间域反演了1997~2004年伽师震源区52次中等强度地震的矩张量.反演结果揭示,在小尺度的伽师震源区内,震源机制解的P轴、T轴和N轴呈现出明显的分区特征.本文进一步把伽师震源区分为东区和西区,分别反演了东区与西区的应力场.应力场反演结果表明,东区的应力场主压应力轴走向为321°,基本水平.最大主张应力走向68°,倾角40°.截至2004年7月,伽师震源区西部的应力场一直较为稳定,最大主压应力方向为12°,最大主张应力方向282°,二者都基本水平,中等主应力轴基本直立.自西向东,伽师震源区最大主压应力轴逆时针旋转了49°,并且西区张应力的水平作用较为显著,东区压应力的水平作用显著.应力场的这种非均匀变化特征与GPS观测得到的地壳运动速率的空间分布以及塔里木盆地边界附近的地形地貌特征有很好的一致性.震源区深部结构的陡变以及位于震源区东部边界规模较大的NW走向的普昌断裂和色力布亚隐伏断裂可能对产生这种横向非均匀的局部应力场起了重要的作用.     

伽师强震群震源特征及震源机制力学成因分析

应用改进的主地震相对定位法对17年伽师强震群3级以上地震进行了精确定位,根据较强地震的空间分布和震源机制解推断出伽师震群的发震构造为北北西向的雁行断裂.根据伽师震群地震的2177个P波初动方向记录,计算了伽师震群的平均震源机制解.基于Silver的震源模型,由震源谱推断了伽师震群主要地震的破裂方向,破裂尺度及应力降.文中最后用右阶雁行断裂的数值模型计算了伽师震群的发震构造所产生的扰动应力场的空间分布图像,用其解释了序列地震震源机制的多样性和低应力降现象,并认为特定的雁行发震构造与强震的多发性有关.     

天山地震带应力状态分析

以天山地震带520次地震震源机制解数据为基础,应用MSATSI软件包中阻尼最小二乘反演该地区构造应力场的空间分布状态。结果表明,天山地震带主要受到近NS向挤压应力作用,其最大主压应力轴方向从东到西呈NNE―N―NNW向的渐变过程,北天山地震带主应力方向大范围为NS向,乌鲁木齐周边及以东地区为NNE向;南天山地震带西段最大主应力方向为NNW向,东段为NNE向,但西段中的喀什―乌恰地区周围主压应力方向为NNE向。此外研究区普遍的较大R值表明区域含有一定张性成分,并产生张力作用,但相对NS向挤压来说较小,结果较好地反映了天山地震带构造应力场的空间分布特征。     

2003年伽师6.8级地震序列特征和震源机制的初步研究

在位于1997-1998年新疆伽师9次6级地震分布区域的东南端，2003年2月24日又发生6．8级地震。结合伽师6．8级地震序列震源机制解结果，对该地震序列的基本特征和震源区应力降等进行了对比分析。结果表明，6．8级地震断层是在北西向的区域应力场挤压作用下产生的倾滑逆断层，震源以单侧破裂为主，破裂方向与极震区走向，以及北西向的主压应力方向一致。震前震源区应力显著增强，震后应力释放较为彻底。中强余震震源机制解与主震有明显差异，表现出震源区应力场处于不稳定的调整阶段，余震震源机制的差异为震后地震趋势的判定提供了依据。     

北天山地区中强地震震源机制解分析

利用北天山地区历史上24次中强地震震源机制解,进行系统聚类及应力场反演分析.结果表明,北天山地区中强地震震源断错性质主要以倾滑逆断层为主.多数地震的主破裂面为NW向.与其附近地震构造走向基本一致.主压应力P轴方位近NS向,倾角较小;主张应力T轴倾角较大,显示出区域应力场主要受近NS向水平挤压作用.最大主应力方向从东到西呈现出NNE-Ns-NW的渐变过程.     

由震源谱推断1997年新疆伽师强震群破裂特性

分析了1997年伽师强震群中12次MS5.0地震的Ｐ波和Ｓ波位移谱,用遗传算法和目测法联合计算了这些地震Ｐ,Ｓ波震源谱的拐角频率,并由此推算出这些地震的震源尺度和静态应力降（以下简称应力降）．根据观测震源谱拐角频率的方位性变化特征,对相关地震的破裂方向进行了估算．主要结果如下:① 伽师强震群中６级强震的震源破裂尺度在10～16ｋｍ,５级地震的破裂尺度在6～10ｋｍ,个别５级地震的破裂尺度超过10ｋｍ;② 伽师强震群中,中、强地震的应力降均在0.1ＭＰａ左右,这种显著偏低的应力降特性表明,该强震群震源区积累的应力释放缓慢,这意味着伽师强震群活动还将持续相当长时间;③ 应力降大小与相应地震震级大小存在统计正相关关系．同时还可清楚地看出,正断层型地震的应力降整体低于走滑型地震的应力降;④伽师强震群中６ 级强震的震源谱拐角频率有一定的方向性,震源谱拐角频率方位分布图显示出这组强震的破裂机制较为复杂,无一致的破裂方向．      

琼中地震台重力仪记录同震响应特征分析

2013年2月6-8日圣克鲁斯群岛发生6次强震,琼中地震台的重力仪记录都有同震响应出现。本文从重力仪记录的面波的延迟时间、最大变形幅度、同震持续时间3个方面研究了6次强震的同震响应特征。     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

On the Mechanism of the Secular Tidal Acceleration of the Solid Inner Core and the Viscosity of the Liquid Core

As is known, the secular deceleration of the Earth's diurnal rotation is explained mainly by the tidal friction in the ocean. Below we consider this mechanism in some detail, taking into account also elastic deformations of the mantle under the action of ocean loading and the interaction between the tide-generating body, ocean tidal wave, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. It is shown that elastic displacements of the core-mantle boundary under the action of ocean loading are of about the same amplitude and phase as the elastic loading displacements of the Earth's outer surface. As a result, side by side with the mechanism of secular deceleration of diurnal rotation of the mantle, there are also (1) the opposite mechanism of secular acceleration of diurnal rotation of the outer liquid core and of the solid inner core and (2) the mechanism of excitation of differential rotation in the liquid core. Taking these effects into account, we compare theoretical and modern observed data on the eastward drift of the solid inner core. It is shown that the best agreement may be obtained if the turbulent viscosity of the liquid core is about 2 × 10 ³ Poise     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

动水压力对深水桥墩地震响应影响的研究综述

地震激励下处于深水中的桥墩和周围水体的相互作用将对桥梁结构的动力响应产生较大影响。首先对地震作用下水-桥墩的相互作用理论做了概括,给出了动水压力对桥墩的作用效应及各自的适用范围;对主要的三种考虑流固耦合效应的分析方法做了对比,探讨了地震作用下影响水-结构相互作用的主要因素,并对今后的研究提出了建议。     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Study of the Influence of the Indirect Effect of Ocean Tides and of the Direct Deformation Effect of the Atmosphere on the Results of GPS Observations

The geodynamic interpretation of the results of GPS observations among the permanently operating stations which establish the frame for defining and conserving the coordinate system and simultaneously for describing the fundamental tendencies of dynamics in the area represented by them, should be deprived of the effects of geodynamic phenomena, which can be either periodic or short-term (even non-periodic) so that secular changes may be found. Some of these influences are included in scientific processing software, others have to be modelled later. The purpose of this project is to determine the influences of the indirect effect of ocean tides and the direct deformational effect of the atmosphere on the results of GPS observations, performed at stations Pecný (Czech Republic), Wettzell (FRG) and Graz (Austria), and also for the GPS stations of the Central Europe Regional Geodynamic Project (CERGOP) in the region of Central and East Europe. On the basis of analyses and results it is possible to claim that at the present accuracy of GPS observations the influence of ocean loading and atmospheric pressure effects for geodynamic campaigns in the region of the Czech Republic is negligible. For campaigns in larger regions (i.e. Central Europe) atmospheric corrections will have to be applied to height differences. These corrections, however, due to their periodicity have negligible influence on secular changes.