汶川Ms8.0级大地震中成都地区液化特征研究

汶川大地震中成都地区液化及其震害现象较为显著.通过现场调查和工程地质资料分析,成都地区的液化特点为:液化带主要集中都江堰市液化在烈度Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ、X和X度区均有出现,但Ⅶ度区最为集中液化喷水高度多在1-3m之间,最高一处超过10m液化场地喷出物涵盖了多种土类,约67％为粉细砂,且有卵砾石,约占11％液化带普遍伴随地裂缝,...     

110kV及以上变电站地震易损性研究

本文提出了根据变电站内高压电气设备和房屋建筑的地震破坏状态计算变电站震害指数的方法,统计了2008年汶川8.0级大地震中成都、绵阳、德阳、广元、阿坝地区国家电网的121座110kV及以上变电站的震害情况,通过震害指数进行了震害等级评价。采用对数正态分布的累积函数,拟合了变电站基于峰值加速度的地震易损性曲线。计算结果表明:当地震烈度在Ⅶ度及以下时,变电站和输电线路只有基本完好和轻微破坏状态,不发生中等及以上等级的破坏;当地震烈度为Ⅷ度时,有变电站开始出现严重破坏状态;当烈度达到Ⅸ度时,有少量变电站发生严重破坏,多数为中等破坏;当烈度为X度及以上时,多数变电站达到严重破坏和毁坏。     

基于巴楚地震调查的液化判别方法研究

震害预防是目前减轻地震灾害最直接和最有效的手段之一,液化震害预防的第一步就是对工程场地进行液化预测和判别。液化判别方法的合理性和可靠性对工程震害防御和工程造价影响很大,是土动力学和地震工程学研究的重要课题之一,历来受到国内外学者和工程界的高度重视。2003年2月24日我国新疆巴楚-伽师地区发生了MS6.8地震,是新疆自建国以来人员和财产损失最严重的一次地震。灾区属新疆喀什地区,位于叶尔羌河流域,场地土主要为全新世-晚更新世晚期厚度较大的粉砂、细砂、粉土和粉质黏土,地下水埋深浅,在烈度为Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ度区产生了大面积的砂土液化、地裂缝、河流陡岸滑塌等地震地质灾害,液化规模与1975年海城地震相当,是继1976年唐山地震后近30多年来中国大陆出现砂土液化现象最显著的     

汶川地震砾性土液化场地特征解析

通过成都平原砾性土场地勘察测试,研究汶川地震中大量砾性土液化场地的基本特性,找出一般规律,对砾性土场地液化发生主客观原因提出解释,并修正以往若干认识偏差.分析表明:汶川地震液化砾性土层粒径范围宽,含砾量5%~85%甚至更大,同时其实测剪切波速140~270 m·s~(-1),修正剪切波速160~314 m·s~(-1),都远超历史记录;液化砾性土场地1/2集中在Ⅷ度区内,表明如砂土层液化一样,砾性土场地大规模液化需要较强地震动触发,但超过触发强度后液化规模增长均有限;成都平原浅表地层二元基本结构是汶川地震中出现大量砾性土场地的客观条件之一,该结构可使饱和砾性土层处于封闭状态,构成了砾性土液化的基本条件;虽然液化砾性土层剪切波速很高,但实际上大多松散状态,是此次地震大量砾性土场地发生液化的客观条件之二;地震中地表(井中)喷出物与地下实际液化土类大相径庭,且液化层埋深大多小于6.0 m,以往以地表喷出物反推地下液化层土性类型的做法不再成立;认为砾性土层波速大、透水性好而不会液化的传统认识也不再成立,但砾性土层液化条件与砂土层液化条件不同,前者要求更高.     

巴楚-伽师6.8级地震地质灾害及未来地震地质灾害

2003年2月24日新疆巴楚—伽师交界地区发生了MS6.8地震。地震的发生除了对建筑物及构筑物与水利、交通、电力、电信设施造成了不同程度的破坏外,在地震烈度Ⅶ度以上(包括Ⅶ度)地区产生了不同程度的地震地质灾害。地震地质灾害主要为场地砂土液化、地裂缝与河流陡岸滑塌等类型。随后在新疆巴楚—伽师6.8级地震灾区开展了地震小区划工作,对Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ度区进行了场地工程地质条件勘测与综合评价,判定该地区未来可能产生的主要地震地质灾害为场地砂土液化、河流陡岸滑塌。     

汶川大地震液化的特点及带来的新问题

总结汶川8.0级大地震液化及其震害科学考察结果,分析此次地震液化带来的新问题.结果表明,汶川大地震中液化及其震害现象显著,是建国以来液化涉及区域最广、液化宏观现象最为丰富的一次;本次地震液化宏观现象特点为喷水高、持时短、喷砂量小但喷砂类型十分丰富;砂砾土液化、Ⅵ度区内场地液化、深层土液化、无液化减震以及液化普遍伴随地裂缝是此次地震液化5个突出特征;砂砾土液化判别技术、液化引起地表裂缝机理和预测方法、Ⅵ度区内场地液化与深层土的液化机理和预测方法、液化加减震发生条件、场地液化现场判定与识别技术等是新的课题.为解决上述问题,应优先发展岩土地震工程观测技术及建设岩土地震工程实验场.     

汶川地震六度区内场地液化问题初步研究

对汶川地震中VI度区内出现液化的场地进行实地调查和勘察。结果表明,以周围非液化场地房屋地震中的表现衡量,这些液化场地的确处于Ⅵ度区,有些比Ⅵ度区还要低。这些VI度区内液化场地,地下水位较高,剪切波速值低,具备液化基本条件,但并没有超出常规范围;其地层中砾石层含量占优,部分夹杂有砂土透镜体,液化土既有细粒土(砂土)液化可能也有砂砾土液化可能。此次地震Ⅵ度区内出现显著液化及液化破坏的现象,与我国现有抗震规范有关条文规定相悖,其机理需要深入研究。     

宏观液化等级和宏观液化指数的概念及评定标准

液化震害调查是检验现有抗液化理论和方法的根本途径,而目前液化现场调查缺少指导性标准及定量化研究。本文根据汶川地震现场调查数据并参考以往地震液化调查数据资料,提出了宏观液化指数和宏观液化等级的概念,并建立了宏观液化指数和等级的评定标准。通过此评定标准给出了汶川地震液化点的宏观液化指数和等级,并综合评定了汶川地震主要液化区的宏观液化等级,即绵阳地区宏观液化等级为Ⅲ级,即中等;德阳地区宏观液化等级主要为Ⅲ级-Ⅳ级,即中等-严重;成都地区液化震害等级主要为Ⅱ级-Ⅲ级,即轻微-中等。本文建立的宏观液化指数及等级标准为宏观液化调查的定量化研究开辟了途径,但形成规范性标准尚需进一步深入研究。     

汶上县城区砂土地震液化调查分析

通过钻孔、标准贯入试验等手段,对汶上县城区进行砂土地震液化调查分析。划分砂土液化等级,并给出汶上县城区在Ⅶ度、Ⅷ度时的砂土液化分布图,为城市建设工程抗震设防提供依据。     

地震时砂土液化的数理统计预测

1976年唐山地震期间,附近一些地区出现了砂土液化现象。本文根据工程勘探中的实例及实验数据,进行了砂土液化作用的统计和综合预测。文章中采用贝叶斯准则下的逐步判别分析方法,对唐山地区已知液化地点和非液化地点,作了五种检验计算,挑选出准确度及可靠性最高的变量模式。从而,对于当地震为Ⅷ度烈度时的砂土液化进行了预测。五种预测结果相同,互相印证,可靠性高,分组最大后验概率大多在0.99以上。在此条件下,外推预测结果可信。工程实践中,迫切需要对砂土液化进行综合性预测,而一般采用地质学或试验方法,仅能对砂土液化作单因素或少量因素下的预测,本文提出了综合性的通用预测方法,为砂土液化统计预测提供了新途径。砂土液化是平原地区的一种重要地震灾害。国内外多次大地震中,都曾因饱水砂土受到地震作用,引起孔隙水压增高及砂粒间的结合力和摩擦力降低,而使砂层发生液化状态的流动,并伴随有地基承载能力降低或失效。1964年以来,新潟地震及阿拉斯加地震时,由砂土液化造成了罕见的灾害。激发了各国、尤其是美国和日本对砂土液化预测的研究。但还多是单因素或少量因素影响下的分析方法。未能进行综合分析及推断。采用数理统计方法,可以综合分     

Liquefaction macrophenomena in the great Wenchuan earthquake

On May 12, 2008 at 14:28, a catastrophic magnitude M 8.0 earthquake struck the Sichuan Province of China.The epicenter was located at Wenchuan (31.00°N, 103.40°E). Liquefaction macrophenomena and corresponding destruction was observed throughout a vast area of 500 km long and 200 km wide following the earthquake. This paper illustrates the geographic distribution of the liquefaction and the relationship between liquefaction behavior and seismic intensity, and summarizes the liquefaction macrophenomena, including sandboils and waterspouts, ground subsidence, ground fissures etc., and relevant liquefaction features. A brief summary of the structural damage caused by liquefaction is presented and discussed. Based on comparisons with liquefaction phenomena observed in the 1976 Tangshan and 1975 Haicheng earthquakes, preliminary analyses were performed, which revealed some new features of liquefaction behavior and associated issues arising from this event. The site investigation indicated that the spatial non-uniformity of liquefaction distribution was obvious and most of the liquefied sites were located in regions of seismic intensity Ⅷ. However, liquefaction phenomena at ten different sites in regions of seismic intensity Ⅵ were also observed for the first time in China mainland. Sandboils and waterspouts ranged from centimeters to tens of meters, with most between 1 m to 3 m. Dramatically high water/sand ejections,e.g., more than 10 m, were observed at four different sites. The sand ejections included silty sand, fine sand, medium sand,course sand and gravel, but the ejected sand amount was less than that in the 1976 Tangshan earthquake. Possible liquefaction of natural gravel soils was observed for the first time in China mainland.     

地基液化导致沉箱码头破坏及地基加固方法的非线性数值分析

地震作用引发的地基液化,往往导致沉箱基础的破坏。本文基于Biot两相饱和多孔介质动力耦合理论,采用FE-FD耦合数值分析方法,对液化海床沉箱基础的地震反应进行非线性有效应力分析。在数值分析过程中,建立了以土骨架位移和超静孔隙水压力表达的us-pw动力固结方程和循环弹塑性本构模型,该方法能够很好地模拟地震作用下沉箱码头的动力特性及液化破坏的影响。通过数值模拟计算,分析了采用碎石桩进行置换砂区域的防液化加固方法,并就碎石桩处理区域的选择提出了建议。     

碎石桩处理液化地基效果评价

本文在考虑碎石桩排水和应力集中作用的基础上分析了碎石桩处理液化地基后复合地基的抗液化能力,并与自由场液化地基的抗液化能力进行了对比,提出了一种适用于碎石桩复合地基修正“Seed简化法”,可应用标准贯入试验对液化地基的处理效果进行评价。     

Physical modeling and visualization of soil liquefaction under high confining stress

The mechanisms of seismically-induced liquefaction of granular soils under high confining stresses are still not fully understood. Evaluation of these mechanisms is generally based on extrapolation of observed behavior at shallow depths. Three centrifuge model tests were conducted at RPI‘s experimental facility to investigate the effects of confining stresses on the dynamic response of a deep horizontal deposit of saturated sand. Liquefaction was observed at high confining stresses in each of the tests. A system identification procedure was used to estimate the associated shear strain and stress time histories. These histories revealed a response marked by shear strength degradation and dilative patterns. The recorded accelerations and pore pressures were employed to generate visual animations of the models. These visualizations revealed a liquefaction front traveling downward and leading to large shear strains and isolation of upper soil layers.     

黄土液化微细观特性试验研究

黄土液化演化过程的微观机理分析是液化防御的科学问题之一。通过微细观及动力学试验探索黄土液化的本质和影响因素。首先用CT细观扫描实验探索黄土渗透液化的细观变化,研究表明土体液面上升的根本原因是弱碱性盐类胶结物的吸水作用导致土样含水面整体上升;试样达到高饱和度,大孔隙周围颗粒间胶结物质破坏后有效应力为零,土层液化。粉土的孔隙尺寸和特殊的胶结物质导致高饱和度。土样微观结构的差异也会影响土的液面上升和破坏强度。针对低黏性粉土、粉质砂土及粉质黏土的三类黄土液化实验分析表明,低黏性粉土动荷加载时间更短,更易于液化,即低粘性粉土液化最为严重,粉质砂土为中等液化,粉质黏土相比其他黄土类别不易液化。电镜扫描土样微观结构参数分析表明,土颗粒周围胶结物质的化学元素比值(Ca/Fe),以及土颗粒粒径分布和孔隙尺寸(孔隙与颗粒比)均影响液化等级,可初步判断液化的强弱。     

Liquefaction characteristics of gap-graded gravelly soils in K0 condition

A series of undrained cyclic direct simple shear tests, which used a soil container with a membrane reinforced with stack rings to maintain the K₀ condition and integrated bender elements for shear wave velocity measurement, were performed to study the liquefaction characteristics of gap-graded gravelly soils with no fines content. The intergrain state concept was employed to categorize gap-graded sand–gravel mixtures as sand-like, gravel-like, and in-transition soils, which show different liquefaction characteristics. The testing results reveal that a linear relationship exists between the shear wave velocity and the minor fraction content for sand–gravel mixtures at a given skeleton void ratio of the major fraction particles. For gap-graded gravelly sand, the gravel content has a small effect on the liquefaction resistance, and the cyclic resistance ratio (CRR) of gap-graded gravelly sands can be evaluated using current techniques for sands with gravel content corrections. In addition, the results indicate that the current shear wave velocity (V_s) based correlation underestimates the liquefaction resistance for V_s values less than 160 m/s, and different correlations should be proposed for sand-like and gravel-like gravelly soils. Preliminary modifications to the correlations used in current evaluations of liquefaction resistance have thus been proposed.     

A stochastic model for predicting seismic failure in a soil deposit

Liquefaction of saturated sand deposits under seismic excitation is studied on the basis of a fatigue failure approach. The model includes a stochastic treatment of the input, of the soil response and of the cumulative pore pressure effects produced by cycling stresses in the soil. A method of establishing safety factors against liquefaction is also considered. Results obtained from analysis of a case history confirm the applicability of the model for engineering purposes.