测震分析预报管理信息系统的分析与设计

针对传统开发管理信息系统ＭＩＳ的不足之处,叙述了一种开发ＭＩＳ的新方法,即把面向对象分析和设计方法运用在ＭＩＳ的分析与设计中,通过具体的测震分析预报管理信息系统的建立,讨论了面向对象分析与设计的具体应用;提出了一个通用的面向对象的测震分析预报管理信息系统模型。     

近震分析

本文是阎志德同志为国家地震局举办的“第二届国际地震资料交换台测震分析学习班”编写的讲义,现全文刊载,供有关同志学习参考.     

藏东应力场分析

利用GPS观测结果、震源机制解及地应力测试分析藏东地区的应力场特征。根据GPS资料得到了藏东地区的地壳应变状态，而拉萨地块内部，最大主压应变的方位为NE41．21°，羌塘地块内部的最大主压应变方位为NEl9．88°。而在川滇和羌塘地块交界的三江地区，GPS计算得到的最大主压应变方位为SE47．76°；在滇缅地块区内部，最大主压应变方位为NE46．13°根据震源机制解资料得到了藏东地壳应力状态，拉萨地块最大主压应力方位为NE78．33。，羌塘地块最大主压应力方位为NE36．24°三江地区最大主压应力方位为NE81．54°滇缅地块最大主压应力方位为NE47．000。由钻孔地应力测试得到的藏东拉萨地块主应力方位在NE65～75。之间。     

地面脉动分析

本文概述了地面脉动的特性及其分析方法，指出了实际应用中应注意的问题。     

计算机网络安全分析

网络的空前应用，使网络安全问题成为信息业和企业关注的焦点。对威胁网络安全的主客观原因进行了分析，列举出近几年威胁网络安全的种类和常用工具，以及各种威胁可能会给网络带来的负面影响，提醒地震科技工作者积极防范。     

液化危害性分析

本文目的是提出液化危害性分析的定量方法。基于宏观液化震害资料文中指出,砂土地震液化造成的主要破坏形式是建筑物的不均匀沉降。文中并指出,引起砂土壤震陷的原因有三个:土壤软化、再固结变形和土层坍陷。其中最主要的是软化性震陷。文中介绍了一系列土壤震陷试验研究结果和相应的经验关系式。文中基于“软化模型”概念编写了分析震陷的专用程序,计算了33个液化实例,计算结果与观测震陷值颇为一致。文中提出了按计算震陷值划分液化危害程度的方法,并研究了输入地震、基底压力,建筑物高度和非液化土层等对液化震陷的影响。     

时频分析在地层旋回性分析中的应用

时频分析技术是一项十分有效和直观的地震资料特殊解释技术,它通过一定的处理方法,把时间域的数据转换为频率域时频数据,时频分析在地质勘探中具有广泛的应用,表现在地层旋回性方面,它可以实现对不同类型沉积旋回的研究、层序界面的追踪和对比以及不同规模沉积旋回的研究。     

华南强震动力分析

根据华南陆缘扩张的动力来源和现代构造运动特征及强震震源断层最新活动性质,通过对华南地震活动与地球自转速率变化、GPS观测基线变化、理论面应变的关系分析,认为地幔流向洋侧的蠕散是造成华南现今地壳变形和张剪性构造运动为主的原因,而区域地球的波动膨胀拉张是引发强震的动力。     

分析会商子系统

1简介 分析会商系统是为地震分析预报及震情 会商研制的数据综合处理系统。主要包括:(1)地震活动图象动态显示软件;(2)、地震烈度衰减预测软件;(3)图形(图象) 再现软件;(4)实用化攻关软件系统; (5)地震预报专家系统。 主要特点: ①可直接调用数据检索功能,从数据 库中检索数据,并用上述软件进行处理。 ②应用计算机的窗口技术和图形功 能,模拟普通幻灯机的放映过程研制了电子 幻灯放映软件,使得图形可保存和快速再     

QLg tomography in Colombia

The crustal attenuation of Lg waves in Colombia was estimated and analyzed using local seismological data from the National Seismological Network of Colombia (RSNC). The selected dataset comprises 510 crustal earthquakes with a total of 2928 ray paths. This large dataset allowed us to invert for a regional average of Q_Lg, tomographic images for Colombia, and simultaneously, source size for each event and site term at the seismological stations. The computed regional average for Q_Lg in the frequency band 0.5–5.0 Hz was found to agree with the previously reported values in neighboring regions. In order to resolve the lateral variation in the attenuation of Lg waves in the crust, independent tomographic inversions for 26 frequencies between 0.5 and 5.0 Hz were conducted. The resulting maps confirm that heterogeneities in the crust exist and that they are related to the large-scale tectonic features in the country. The highest attenuation in the region is linked to the presence of active volcanic arcs, where the crust is weakened by partial melting. Relatively high attenuation is also found in zones where the crust is composed of accreted oceanic rocks and in regions with near-surface low-velocity sedimentary layers.     

Crustal thickness and vP/vS ratio in Shanxi Graben,China

Shanxi Graben is in the middle part of the North China Craton, from south to north. With the teleseismic data recorded by Regional Seismograph Networks and the temporary ZBnet-W Seismic Array around east part of Shanxi Graben, we measured the crustal thickness and v_P/v_S ratio beneath each station using the H-κ stack of receiver functions. The observed crustal thickness shows obvious lateral variation, increasing gradually from east to west in the Shanxi Graben. Beneath the Shanxi Graben the crust is relatively thicker than both sides of the south and the north. In addition, the v_P/v_S ratio in the north of study zone is higher than that in the south. The highest v_P/v_S ratio exists in the crust of the Xinding basin and the Datong basin. Our study also suggests that high velocity ratio might result from the strong activities of the magmation and volcanism.     

Vp/Vs ratios in the Yellowstone National Park region, Wyoming

In this paper we study the variation of V_p/V_s and Poisson's ratio (δ) in the Yellowstone National Park region, using earthquakes which were well recorded by a local seismic network. We find that the average V_p/V_s value within the geothermally active Yellowstone caldera is about 7% lower than in the area outside the caldera. Within the caldera itself there may be a further 2–7% reduction of V_p/V_s in the hydrothermally active Norris Geyser Basin, the Upper and Lower Geyser Basins, and the Yellowstone Lake and Mud Volcano regions. After considering various possible causes for V_p/V_s changes, such as geologic and structural differences, thermal effects, partial melting, and hydrothermal activity, we conclude that the most plausible explanation for the observed V_p/V_s reduction is the presence of hot-water at temperatures and pore-pressures near the water steam transition in the caldera geothermal reservoirs.     

Vp and Vp/Vs structures in the crust and upper mantle of the Taiwan region, China

A tomographic study of the V _p and V _p/V _s structures in the crust and upper mantle beneath the Taiwan region of China is conducted by simultaneous inversion of P and S arrival times. Compared with the previous tomographic results, the spherical finite difference technique is suitable for the strong heterogeneous velocity structure, and may improve the accuracy in the travel time and three-dimensional ray tracing calculations. The V _p and V _p/V _s structures derived from joint inversion and the relocated earthquakes can provide better constraints for analyzing the lateral heterogeneity and deep tectonic characters in the crust and upper mantle. Our tomographic results reveal significant relations between the seismic wavespeed structure and the tectonic characters. In the shallow depth, sedimentary basins and orogen show distinct wavespeed anomalies, with low V _p, high V _p/V _s in basins and high V _p, low V _p/V _s in orogen. As the suture zone of Eurasian Plate and Philippine Sea Plate, Longitudinal Valley is characterized by a significant high V _p/V _s anomaly extending to the middle-lower crust and upper mantle, which reflects the impact of rock cracking, partial melting, and the presence of fluids. In the northeast Taiwan, the V _p, V _p/V _s anomalies and relocated earthquakes depict the subducting Philippine Sea Plate under the Eurasian Plate. The high V _p of oceanic plate and the low V _p, high V _p/V _s atop the subducted oceanic plate extend to 80 km depth. Along the east-west profiles, the thickness of crust reaches 60 km at the east of Central Range with eastward dipping trend, which reveals the eastward subduction of the thickened and deformed crust of the Eurasian continental plate. Supported by Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX3-SW-234-2), National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB411701), National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2006AA09A101-0201) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40804016, 40704013)     

2020年西藏尼玛MS6.6和MS4.8地震震源机制测定

北京时间2020年7月23日04时07分,西藏自治区那曲市尼玛县发生M_S6.6地震,震源深度10 km,震中位置为（33.19°N,86.81°E）。主震发生当日18时50分,发生一次M_S4.8强余震,震源深度为10 km。本文基于西藏、青海、新疆区域波形资料,采用ISOLA近震全波形方法对这两次地震进行震源机制反演。结果显示,尼玛M_S6.6主震的最佳断层面解为:节面Ⅰ走向8°/倾角46°/滑动角?93°,节面Ⅱ走向191°/倾角44°/滑动角?87°;矩震级M_W6.4,最佳矩心深度7 km。震源区应力主轴的空间取向为:主压力轴P的方位角220°、倾伏角88°,主张力轴T方位角99°、倾伏角1°。M_S4.8强余震的最佳断层面解为:节面Ⅰ走向12°/倾角47°/滑动角?106°,节面Ⅱ走向214°/倾角45°/滑动角?74°;矩震级M_W5.0,最佳矩心深度6 km。震源区应力主轴的空间取向为:主压力轴P的方位角207°、倾伏角78°,主张力轴T方位角113°、倾伏角1°。震源机制反演结果表明,这两次地震均为以正断型为主的地震事件,与震源区附近先前地震的震源机制有较好的一致性。结合周边地质构造和余震分布,我们认为尼玛M_S6.6地震可能是由位于日干配错断裂和依布茶卡盆地西缘断裂之间的一条正断层活动所引发的。      

Petrogenetic grid for ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism in the model system CaO-MgO-SiO2-CO2-H2O

Abstract Petrogenetic grids for ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphism were calculated at different X_co2 conditions in the model system CaO-MgO-SiO₂-CO₂-H₂O involving coesite (Co), diopside (Di), dolomite (Do), enstatite (En), forsterite (Fo), magnesite (Ms), quartz (Qz), talc (Tc), tremolite (Tr) using a published internally consistent thermodynamic data set. Two P-T grids at X_co2= 0.01 and 0.5 are described. In the calculated P-T grid at X_co2= 0.01, four out of 10 stable invariant points, Co-En-Ms-Tc, Co-Di-En-Tc-Tr, Co-Di-Ms-Tc-Tr and Di-En-Ms-Tc-Tr lie within the stability field of coesite. If the fluid phase has X_co2= 0.5, no invariant point is stable under UHP conditions. Some magnesite-bearing assemblages are stabilized by the following three reactions: Di + Ms = Do + Fo + CO₂, Ms + Tr = Do + Fo + CO₂+ H₂O and Ms + Tc = Fo+ CO₂+ H₂O at X_co2= 0.01 and by reaction Ms + Tc = Fo + CO₂+ H₂O together with these three at X_co2= 0.5. Ten possible UHP assemblages for mafic and ultramafic compositions at very low X_co2 conditions include the following: Co-Do-Ms, Co-Di-Ms, Co-Di-Tc, Di-Ms-Tc, Di-En-Tc-, Di-En-Ms, Co-Di-En, Di-En-Fo, Di-Fo-Ms, Di-Do-Fo. Among them, talc-bearing assemblages are restricted to X_co2 < 0.02 and their high-P limit is 31.7 kb (749°C) at X_co2= 0.01. Dolomite-magnesite-silica assemblages have large P-T stability fields even if X_co2 is as low as 0.1, and could occur in cold subduction zones with very low geothermal gradients. Reported UHP coesite-dolomite assemblage is restricted only to a calc-silicate rock interlayered with marble where X_co2 is relatively higher; no such assemblage appears for mafic and ultramafic rocks with low X_co2 evidenced by the occurrence of diopside (or omphacite) at the expense of dolomite + coesite. The effect of X_co2 on the stability of coesite-dolomite-magnesite, diopside-enstatite-magnesite, diopside-talc assemblages is examined and the occurrence of coesite-dolomite, magnesite-bearing and talc-bearing assemblages in the Dabie UHP rocks are interpreted by employing the calculated P-T grids.     

Q P and Q S in Beijing and Jianchuan, Yunnan areas

Events from the December 1982 Huairou County, Beijing, and the July 1982 Jianchuan, Yunnan earthquake series were recorded at one station in Beijing City and at four stations in Eryuan area, Yunnan, respectively. Dividing the spectra (for P and S waves) from the smaller events in the series by spectra (for corresponding P and S waves) from the larger events in cach region, we have determined the high frequency source spectral decay rate to be ω⁻¹in both cases. Through trial and error method, we are able to determine the appropriate constantQ _P andQ _S that corrects the individual spectra to the proper high frequency decay rate. It is found that aQ _P of 800 and aQ _S of 550 can adequately compensate for the attenuation of the waves in Beijing area. For Jianchuan, Yunnan area the corresponding values are 900 and 400. This subject is supported by Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation.     

2012年彝良Ms5.7、Ms5.6地震场地地震动反应

2012年9月7日云南昭通彝良发生了M_s5.和、M_s5.6级两次地震,此次地震引发了极其严重的滑坡和崩塌等地震地质灾害,同时地震波放大效应还引起高烈度异常区。利用彝良地震烈度圈内6个台站记录到的主震加速度时程,通过截取S波窗,采用标准谱比法和水平垂直谱比法研究其场地地震动反应。结果表明:两种方法能给出较为一致的谱比曲线和卓越频率,但场地反应数值差异较大,标准谱比法的结果受到参考台站自身场地反应的影响;靖安台的软弱土层对地震动的放大作用较为显著,是造成烈度异常的主要原因。     

210Pb/226Ra and 210Po/210Pb disequilibria in seawater and suspended particulate matter

The distribution of²¹⁰Po and²¹⁰Po in dissolved (<0.4 μm) and particulate (>0.4 μm) phases has been measured at ten stations in the tropical and eastern North Atlantic and at two stations in the Pacific. Both radionuclides occur principally in the dissolved phase. Unsupported²¹⁰Pb activities, maintained by flux from the atmosphere, are present in the surface mixed layer and penetrate into the thermocline to depths of about 500 m. Dissolved²¹⁰Po is ordinarily present in the mixed layer at less than equilibrium concentrations, suggesting rapid biological removal of this nuclide. Particulate matter is enriched in²¹⁰Po, with²¹⁰Po/²¹⁰Pb activity ratios greater than 1.0, similar to those reported for phytoplankton. Box-model calculations yield a 2.5-year residence time for²¹⁰Pb and a 0.6-year residence time for²¹⁰Po in the mixed layer. These residence times are considerably longer than the time calculated for turnover of particles in the mixed layer (about 0.1 year). At depths of 100–300 m,²¹⁰Po maxima occur and unsupported²¹⁰Po is frequently present. Calculations indicate that at least 50% of the²¹⁰Po removed from the mixed layer is recycled within the thermocline. Similar calculations for²¹⁰Pb suggest much lower recycling efficiencies.Comparison of the²¹⁰Pb distribution with the reported distribution of²²⁶Ra at nearby GEOSECS stations has confirmed the widespread existence of a²¹⁰Pb/²²⁶Ra disequilibrium in the deep sea. Vertical profiles of particulate²¹⁰Pb were used to test the hypothesis that²¹⁰Pb is removed from deep water by in-situ scavenging. With the exception of one profile taken near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, significant vertical gradients in particulate²¹⁰Pb concentration were not observed, and it is necessary to invoke exceptionally high particle sinking velocities to account for the inferred²¹⁰Pb flux. It is proposed instead that an additional sink for²¹⁰Pb in the deep sea must be sought. Estimates of the dissolved²¹⁰Pb/²²⁶Ra activity ratio at depths greater than 1000 m range from 0.2 to 0.8 and reveal a systematic increase, in both vertical and horizontal directions, with increasing distance from the sea floor. This observation implies rapid scavenging of²¹⁰Pb at the sediment-water interface and is consistent with a horizontal eddy diffusivity of 3?6 × 10⁷ cm²/sec. The more reactive element Po, on the other hand, shows evidence of rapid in-situ scavenging. In filtered seawater,²¹⁰Po is deficient, on the average, by ca. 10% relative to²¹⁰Pb; a corresponding enrichment is found in the particulate phase. Total inventories of²¹⁰Pb and²¹⁰Po over the entire water column, however, show no significant departure from secular equilibrium.     

High-pressure reconnaissance investigation in the system Mg3Al2Si3O12-Fe3Al2Si3O12

Two synthetic end-members and two natural solid solutions of the system Mg₃Al₂Si₃O₁₂-Fe₃Al₂Si₃O₁₂ have been found to display successive phase transformations at increasingly high pressures when they were compressed in a diamond-anvil cell and heated with a YAG laser to temperatures of approximately 1400–1800°C. X-ray diffraction studies of the quenched samples show that the iron-rich garnets apparently first transform to a garnet-related high-pressure phase, then disproportionate into a mixture of magnesiowüstite plus an unknown phase(s). The latter phase(s) may further transform to a still denser unknown phase(s). The ultimate high-pressure phase may be a perovskite-like structure as was previously found for the magnesium-rich garnets. One of the unknown phases may be the high-pressure phase of Al₂O₃ · nSiO₂ compounds. Magnesium-rich garnets display similar phase transformations as do the iron-rich garnets with the exception of the garnet-related high-pressure phase. These results disagree with a previous interpretation for the high-pressure phase of iron-silicate garnets recovered in shock-wave experiments reported by Ahrens and Graham (1972).