某湖滨路拓宽改造工程的稳定性分析及处理方案研究

针对某湖滨路的拓宽改造工程,选取地基土层最不利的断面进行数值模拟,并采用强度折减法研究其整体稳定性。数值分析结果表明,加宽后的新路基稳定性较差,安全储备不能满足要求,需要采取加固措施。对初步设计提出的仅采用土工格栅和采用土工格栅＋水泥搅拌桩这两种不同加固处理方案进行了数值分析。计算结果表明,相比仅采用土工格栅,采用土工格栅＋水泥搅拌桩进行软基处理可以有效地减小不均匀沉降、提高路堤的整体稳定性。本文的实例研究可供类似工程参考和借鉴。     

城际快速铁路软土路基沉降控制新技术

根据软土地基上修建城际快速铁路路基遇到的沉降控制问题,结合近年来相关城际快速铁路的软基加固试验研究和工程建设情况,简要介绍了几种适用于城际快速铁路软土地基沉降控制新技术,包括PCC桩复合地基技术、浆固碎石桩复合地基技术、现浇X形桩复合地基技术、桩板结构技术等,讨论了沉降控制的几个关键环节。     

路堤荷载下水泥土桩复合地基沉降理论计算

基于路堤荷载下桩土非等应变条件和考虑了桩土相互作用、桩间土竖向与径向位移、桩土侧面产生相对滑移以及桩侧产生负摩阻力等特点的复合地基桩间土竖向变形模式,推导了水泥土桩复合地基桩间土沉降的理论计算公式,并以桩土单元体范围内的桩间土平均沉降值作为复合地基沉降,进一步推导了水泥土桩复合地基总沉降量、下卧层压缩变形量的理论计算表达式（两者之差即为加固区压缩变形量）。理论分析表明,复合地基加固区压缩量小于同深度天然地基压缩量,复合地基下卧层压缩量小于天然地基下卧层压缩量,复合地基总沉降量小于天然地基总沉降量。同时,理论计算结果与有限元计算结果以及现场实测结果三者比较一致。     

巴准重载铁路高路堤边坡稳定性分析

针对巴准重载铁路高路堤,采用三维非线性有限元方法,建立了可考虑重载列车振动荷载作用的高路堤边坡稳定性分析的数值模型。通过引入强度折减系数法,分析了未加固和应用土工格栅加固的高路堤边坡的稳定性,据此考察了格栅长度与间距、边坡高度及路基上部荷载等因素对高路堤边坡稳定性的影响效应。数值模型中,路基土体采用莫尔—库伦弹塑性本构模拟,土工格栅选用线弹性本构模拟;通过计算ZK标准活载及等效土柱高度,换算得到路基上部荷载。研究表明：加固重载铁路高路堤时,土工格栅的应用限制了高路堤边坡的侧向滑动,有效地提高了高路堤边坡的稳定性;格栅增长、路堤高度降低能够提高高路堤边坡的稳定性,而格栅间距增大、路基上部荷载增加将降低高路堤边坡的稳定性。     

离心机振动台试验中侧向流动地基位移分析方法研究

通过分析倾斜可液化地基的离心机振动台试验,对离心机振动台试验中地基土体位移分析方法进行了研究,得到了能够有效测量和计算可液化地基地震过程中和震后侧向流动的位移的方法。这种分析方法能够通过对加速度数据的处理和计算,有效地克服位移传感器在地震过程中反应不够灵敏导致的位移过程测量的误差,得到合理的地震过程中地基位移变化;同时利用位移传感器对低频位移测量准确的优势,通过量测的震后侧向位移值对计算位移值进行修正,可以得到地震结束后,地基的最终变形。本研究为土工离心机振动台试验中侧向流动地基的位移测量和分析提供可靠有效的方法,也能够为进一步的可液化地基离心模型试验的土体位移相关研究分析提供必要基础。     

复合地基与天然地基在地震作用下附加沉降的数值分析

通过大型通用有限元程序ANSYS建立模型,研究了复合地基和天然地基在地震作用下的附加沉降,计算结果表明,采用复合地基技术,对减少附加沉降有很好的效果。同时对群桩复合地基不同桩位特点进行分析,表明群桩复合地基中桩附加沉降大于边、角桩。提出了附加沉降系数的概念及计算公式,可对复合地基的设计提供技术支持。     

CFG桩-网复合地基在软土层路基加固中的应用

针对某海滨城市市政道路软基处理的难题,综合分析了多种地基处理方法,在场地条件复杂、工期紧、要求高的情况下,采用CFG桩-网复合地基对深厚软土路基进行加固处理。解决了深厚软土沉降和砂土液化等问题,详细论述了CFG桩-网复合地基的设计计算方法、施工工艺、成桩试验和检测结果。     

土工织物散体桩加固粉土路基机理研究

泗许高速公路地处淮北平原,该地区以粉土或粉细砂为主,在地震荷载作用下易于液化,公路建设应考虑抗液化措施。本文对土工织物散体桩的抗液化性能、复合地基承载力等进行研究,提出采用土工织物散体桩复合地基加固粉土路基的方法并对其加固机理进行分析。通过有限差分数值计算和现场试验两种方法,从超孔隙水压消散、承载力、桩土应力比、桩身应力等角度分析了土工织物散体桩加固粉土路基的加固机理,并提出土工织物散体桩优化设计的建议。     

多桩型复合地基作用机理与动力特性研究

对由碎石桩和CFG桩构成的多桩型复合地基的作用机理进行分析,通过数值模拟,对多桩型复合地基的动力特性进行研究,探讨桩型配比、桩径、桩长、CFG桩桩体刚度和碎石桩桩体渗透性等设计参数对多桩型复合地基动力特性的影响。研究结果表明:相同条件下地震期多桩型复合地基的动变形小于碎石桩复合地基而大于CFG桩复合地基,震后沉降量相对较小,在工程设计时碎石桩与CFG桩的桩型配比宜为4∶5;随桩体长度、桩体直径和CFG桩刚度的增加,多桩型复合地基地震期的竖向动变形逐渐减小;随碎石桩桩体渗透性的增加,多桩型复合地基中的超动孔隙水压力减小,震后沉降量降低。     

地震-列车移动荷载耦合作用下高铁路基振动特性研究

基于轨道结构-路基-地基动力相互作用理论,建立考虑地震-列车移动荷载耦合输入的轨道结构-路基-地基动力学模型,研究高速铁路路基及轨道在耦合荷载作用下的振动响应问题。通过编制DLOAD子程序并与ABAQUS有限元计算程序联立,实现地震荷载与列车移动荷载耦合作用的施加,以高速铁路桩承式路基及自由式路基为研究对象,对地震-列车移动荷载耦合作用下两种路基系统的动力响应进行数值计算并比较两者的振动响应差异。结果表明,耦合荷载对桩承式路基动力响应影响显著,该荷载作用下桩承式路基会发生共振现象,使得桩承式路基中轨道和路基振动位移幅值均大于自由式路基的振动位移幅值;桩承式路基不会影响路基系统的振动频率,但会改变路基系统的振动大小,桩承式路基中轨道X方向加速度、路肩边及路基坡脚处的竖向加速度分别减小6.2%、50%、28.6%。     

交通荷载作用红层填料道路沉降细观模拟

为研究G6京藏高速兰州—海石湾段红层路基填料导致的沉降问题,建立二自由度路基路面耦合离散元模型。通过迭代运算,得到各层材料的细观参数,编写Fish函数,用冲击荷载及半正弦荷载模拟交通荷载作用,在此基础上分析荷载作用下路基路面各层颗粒的位移和应力时程曲线。研究表明：基层与红层填料交界面处出现位移分层现象,基层受水平拉应力作用,是裂缝发展的高风险区,在公路运营过程中应定期重点监测该区域裂缝的发生。PFC模型实现了路基土体及路面结构层在离散元软件中协同变形的耦合,为不良路基地区道路的病害问题及沉降变形计算提供研究思路,为该地区后续的路基病害整治奠定理论基础。     

基于离心机模型试验的非饱和土地基沉降特征分析

非饱和土结构复杂,沉降理论计算还不完善,导致地基沉降的计算值与沉降实测值往往有较大的差异。地基沉降是高速铁路客运专线路基的主要控制因素之一,通过离心机模型试验,对高速铁路非饱和土地基沉降特征进行分析,获得地基的荷载—沉降—时间关系曲线。研究结果表明：非饱和土地基在路基填筑期沉降完成较快,施工期可完成总沉降的75%,经过5~6个月短期放置可完成总沉降的90%左右,其工后沉降满足无砟轨道沉降控制要求,该研究结果可为非饱和土沉降理论分析提供参考。     

列车荷载下巴准重载铁路高路堤路基累积变形研究

针对巴准重载铁路高路堤典型断面,采用三维非线性有限元与经验公式相结合的方法,建立了可考虑列车-轨道动力相互作用的重载列车振动荷载引起的高路堤路基累积变形计算方法。首先,基于列车-轨道垂向耦合动力系统理论,建立重载列车-轨道动力耦合体系数值模型,并实施重载列车-轨道耦合系统动力分析;其次,建立轨枕-道床-路基-场地动力系统的三维有限元模型,并输入求解的列车振动荷载作为外部激励;最后,采用Li和Selig推荐的改进土体累积变形预测模型并结合有限元分析结果,分析了未加固和应用土工格栅加固的高路堤路基累积变形的基本特征与规律。发现土工格栅可显著减小路基的动力累积变形作用。     

Stress distribution from railway track over geogrid reinforced ballast underlain by clay

Railway ballast forms a major component of a conventional rail track and is used to distribute the load to the subgrade, providing a smooth running surface for trains. It plays a significant role in providing support for the rail track base and distributing the load to the weaker layer underneath. Ballast also helps with drainage, which is an important factor for any type of transportation structure, including railroads. Over time, ballast progressively deforms and degrades under dynamic loading and loses its strength. In this study, extensive laboratory tests were conducted to investigate the effect of load amplitude, geogrid position, and number of geogrid layers, thickness of ballast layer and clay stiffness on the behavior of the reinforced ballast layer and induced strains in a geogrid. A half full-scale railway was constructed for carrying out the tests, which consisted of two rails 800 mm in length with three wooden sleepers(900 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm). Three ballast thicknesses of 200, 300 and 400 mm were used in the tests. The ballast was overlying 500 mm thickness clay in two states, soft and stiff. The tests were carried out with and without geogrid reinforcement; the tests were performed in a well-tied steel box of 1.5 m length ×1 m width ×1 m height. Laboratory tests were conducted to investigate the response of the ballast and the clay layers where the ballast was reinforced by a geogrid. Settlement in ballast and clay, soil pressure and pore water pressure induced in the clay were measured in reinforced and unreinforced ballast cases. It was concluded that the amount of settlement increased as the simulated train load amplitude increased, and there was a sharp increase in settlement up to cycle 500. After that, there was a gradual increase that leveled out between, 2500 to 4500 cycles depending on the frequency used. There was a slight increase in the induced settlement when the load amplitude increased from 0.5 to 1 ton but it was higher when the load amplitude increased to 2 tons. The increased amount in settlement depended on the existence of the geogrid and other parameters studied. The transmitted average vertical stress for ballast thicknesses of 30 cm and 40 cm increased as the load amplitude increased, regardless of the ballast reinforcement for both soft and stiff clay. The position of the geogrid had no significant effect on the transmitted stresses. The value of the soil pressure and pore water pressure on ballast thicknesses of 20 cm was higher than for 30 cm and 40 cm thicknesses. This meant that the ballast attenuated the induced waves. The soil pressure and pore water pressure for reinforced and unreinforced ballast was higher in stiff clay than in soft clay.     

The Shaking Table Test on the Performance of Cement-mixed Piles in Liquefiable Railway Foundations

Cement-mixed piles, as countermeasure against liquefaction of silt and sand ground, can improve the shear strength and bearing capacity of foundation soil, meaning cement-mixed piles are capable of resisting displacement when an earthquake happens. However, investigations of cement-mixed piles by experimental methods such as the shaking table test is few and far between. It is especially true for the seismic performance of cement-mixed piles in liquefiable railway foundations in high seismic intensity regions. To this end, a cross-section of the Yuxi-Mengzi railway was selected as the prototype and studied by the shaking table test in this study. The results showed that composite foundation of cement-mixed piles was not liquefied when the seismic acceleration was lower than 0.30g. In the process of acceleration increasing from 0.30g at 2Hz to 0.60g at 3Hz, the upper middle silt outside slope toe was partly liquefied. The foundation soil under the shoulders and center of subgrade was far from the initial liquefaction criterion during the test. Cement-mixed piles can effectively reduce the embankment settlement and differential settlement. It can be concluded that, the design of cement-mixed piles can ensure the seismic performance of the subgrade, and satisfy the seismic design requirements of the Yuxi-Mengzi railway in areas of VⅢ degrees seismic fortification intensity.     

Shaking table test of subgrade slope reinforced by gravity retaining wall with geogrids

Gravity retaining wall with geogrids has showed excellent seismic performance from Wenchuan great earthquake. However, seismic damage mechanism of this kind of wall is not sufficiently clear. In view of this, a large shaking table test of the gravity retaining wall with geogrids to reinforce the subgrade slope was carried out, and based on the Hilbert-Huang transform and the marginal spectrum theory, the energy identification method of the slope dynamic failure mode was studied. The results show that the geogrids can effectively reduce displacement and rotation of the retaining wall, and it can effectively absorb the energy of the ground movement when combined with the surrounding soil. In addition, it also reveals the failure development of the gravity retaining wall with geogrids to reinforce the subgrade slope. The damage started in the deep zone near the geogrids, and then gradually extended to the surface of the subgrade slope and other zones, finally formed a continuous failure surface along the geogrids. The analysis results of the failure mode identified by the Hilbert marginal spectrum are in good consistency with the experimental results, which prove that the Hilbert marginal spectrum can be applied to obtain the seismic damage mechanism of slope.

     

土体本构模型及简化模型对基坑开挖变形数值分析结果的影响

基于大型商用专用软件的数值模拟方法已成为基坑开挖稳定性分析的重要手段之一,但对变形的分析研究较少。通过分析基坑开挖引起的地表沉降变形、基坑侧壁水平位移及坑底隆起变形,研究ABAQUS软件内置土体本构模型及二维简化分析模型对基坑开挖数值模拟结果的影响,并给出基坑开挖三维模型简化成二维模型的适用条件,为基于ABAQUS软件的基坑开挖稳定性分析及变形数值模拟提供参考。     

基坑开挖对周边环境影响的试验研究

通过基坑开挖的变形测量实例,观测到基坑开挖时坡后土体的沉降和水平位移具有相关性,可以由实测的土体水平位移推算坡后不同深度土层的沉降量,并分别从土体沉降量和沉降曲线的斜率两种特性来确定基坑开挖在坡后土体中产生形变的范围。在判断影响范围时,单纯以建筑物距基坑距离与基坑深度的比值b/H来确定不够准确,应同时考虑基础埋深和沉降分布曲线的形状。     

近断层脉冲型地震下建筑地桩基础沉降分析

传统基于碰撞回弹系数Stereo-mechanical方法在分析建筑地桩基础的沉降位移过程中未考虑地桩基础碰撞的能量损耗,造成分析结果存在准确性和可信度较低的问题。因此提出改进的Kelvin建筑地桩基础碰撞沉降分析方法,以解决基于碰撞回弹系数Stereo-mechanical法存在的问题。采用线性阻尼构建Kelvin模型,分析地桩基础碰撞靠近阶段和回弹阶段的阻尼做功,构建地桩基础碰撞转换单自由度体系振动模型,实现对地桩基础的相对沉降速度和相对沉降位移的有效运算,基于建筑地桩基础碰撞沉降发生初始和结束时刻的能量和动量守恒定理,得到建筑地桩基础的最大沉降位移,实现对建筑地桩基础沉降的有效分析。实验结果说明,所提方法能提高地桩基础沉降分析的准确性和可信度。     

Out-of-plane (SH) soil-structure interaction: a shear wall with rigid and flexible ring foundation

Soil-structure interaction (SSI) of a building and shear wall above a foundation in an elastic half-space has long been an important research subject for earthquake engineers and strong-motion seismologists. Numerous papers have been published since the early 1970s; however, very few of these papers have analytic closed-form solutions available. The soil-structure interaction problem is one of the most classic problems connecting the two disciplines of earthquake engineering and civil engineering. The interaction effect represents the mechanism of energy transfer and dissipation among the elements of the dynamic system, namely the soil subgrade, foundation, and superstructure. This interaction effect is important across many structure, foundation, and subgrade types but is most pronounced when a rigid superstructure is founded on a relatively soft lower foundation and subgrade. This effect may only be ignored when the subgrade is much harder than a flexible superstructure: for instance a flexible moment frame superstructure founded on a thin compacted soil layer on top of very stiff bedrock below. This paper will study the interaction effect of the subgrade and the superstructure. The analytical solution of the interaction of a shear wall, flexible-rigid foundation, and an elastic half-space is derived for incident SH waves with various angles of incidence. It found that the flexible ring (soft layer) cannot be used as an isolation mechanism to decouple a superstructure from its substructure resting on a shaking half-space.