碎石桩加固饱和粉土地基的抗液化特性

除饱和砂土液化外,饱和粉土地震液化问题也是岩土地震工程中一个重要的研究课题。饱和粉土地基的地震液化及变形可以采用多种地基加固方法防治,碎石桩技术是常用方法之一。碎石桩复合地基的抗液化效应,主要是增加桩周土体的密度、利于桩体的排水以及由桩体分担地震水平剪应力（桩体减震作用）。但由于粉土的土质特性,粉土-碎石桩复合地基的抗液化特性与砂土有着明显的差异。本文结合目前国内外碎石桩复合地基抗液化研究的最新进展,对粉土-碎石桩的密实、排水减压和减震作用做了较详细的评述,最后提出了关于碎石柱复合地基抗液化特性需要进一步研究的问题。     

振动沉管碎石桩大型振动台试验的实现

目前有关碎石桩复合地基在动荷载作用下的研究主要是针对其排水作用,而对其密实作用的研究很少,碎石桩复合地基在动荷载作用下沉降计算理论落后于工程实践.为了在碎石桩复合地基的动力模拟试验中模拟碎石桩的密实作用,设计了大型堆叠式剪切模型箱,并采用振动沉管法在振动台模型箱中进行了碎石桩的震后沉降试验研究,结果表明其能较好地模拟碎石桩振动沉管施工工艺.     

饱和粉土复合地基数值模拟

通过分析对比可液化饱和粉土地基的三种复合地基形式,总结三者的抗液化性能。结果表明:(1)天然饱和粉土地基不同深度处超静孔隙水压力曲线发展趋势基本一致,但浅层地基处超孔压会有小幅下降,而孔压比的分布规律是浅层较小,中层与深层较大;(2)降低孔压方面,多类型桩(碎石桩+CFG桩)复合地基相比于碎石桩复合地基,在浅层与中层处理效果相差不大,但在深层处后者处理效果更好;(3)减小竖向变形方面,多类型桩(碎石桩+CFG桩)和CFG桩比碎石桩控制的效果好,且多类型桩能更好地减小竖向变形。     

浆固碎石桩成桩注浆渗透影响分析

浆固碎石桩作为一种新型软土地基处理技术,其主要通过注浆改善桩体的加固效果,同时通过浆体渗透来改善桩周土体的物理力学性质,从而减小浆固碎石桩复合地基沉降。针对浆体对桩周土体的渗透作用,按照平面轴对称问题,推导出注浆渗透影响范围的计算方法和浆固区压缩模量计算公式,并通过室内模型试验研究,验证了浆固区压缩模量计算公式的正确性。随后,利用数值计算分析,对浆固区影响范围进行量化分析,并通过数值拟合得到了考虑注浆渗透影响的桩体等效半径计算公式。所得结果对工程设计具有重要的指导意义。     

多因素复杂参数下的圆形地下水泥土桩地基场地地震效应分析

为了实现圆形地下水泥土桩地基场地地震效应的准确分析,提高建筑抗震性能,采用ABAQUS有限元软件,分析不同随机参数的圆形地下水泥土桩地基场地地震效应,分析运算采用的各项参数、场地地质条件以及明确等效复合土体计算参数,通过二维复合模量简化模型,全面考虑加固深度、土桩地基上新建结构、下卧基岩地形、水泥土模量、输入地震波属性和不同场景环境等随机参数对圆形地下水泥土桩地基场地地震效应的影响。实验结果表明:圆形地下水泥土桩地基加固区地表的峰值加速度反应较自由场的反应显著降低,地基地表的峰值加速度反应随着水泥土桩加固深度和复合模量的增加而减小;地基上新建结构对坝基周围场地地震动特性形成较强的干扰,干扰幅度以及区域同新建结构规模具有较高的关联性;地基下端基岩表面地形同上部地基场地地震动特性间具有一定的关联性;场地土层条件对复合地基地震效应影响较大;桩体模量在可能变化范围内,对水泥土桩地基地震效应影响相对较小。     

高速铁路桥梁-桥墩-桩基础-地基耦合系统的地震反应

高速铁路中的桥梁常采用灌注桩基础以控制沉降,地震作用是桩基础的设计工况之一。建立桥梁-桥墩-桩基础-地基为一体的耦合系统非线性三维数值分析模型,以典型地震波为输入,考虑上部结构和基础的共同工作、土-结构动力相互作用、材料非线性和土层对桩的侧阻及端阻作用,开展三向地震作用下的动力有限元计算,并对地基主要土层压缩模量、桩体材料弹性模量、桩径和桩长进行参数敏感性分析。计算结果表明:现行的桩基础设计方案能有效控制地震荷载作用下桥梁的变形;地震过程中的不同时刻,桩侧阻发挥程度不同且不可忽略,以单纯的梁单元模拟桩的动力学行为的适用性值得商榷;桩长和地基主要土层压缩模量对桥梁地震反应影响最大,桩体材料弹性模量的影响次之,桩径的影响最小。     

碎石桩复合地基振动响应试验分析

采用激振法和衰减测试对碎石桩复合地基块体振动响应进行现场试验，分析了该复合地基在不同激振方式下的振动反应规律，提出了碎石桩复合地基抗压、抗弯、抗剪刚度系数线性关系。同时通过试验对比，分析了自由振动与强迫振动两种测试方法对于碎石桩复合地基测试结果的适宜性，这对复合地基的理论研究及动力基础的天然地基的设计、试验和研究都具有实际意义。     

对载荷试验检测裹体碎石桩地基的认识

通过对青海省盐湖集团综合利用项目二期工程察尔汗地区裹体碎石桩地基进行实际的单桩和四桩载荷试验检测,认为裹体碎石桩地基具有一定的消散期,而单桩和四桩载荷试验的变形模量基本一致。     

路堤荷载下水泥土桩复合地基沉降理论计算

基于路堤荷载下桩土非等应变条件和考虑了桩土相互作用、桩间土竖向与径向位移、桩土侧面产生相对滑移以及桩侧产生负摩阻力等特点的复合地基桩间土竖向变形模式,推导了水泥土桩复合地基桩间土沉降的理论计算公式,并以桩土单元体范围内的桩间土平均沉降值作为复合地基沉降,进一步推导了水泥土桩复合地基总沉降量、下卧层压缩变形量的理论计算表达式（两者之差即为加固区压缩变形量）。理论分析表明,复合地基加固区压缩量小于同深度天然地基压缩量,复合地基下卧层压缩量小于天然地基下卧层压缩量,复合地基总沉降量小于天然地基总沉降量。同时,理论计算结果与有限元计算结果以及现场实测结果三者比较一致。     

考虑碎石桩排水能力复合地基中孔压长消解析解

由于地震作用时间较短,且碎石桩渗透能力和土体渗透能力相比并不是无限大,因此本文考虑碎石桩排水能力研究了碎石桩桩体材料由地震引起的孔压的长消规律。根据比奥固结理论综合考虑碎石桩的排水能力和相应的初始条件及边界条件,推导出了能够真实反映碎石桩排水减压作用在地震期超孔隙水压力产生、扩散、消散过程中的贡献作用的一般解析解公式。同时讨论了碎石桩渗透能力的不同对抗震液化的影响作用。     

CFG桩基坑内施工对基坑周围环境稳定性的影响

在地下工程中,由于天然地基承载力不足,带有地下室的主体结构采用CFG桩复合地基。因为CFG桩长螺旋钻施工设备限制,地下室底板下的CFG桩必须在深基坑开挖一部分后进行施工。在某深基坑工程中,随着CFG桩的施工,基坑周围地表出现明显开裂现象。为探究其原因,结合该基坑工程实例,利用FLAC3D软件,通过数值模拟分析考虑渗流作用下CFG桩基坑内施工对基坑周围地表变形的影响规律,并把计算结果同实际监测数据进行对比分析。研究结果表明:CFG桩在部分开挖基坑内施工的快速取土作用对基坑内被动土压力区产生扰动,削弱原有的被动土压力,导致基坑周围土体变形。基坑周围地表变形的影响范围超出2倍基坑深度的监测范围,因此,部分开挖基坑内施工CFG桩的基坑工程周围环境的监测范围应在满足国家规范要求的基础上适当增大。根据计算结果建议类似基坑工程监测范围距基坑边缘的距离采用基坑开挖深度与基坑底面以下CFG桩长之和。类似基坑工程设计应加大支护结构和止水帷幕深度,施工时从基坑内部向外部隔桩跳打,并适当增加工期,将有利于降低由于CFG桩基坑内施工对基坑周围土体的影响。     

Numerical simulations of shake-table experiment for dynamic soil-pile-structure interaction in liquefiable soils

A shake-table experiment on pile foundations in liquefi able soils composed of liquefi able sand and overlying soft clay is studied. A three-dimensional(3D) effective stress fi nite element(FE) analysis is employed to simulate the experiment. A recently developed multi-surface elasto-plastic constitutive model and a fully coupled dynamic inelastic FE formulation(u-p) are used to model the liquefaction behavior of the sand. The soil domains are discretized using a solid-fl uid fully coupled(u-p) 20-8 noded brick element. The pile is simulated using beam-column elements. Upon careful calibration, very good agreement is obtained between the computed and the measured dynamic behavior of the ground and the pile. A parametric analysis is also conducted on the model to investigate the effect of pile-pinning, pile diameter, pile stiffness, ground inclination angle, superstructure mass and pile head restraints on the ground improvement. It is found that the pile foundation has a noticeable pinning effect that reduces the lateral soil displacement. It is observed that a larger pile diameter and fi xed pile head restraints contribute to decreasing the lateral pile deformation; however, a higher ground inclination angle tends to increase the lateral pile head displacements and pile stiffness, and superstructure mass seems to effectively infl uence the lateral pile displacements.     

A Study of Piles during Earthquakes: Issues of Design and Analysis

The seismic response of pile foundations is a very complex process involving inertial interaction between structure and pile foundation, kinematic interaction between piles and soils, seismically induced pore-water pressures (PWP) and the non-linear response of soils to strong earthquake motions. In contrast, very simple pseudo-static methods are used in engineering practice to determine response parameters for design. These methods neglect several of the factors cited above that can strongly affect pile response. Also soil–pile interaction is modelled using either linear or non-linear springs in a Winkler computational model for pile response. The reliability of this constitutive model has been questioned. In the case of pile groups, the Winkler model for analysis of a single pile is adjusted in various ways by empirical factors to yield a computational model for group response. Can the results of such a simplified analysis be adequate for design in all situations?The lecture will present a critical evaluation of general engineering practice for estimating the response of pile foundations in liquefiable and non-liquefiable soils during earthquakes. The evaluation is part of a major research study on the seismic design of pile foundations sponsored by a Japanese construction company with interests in performance based design and the seismic response of piles in reclaimed land. The evaluation of practice is based on results from field tests, centrifuge tests on model piles and comprehensive non-linear dynamic analyses of pile foundations consisting of both single piles and pile groups. Studies of particular aspects of pile–soil interaction were made. Piles in layered liquefiable soils were analysed in detail as case histories show that these conditions increase the seismic demand on pile foundations. These studies demonstrate the importance of kinematic interaction, usually neglected in simple pseudo-static methods. Recent developments in designing piles to resist lateral spreading of the ground after liquefaction are presented. A comprehensive study of the evaluation of pile cap stiffness coefficients was undertaken and a reliable method of selecting the single value stiffnesses demanded by mainstream commercial structural software was developed. Some other important findings from the study are: the relative effects of inertial and kinematic interactions between foundation and soil on acceleration and displacement spectra of the super-structure; a method for estimating whether inertial interaction is likely to be important or not in a given situation and so when a structure may be treated as a fixed based structure for estimating inertial loads; the occurrence of large kinematic moments when a liquefied layer or naturally occurring soft layer is sandwiched between two hard layers; and the role of rotational stiffness in controlling pile head displacements, especially in liquefiable soils. The lecture concludes with some recommendations for practice that recognize that design, especially preliminary design, will always be based on simplified procedures.     

远场地震作用下桩间横向动力相互作用的研究

在远场地震作用下单桩横向地震响应研究的基础上,引入相互作用因子,研究了远场地震作用下成层地基中桩与桩的横向动力相互作用,得到了桩间距、桩土刚度比、桩顶约束条件、瑞利波入射角度、震动频率是影响群桩横向动力相互作用主要因素的结论,为进一步研究远场地震作用下群桩的横向地震响应打下了基础。     

1st Ishihara Lecture: An overview of the behavior of pile foundations in liquefiable and non-liquefiable soils during earthquake excitation

The seismic response of a pile foundation is usually analyzed by approximate methods in practice. These methods typically neglect one or more of the important factors that affect seismic response such as inertial interaction, kinematic interaction, seismic pore water pressures, soil nonlinearity, cross stiffness coupling and dynamic pile to pile interaction. A nonlinear 3-D analysis is used to show how all these factors affect pile response, to demonstrate some of the consequences of using various approximate methods and to provide a comprehensive overview of how pile foundations behave during earthquakes in liquefiable and non-liquefiable soils.     

可液化场地大直径扩底桩的动力p-y曲线特征研究

可液化场地大直径扩底桩-土动力相互作用p-y曲线研究对扩底桩抗震设计具有重要意义。基于有限差分程序FLAC~(3D),分别建立扩底桩和等直径桩的三维有限差分模型,通过在模型底部输入正弦波,得到可液化场地中不同埋深下扩底桩与等直径桩的桩-土动力相互作用p-y曲线,对两者的动力p-y曲线特征进行对比分析。结果表明:正弦波输入下扩底桩动力p-y曲线多呈倒"S"形,随着埋深增加,动力p-y曲线滞回圈面积及面积增长速度逐渐减小,斜率逐渐增大;扩底桩与等直径桩动力p-y曲线所围成的图形相似,两者动力p-y曲线斜率均随埋深增加逐渐增大,扩底桩动力p-y曲线滞回圈面积及面积增长速度在各埋深处均大于等直径桩,利于能量耗散,抗震性能更好。     

Response of a RC pile group in liquefiable soil: A shake-table investigation

Soil liquefaction induced by earthquakes frequently cause costly damage to pile foundations. However, various aspects of the dynamic behavior and failure mechanisms of piles in liquefiable soils still remain unclear. This paper presents a shake-table experiment conducted to investigate the dynamic behavior of a reinforced-concrete (RC) elevated cap pile foundation during (and prior to) soil liquefaction. Particular attention was paid to the failure mechanism of the piles during a strong shaking event. The experimental results indicate that decreasing the frequency and increasing the amplitude of earthquake excitation increased the pile bending moment as well as the speed of the excess pore pressure buildup in the free-field. The critical pile failure mode in the conducted testing configuration was found to be of the bending type, which was also confirmed by a representative nonlinear numerical model of the RC pile. The experimental results of this study can be used to calibrate numerical models and provide insights on seismic pile analysis and design.     

CFG桩复合地基桩土应力比分析

根据工程软弱土层进行复合地基处理后的静载荷试验结果,对CFG桩、桩间土荷载分担及桩土应力比随外荷载的变化规律进行了分析,提出了本次试验的极限桩土应力比。这些试验结果和分析结论对指导西南地区软弱土地基处理与加固有一定的参考价值。     

The effects of liquefaction-induced lateral spreading on pile foundations

Observations of pile foundation performance during previous earthquakes have shown that pile failure has been caused by lateral ground movements resulting from soil liquefaction. The recognition that lateral ground movements may play a critical role in pile performance during an earthquake has important implications for design and risk assessment, and requires that analytical models be devised to evaluate these potential problems.In this paper, parametric studies were conducted to estimate the maximum bending moments induced in piles subjected to lateral ground displacement. The results are summarized in charts using dimensionless parameters.The analyses reveal that the existence of a nonliquefiable layer at the ground surface can affect significantly the maximum bending moment of the pile. When a relatively thick nonliquefiable layer exists above a liquefiable layer, neither the material nonlinearity of the soil nor loss of soil stiffness within the liquefiable layer significantly affect the maximum bending moment. When the thickness of the liquefiable soils is greater than about three times that of an overlying intact layer, soil stiffness in the liquefiable layer must be chosen carefully when evaluating the maximum bending moment.