基于等效Thomsen参数的P-SV波AVO属性研究

在等效Thomsen各向异性参数的P-SV波反射系数近似公式基础上研究了反射系数的多种AVO(振幅随炮检距变化)属性特征,针对不同的属性特征构建了多属性AVO交绘图;并利用反射系数公式对三类含气砂岩AVO的特征进行分析.结果表明P-SV波反射系数公式可以有效的区分第三类含气砂岩;岩石的孔隙度、流体饱和度等信息是影响地震波AVO的重要因素.利用Gassmann方程进行了对上层为HTI介质,下层为孔隙储层的介质模型进行了流体替换计算,分析了孔隙度、含气饱和度和各向异性参数变化对地层AVO的影响.     

欠压实超压层自然电位测井响应机理研究

以欠压实超压层为研究对象,利用双水模型和热动力学理论,推导了欠压实超压泥质砂岩、泥岩的薄膜电位方程,分析了压实作用对薄膜电位造成的影响以及欠压实超压泥质砂岩储层自然电位的响应特征.理论研究表明:压实作用对泥岩薄膜电位影响显著,对于盐水泥浆,泥岩薄膜电位随压实系数的变大而增加,淡水泥浆条件下,泥岩薄膜电位随压实系数的变大...     

基于可变临界孔隙度模型的致密砂岩储层参数地震反演方法

储层参数地震反演是通过地震观测数据定量评估储层物性及含油气性的重要途径.中国西部致密砂岩油气分布范围广泛,具有巨大的勘探开发潜力,但其孔隙结构复杂,储层参数的定量预测难度较大.本文提出了一种基于可变临界孔隙度模型的储层参数地震反演方法.为有效描述储层的复杂孔隙结构,本方法将临界孔隙度作为变量,使其具有随深度变化的特征,以表征复杂孔隙结构,进而提高致密砂岩储层岩石物理建模的精度.此外,为直接从观测地震数据反演储层参数,结合岩石物理模型和地震反射系数方程建立正演算子;基于贝叶斯框架构建反演问题,采用混合高斯模型构建储层参数先验约束,用以描述储层的岩性(相)差异特征;基于临界孔隙度、泥质含量与孔隙度的统计关系,结合快速模拟退火算法,在迭代优化中使临界孔隙度与储层参数交替更新,用以提高反演结果稳定性.选用中国西部四川盆地某工区实际资料,对本方法进行应用测试与验证,结果表明本方法对于含气储层具有良好的指示性,相比常规固定临界孔隙度方法,本方法可以有效提升反演结果准确性.     

EI二阶导数的储层参数和流体模量反演方法

储层孔隙度、泥质含量及流体类型估测是地球物理勘探的重点及难点问题.基于岩石物理理论及等效模型,可以构建油气储层反射特征与储层孔隙度、泥质含量及流体的映射关系.本文从流体替换模型出发,结合矿物平均模型,首先推导了以孔隙度、泥质含量、流体模量和密度表征的非线性反射系数及弹性阻抗公式;然后根据推导的反射系数和弹性阻抗公式,建立了一套两步法反演策略：利用部分角度叠加数据进行线性反演预测弹性阻抗体;利用预测的弹性阻抗体开展泥质含量、孔隙度、流体模量和密度等变量的非线性反演,引入弹性阻抗对于反演变量的一阶和二阶导数以提高反演的精度.最后,利用层状模型验证了新推导的反射系数方程的精度,并分别利用测井数据模型生成的含噪声合成地震记录及实际工区地震数据验证了所提出的反演方法的可靠性.     

砂岩储层压实过程中孔隙度演化的定量分析

砂岩储层压实过程中孔隙度的变化规律,是成岩数值模拟与储层质量预测的核心研究内容之一.通过对前人提出的孔隙度表征参数与压实强度表征参数进行分析、甄别,对压实过程中孔隙度变化规律进行研究,建立了三类不同砂岩类型储层的孔隙度压实方程.结果表明,粒间体积百分比(粒间孔隙度、胶结物含量与杂基含量之和)与埋藏过程中骨架颗粒所承受的最大有效应力在描述压实减孔规律时具有明显的优势.压实过程中孔隙度的减小具有分段性,表现为较浅埋藏期的快速递减与较深埋藏期的缓慢递减或恒定不变,二者可用一个统一方程描述.压实方程中的常数β与砂岩中塑性颗粒的含量及其塑性级别有关,随塑性颗粒含量提高及其塑性增强,β值增大;刚性颗粒组成的砂岩储层β为0.058 MPa~(-1),含75%极高塑性岩屑的砂岩储层β高达0.146 MPa~(-1).建立的压实方程在三类不同砂岩类型储层的应用中,绝对误差最大3.1%,相对误差最大13.8%,取得了良好的效果.     

基于斑状饱和模型的储层渗透率地震响应特征分析（英文）

基于斑块饱和模型计算渗透率变化的地震反射特征,为流体流动性的地震描述提供依据。基于传播矩阵理论设计反射系数与合成记录算法,实现了频率域岩石物理模型与地震响应计算的无缝连接。斑块饱和储层地震响应包含如下动力学信息:分界面处波阻抗差异、储层内部波的频散与衰减,以及顶底界面波的调谐与干涉。模拟结果表明,渗透率的增加显著降低纵波速度,使其在高、低频弹性极限之间发生频散。储层速度频散与层状构造共同导致反射系数的频变现象。在储层与围岩波阻抗接近的情况下,地震响应对渗透率变化具有敏感性,对于不同储层厚度,当围岩为高速页岩时,反射波叠加振幅随渗透率增加而增加;当围岩为低速页岩时,叠加振幅随渗透率增加而降低。     

基于流体替换技术的地震AVO属性气藏识别(英文)

传统上,油藏地球物理工程师是基于测井数据进行流体替换,计算油藏饱和不同流体时的弹性参数,并通过地震正演模拟分析油藏饱和不同流体时的地震响应,从而进行油气藏识别研究。该研究方案为油藏研究提供了重要的弹性参数和地震响应信息,但这些信息仅限于井眼位置。对于实际油藏条件,地下储层参数都是随位置变化而变化的,如孔隙度、泥质含量和油藏厚度等,因此基于传统流体替换方案得到的流体变化地震响应信息对于油气藏识别具有很大的局限性。研究通过设定联系油藏弹性参数与孔隙度、矿物组分等参数的岩石物理模型,并基于三层地质模型,进行地震正演模拟与AVO属性计算。得到油藏孔隙度、泥质含量和储层厚度变化时地震AVO属性,并建立了饱和水储层和含气储层对应AVO属性(包括梯度与截距)之间的定量关系。建立的AVO属性之间的线性关系可以实现基于地震AVO属性直接进行流体替换。最后,应用建立的流体替换前后AVO属性之间线性方程,对模拟地震数据直接进行流体替换,并通过流体替换前后AVO属性交汇图分析实现了气藏识别。     

基于数字岩心的碳酸盐岩孔隙结构对弹性性质的影响研究(下篇):储层孔隙结构因子表征与反演

碳酸盐岩复杂的孔隙结构如何影响其弹性性质一直是地球物理研究的难点问题,在此基础上如何半定量甚至是定量地对碳酸盐岩储层预测,特别是如何有效地获取孔隙结构参数相关的地震属性体一直是油气工业界追求的目标,本研究从数字岩心角度入手,联合测井以及地震数据尝试探究这一问题的解决方案.首先针对代表不同孔隙结构类型的有限数目的碳酸盐岩样品获得其对应的高精度数字岩心数据体,为了获得更加可靠的具有地球物理含义的弹性性质随孔隙度变化的统计规律,我们通过子网格的技术,在有限数目的碳酸盐岩数字岩心数据体上获得了大量的数字岩心子网格样本,对于每个子网格样本可以分别获得其对应的数字岩心图像孔隙度、表征孔隙软硬程度的孔隙结构参数(γ)、以及基于有限元法模拟的弹性性质,由此基于数字岩心的研究思路,我们最终获得了基于孔隙结构因子表征与分类下的弹性性质与孔隙度的定量化解释量版.与此同时,在地震尺度上通过叠前地震资料获取的纵横波及密度属性体后,基于如上获得的定量化解释量版,我们最终获得了针对碳酸盐岩储层的新的属性体——孔隙结构参数(γ)属性体,这使得在地震尺度上预测碳酸盐岩储层的孔隙结构类型成为可能,也使利用地震数据在孔隙结构参数表征与分类下的碳酸盐岩储层反演精度的提高成为可能.     

砂泥岩储层间距变化对地震属性影响分析

随着很多油田进入开采后期,开采的难度逐渐增加,在这种情况下,砂泥岩薄互层的研究与评价越来越受到重视.在地震勘探中,目前对于薄互层主要利用的是地震属性进行解释,而不同的地震属性必然会随砂泥岩厚度和接触关系变化而变化,因此有必要研究砂泥岩厚度及接触关系变化给地震属性带来的影响.本文以某油田实际剖面为基础,通过不断缩小两列砂体间距,直至相互穿插,建立了六个砂泥岩互层模型,并对这六个模型进行波动方程正演模拟和属性提取,分析五大类五十种地震属性随砂体移动的变化情况,挖掘对砂体预测比较敏感的地震属性,为属性优选提供依据,从而合理的运用不同的地震属性来预测砂体厚度变化情况及接触关系,减少地震解释假象存在的几率,提高储层预测的精度.     

储层温压变化与油藏地震监测

在分析储层温压变化对孔隙流体地震特性、岩石孔隙度和速度等影哈的基础上，以油藏注水地震监到为例说明了油藏地震监剩中考虑温压变化的重要性。研究结果表明：①储层温度、压力的变化将会引起原油地震特性的明显变化，但地层水的变化相对较小。②温度对岩石孔隙度和速度的影响是线性的，而压力的影响则是非线性的。对于中等孔隙的砂岩，温度每增加20℃，岩石的孔隙度和纵横波速度分别减小约2.6％和1.0％以上。对于深度在1100m左右的储层，4MPa的地层压力降低将分别会引起约1.8％和3.3％的纵、横波速度增加。③在油藏强化开采地震监副研究中，除流体替换外，当储层温度、压力的变化较大时，其对实施油藏地震监测有具有非常重要的影响，必须慎重对待。     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Neuzeitlicher Schadstofftrend: Polycylische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAK) in aquatischen und terrestrischen Sedimenten

A Recent Contamination Trend: Polycylic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Aquatic and Terrestrial Sediments Concentrations of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) measured in aquatic sediments of small, medium‐sized or very large inland lakes, of estuaries as well as in terrestrial sediments from Germany, the UK, Finland, and the USA were plotted in 10 trend curves over the period from 1800 to 1990. The segments of the bore cores were dated for their deposition age. For comparability of the results, the trend is preferentially shown by the guide parameter fluoranthene. Until the 19th century, a constant background value of C_Fluo = 10…50 μg/kg was observed in all regions. Then a steep increase in concentration followed, reaching in the aquatic sediments a maximum in the period 1940 to 1965, while the individual fluoranthene values ranged widely from 90 to 2400 μg/kg. In several regions, a more or less distinct decrease superseded this maximum, although this development did not appear in terrestrial sediments, in one estuary, and in remote forest lakes in Finland. The trend curves reflect the atmospheric deposition of PAHs in airborne dust and in some cases the import through runoff via rivers. Thus, the sediment profiles depict the development of air pollution by pyrogenic contaminants over more than a century. Sediment profiles from rivers can be used only with a high degree of reservation, because of the irregularity and low representativity of the sedimentation.     

Raindrop impact and water flow on the vegetative surfaces of trees and the effects on stemflow and throughfall generation

The physical processes of raindrop impact and water flow on the leaves and branches of selected tropical tree species were examined under laboratory conditions using simulated rainfall. Inclined branches were found to be particularly efficient in detaining impacting water droplets. This efficiency in raindrop detention increases linearly as a function of branch inclination on branches that are initially dry. On branches that have been thoroughly wetted, this increase in raindrop detention with branch inclination is best expressed as a logarithmic function. At branch inclinations of 60° above the horizontal, the quantity of branchflow was found to be > 80 per cent of the total quantity of impacting rainfall, indicating that < 20 per cent was lost to rainsplash. The strong positive relationship between branchflow and branch inclination explains why trees with large projected areas of steeply inclined upthrust branches have significant quantities of intercepted water draining from their branches and trunks under heavy rainfall conditions. This drainage from the woody frame of trees influences surficial processes by generating both stemflow and large throughfall droplets.     

Concentrations of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in various marine organisms in relation to those in sediments and to trophic level

Sediments and marine organisms such as mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), fish (Mullus barbatus, Serranus scriba), crabs (Polybius henslowi) and shrimp-like crustaceans (mysids, euphausiids) were sampled on European coasts, France, Spain) and analysed for their PAH content by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The PAH concentrations determined in the organisms were significantly negatively correlated with logK_ow values, but to different extents according to the species. This was explained by the greater exposure of the organisms to the lower molecular weight compounds with differences resulting from different feeding habits, habitat, and biotransformation capacities of the organisms in relation to trophic levels. The influence of these observations on the use of different sentinel species in biomonitoring programmes is discussed.     

AIMS AND SCOPE

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and international authors by publishing original papers and invited papers addressing state-of-the-art knowledge and     

A Preliminary Survey of the Level of Microbiological Pollution of Major Rivers in Northern Greece

The objective of the present survey was to assess the microbiological quality of river waters used mainly to irrigate the large plains of Macedonia and Thessaly in Northern Greece. Five rivers (Aliakmonas, Axios, Loudias, Mavroneri and Pineios) were sampled during a 10‐month period (June 2002 – March 2003) for Total Microbial Flora (TMF) at 22 °C and 37 °C, Total Coliforms (TC), Fecal Coliforms (FC), enterococci, staphylococci, Pseudomonas, fungi, Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. The results indicate moderate to high microbiological pollution, with the highest levels of microbial pollution found in Mavroneri and Pineios Rivers, and moderate pollution levels in Aliakmonas, Axios and Loudias Rivers. The extent of microbiological pollution is accentuated by the fact that Giardia‐ and/or Cryptosporidium cysts were detected in nine out of eleven samples collected in June 2002 with excessive Giardia counts demonstrated for Pineios River. The microbiological pollution of the surveyed rivers is attributed to various degrees of human interference and to lack of ample pollution monitoring systems, which emphasize the need for implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive.