老挝万象省爬立山(PHaLek)铁矿磁异常特征及找矿评价

老挝万象省爬立山铁矿床位于长山褶皱带北西端,是长山成矿带内与岩浆作用有关的一个大型铁矿床.矿床类型以矽卡岩型为主,其次为热液型,成矿作用与花岗岩类侵入作用有关,矿区内发育致密块状磁铁矿、孔洞状赤铁矿、砂砾土状铁矿.该区地球物理工作研究程度较低,仅有部分航磁资料,难以准确控制矿化异常;老挝热带雨林气候植被覆盖严重,地表露头难寻,圈定矿体规模和划分地层界线难度较大.为了获得该区铁矿体地表规模及深部延展,笔者在该区开展了1∶10000地面高精度磁法测量,运用解析延拓、水平总梯度模、垂向导数、2.5D人机交互反演等方法有效克服了低纬度地区磁异常化极不稳定形成假异常的问题,解译了爬立山矿区磁异常特征,提高了磁异常的解译分辨率,更加准确的控制了爬立山铁矿区铁矿体的范围、深部延展.后期钻探验证结果表明,在老挝地质勘查程度低、覆盖严重的爬立山地区开展高精度磁法是控制该地区铁矿的有效地球物理方法.     

高精度磁测在多金属矿整装勘查区成矿规律研究中的应用

以最新成矿理论为指导,在多金属矿整装勘查区开展1:5万地面高精度磁法测量,为进一步地层、构造划分及矿产勘查工作提供有力地球物理依据.在充分收集并研究前人成果资料的基础上,对磁测数据进行化极、延拓等处理,并对采集的物性标本磁化率及剩磁进行分类统计,查明工作区磁场分布特征,圈定局部磁异常,研究磁异常与中酸性岩体、地质构造、成矿条件等之间的关系,从而圈定隐伏-半隐伏中酸岩体13处,划分构造26条,划定成矿有利靶区2处.对部分重点高磁异常布置1:1万的综合剖面测量,利用二度半人机交互反演,拟出了异常体埋深和形态.后经地质矿产检查证实推测结果与实际情况相吻合,因此证明高精度磁测在该区对构造相关的多金属矿成矿规律的研究有良好的效果.     

重磁电综合物探技术在南方页岩气地质调查中的应用研究——以桂中坳陷鹿寨地区为例

广西一直以来面临着"缺煤、少油、无气"的窘境.本次研究工作是在"南方地区页岩气基础地质调查"的工作基础之上,通过对广西桂中坳陷鹿寨地区开展高精度重力、磁法以及大地电磁法综合物探剖面测量,结合地质、物性和钻探等成果资料,对获取的重、磁、电资料进行联合正反演综合研究,定性-定量解释推断了该地区富有机质泥页岩主要有利目标层系——下石炭统鹿寨组泥页岩层的分布、埋深和厚度等特征;并进一步了解了该地区的断裂构造展布特征,最终对该地区页岩气勘探的有利目标区带进行了圈定预测,为该地区下一步的页岩气基础地质调查工作提供了重要的物探依据.同时,也证实了该套物探技术方法组合能够在南方地区页岩气地质勘探工作中取得较为理想的勘探效果,值得推广应用.     

金矿勘查中的地面高精度磁法测量——以黑龙江乌拉嘎金矿外围十三公里勘查区为例

地面高精度磁测是可以间接找金的.它能够可靠地反映控矿地质体的磁性变化,了解隐伏的控矿岩体、构造和含矿蚀变破碎带的分布.为了提高黑龙江乌拉嘎金矿外围十三公里区的金矿勘查效果,利用地面高精度磁测在该区进行了扫面测量.通过该项研究表明了含矿构造破碎带的存在.在矿化带上方表现为正值磁测异常区与负值磁测异常区的接触带,尤其是梯度较大部位.矿体一般位于负值一侧的低缓正异常处.通过对优选靶区的工程查证,探槽、浅井双双见矿,共获得黄金资源量1.5吨.由此证明了应用该方法找金的有效性.     

中高山区高精度航磁调查找矿效果研究

随着矿产资源需求的不断加大,我国西部高山区利用高精度航磁技术开展矿产勘查的需求越来越高,本文以东昆仑、阿尔金等多个高山区实测资料为基础,通过对不同型号飞机性能进行对比,选择适合高山区航磁测量的飞行平台;结合理论模型计算与不同高度飞行试验,确定了高山区有效飞行高度;并在基础上开展了航地磁测量效果对比.在航磁资料精细解释方面尝试了曲面位场转换处理,对比了转换前后局部异常强度变化;针对高海拔地区弱小磁异常选编,开展了弱缓异常提取技术研究;并针对起伏地形条件下航磁异常2.5D/3D精细反演解释技术手段进行了尝试,就如何提高航磁资料找矿效果进行了积极的探索.     

等值投影方法在地面高精度磁法剖面测量中的应用

地面高精度磁法剖面测量是矿产勘查工作中常用的一种地球物理勘查方法,它可以通过在地表覆盖层上的测量,大致了解地下磁性体的地下产状及赋存状态,也可以了解磁性体的大致规模及顶部埋深.由于受地形地貌等客观自然条件的限制,许多地方在进行地面高精度磁法剖面测量时,有许多剖面上的测点无法进行正常测量.作者根据磁性体异常的等值线特性,利用一种等值投影的方法,间接获取剖面上测点的磁异常值.从而巧妙的解决了地面高精度磁法剖面测量中,测线上点位缺失的问题.     

高精度重、磁测量在大兴安岭找矿工作中的应用

根据以往的经验,在找矿勘查中,通常应用高精度磁法和电法,很少应用重力方法.本文通过小面积的大比例尺高精度重力工作,展示了重力工作在找矿勘查中所起的作用.尤其是在高纬度覆盖区,地表地质不甚明了、电法工作比较困难的情况下,可以发挥重力工作受环境干扰小的优势,寻找高密度地质体.在本矿区中,重力工作作为高精度磁测工作的重要补充,有利于更准确地确定矿体的位置和平面形态特征.由于高精度磁测方法寻找的是有磁性矿物,当矿体无磁性时,磁异常不能反映矿体的位置和形态.本文根据重力方法和磁测方法的原理,对矿区的地球物理场进行研究,给出本矿区识别矿体异常的原则,根据磁性矿物与铅锌矿伴生的特点,结合磁异常,如果重磁异常中心吻合较好,重磁异常幅值和梯度也较大,表明矿体异常的可靠性很大;当然,对磁异常表现为负磁异常的高频重力高异常也不能忽视,有可能是埋藏浅的无磁性金属矿的反映.所以,需要密切关注幅值大、梯度大的高频重力高异常.     

综合物探方法在铁矿采空区勘查中的应用

介绍了一个高精度磁测、高密度电法和CSAMT法(可控源音频大地电磁)在山东省济南市铁矿采空区勘查中的应用实例,首先在工区内进行高精度磁测圈定磁异常区域,然后在异常区域内采用高密度电法和CSAMT法对采空区进行探测。120 m深度范围内采用高密度电法,100～200 m深度范围内采用CSAMT法探测。研究总结了铁矿采空区勘探中取得的实际地质效果,主要研究结果有:①依据地层磁性和电性差异划分了闪长岩侵入界面。②较准确地圈定了采空区的分布范围。后期进行了钻探验证,结果较吻合,为综合治理工作的开展提供了基础性资料。     

低频地质雷达新技术在滑坡勘查中的试验研究

滑坡地质灾害在我国西北、西南广泛分布,传统的滑坡调查是采用地面调查结合钻探、槽探、坑探等方法进行.采用高性价比的地球物理手段进行滑坡勘查,对查清滑坡结构、探索其成灾机理和地质灾害评估及预警有重要意义.本文研究目的旨在探索研究低频地质雷达方法在滑坡勘查中的应用效果,为地质灾害调查提供实用技术手段.通过理论分析和野外试验,建立了滑坡正演模型,得出了滑坡典型电磁波传播特征,并在西北和西南几处滑坡上开展了野外试验,分析了黄土滑坡和基岩滑坡的雷达剖面特征,给出了地球物理解释.试验结果表明:低频地质雷达技术能够划分滑坡地层结构,对滑面深度和滑床形态准确刻画,对落水洞位置准确定位,这充分证实地质雷达是一种实用有效的地质灾害调查与评价技术手段.     

地面高精度磁测在蒙古13451矿区地质填图中的应用

研究区内岩石物性差异明显,为进行高精度磁测提供了可靠的地球物理依据.本次工作利用Hc-95型手持式氦(4 He)光泵磁力仪在13451矿区进行了高精度磁法扫面,在划定岩性界线的同时,还识别出了隐伏的中基性火山岩.通过磁法资料的延拓处理,指出了重要的构造边界.磁法数据与地质填图的完美耦合,不仅使物探方法更好地为覆盖区地质...     

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTER ON EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION(IRTCES)

正Director:Shangfu Kuang,China Vice-directors:Chunhong Hu,China Duihu Ning,China Guangquan Liu,China The International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation(IRTCES)was jointly set up by the Government of China and UNESCO on July 21,1984.It aims at the promotion of international exchange of knowledge and cooperation in the studies of erosion and     

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正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in both basic and applied research.     

Dynamic process-response model of river channel development

Feedback mechanisms, which operate upstream through drawdown and backwater effects and downstream through sediment discharge are responsible for channel evolution. By combining these mechanisms with channel processes it euables a dynamic process-response model to be developed to simulate the initial evolution of straight gravel-bed channels. When erosion commences on a land surface, sediment entrained in the headwater reach by hydraulic action is selectively transported, deposited and reworked. This produces a damped oscillation between degradation and aggradation as the channel and valley respond to spatial and temporal variations in sediment calibre and hydraulic conditions. The initial cut and fill phases are responsible for valley incision and floodplain development while secondary and subsequent activity can produce river terraces. Eventually sediment entrainment in the headwaters declines as slopes are reduced. Subsequent channel evolution is relatively insignificant because it is dependent on local weathering activity producing material that can be transported on declining slopes. Therefore landforms produced during the initial phase of development, when local weathering was non-limiting, dominate the landscape.     

Discussion on the Precise Relocation and Seismo-Tectonics of the Jiujiang-Ruichang Earthquake

Based on relocating the Jiujiang-Ruichang earthquake sequence which occurred on November 26, 2005 in Jiangxi Province with the double-difference （DD） algorithm and master event technique, the paper discusses the focal mechanism of the main shock （MsS.7） and the probable seismo-tectonics. The precise relocation results indicate that the average horizontal error is 0.31kin in a EW direction and 0.40kin in a NS direction, and the average depth error is 0.48kin. The focal depths vary from 8kin to 14kin, with the predominant distribution at 10kin - 12kin. The epicenter of the main shock is relocated to be 29.69^oN, 115.74^oE and the focal depth is about 10.Skin. Combining the predominant distribution of the earthquake sequence, the focal mechanism of the main shock and the tectonic conditions of N-E- and NW-strike faults growth in the seismic region, we infer that the main shock of the earthquake sequence was caused by a NW striking buried fault in the Rnichang basin. The nature of seismic faults needs to be further explored.     

Hydrochemical and bacteriological features of the groundwater: southern border of the Rharb basin (Morocco) / Caractérisation hydrochimique et bactériologique des eaux souterraines: bordure méridionale du bassin du Rharb (Maroc)

Abstract

The western reservoirs represent the principal groundwater system in Morocco. Demographic, industrial and agricultural developments during the last decade have markedly altered groundwater quality. The Mamora coastal aquifer system is among the Atlantic systems which are most heavily threatened by pollution. Agricultural and industrial activities, and rapid urban growth contribute to the pollution of the groundwater. Contamination transport is facilitated by a high permeability of the aquifer formations. In order to assess the actual groundwater quality of the Mamora aquifer and to understand the influence of the factors generating the pollution, an extensive multidisciplinary research programme is in progress, with hydrochemistry and microbiology playing essential roles. The present paper concerns the spatial distribution of physico-chemical parameters in the groundwater, subjected to domestic, industrial and agricultural pollution. Fifty-seven samples were analysed for several parameters (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^?, SO₄ ^2?, HCO₃ ^?, NO₃ ^?, pH, electrical conductivity and temperature). The microbiological analysis of 143 samples reveals the presence of four kinds of indicator bacteria in the groundwater resources: faecal Streptococci, faecal coliform, Escherichia coli and Clostridium. The physico-chemical results and bacteriological monitoring show that the nitrate and bacteria concentrations exceed the maximum admissible levels, notably around pumping stations in the sectors of Sidi Taibi, Sidi Ahmed Taleb and Aïn Sbaâ. Contamination is generated by uncontrolled anthropogenic activities and accentuated by the high intrinsic vulnerability of the aquifer system. Several parameters appeared to exceed admissibility standards. Measures are recommended to prevent groundwater pollution in the region.     

Zink in der Umwelt

Zinc in the Environment. In 1990 the world production of zinc ammounted to 7 Mio. metric tons. The main areas of application were: galvanization, alloys like brass and zinc metal. The content in the earth crust varies between 10–300 ppm zinc with a mean of 70 ppm. Uncontaminated surface waters contain less than 10 mg/m³ zinc. Apart from civilization air contains 1–10 ng zinc per m³. These background concentrations are exceeded by orders of magnitude in zinc deposit areas and where anthropogenic influences predominate. Accumulation can occur in sediments and sewage sludge. Molluscs and Algae also accumulate zinc. Zinc is essential for live. With normal food the zinc supply of man is just sufficient. Bioaccumulation of zinc towards man or chronic oversupply of man is not known. Zinc has no teratogenic or mutagenic effects, a suspicion on a carcinogenic effect proved wrong. In stockbreeding and plant cultivation a minimum supply of zinc is necessary. Plants are relatively less sensitive against higher soil contents of zinc. Considering the toxicological and ecotoxicological effects of zinc in the environment, the critical organismens are marine invertebratae like tubifex, daphnia, gammarus and algae. But normally only a minor part of the total zinc contest is biologically available, depending on salt content and pH of the waters.