我国上空平流层中微量气体的垂直分布和变化趋势

利用1992～2005年卤素掩星试验（HALOE）的观测资料分析了中国上空平流层的几种微量气体（NO, NO2, HF, HCl, CH4, H2O 和O3）混合比的垂直分布和变化趋势，以期为研究平流层的辐射和化学过程提供一些有用的数据. 文中除给出我国上空平流层各高度上平均的各种微量气体的含量外，还给出青藏高原上空这些微量气体的含量. 分析结果表明，平流层各种微量气体混合比的垂直分布有其不同的特征，在对流层上层到平流层底部各种微量气体的混合比分布和季节变化与平流层相比有明显的差异；分析结果还表明，这些微量气体的季节变化、准两年周期振荡和长期变化趋势都很明显，并且在平流层的不同高度上它们的变化趋势是不相同的. 在平流层中层，NO, NO2, HCl 和H2O 混合比在1998年以前都是增加而后则是明显下降的，但O3相反，在1998年以前明显减少，1998年后其减少的趋势不明显. 这表明，近年来平流层中层这些微量气体的减少使得它们对臭氧的破坏有所缓解. 但在平流层下层，臭氧的耗损仍然很明显.     

热带平流层水汽的准两年周期振荡

分析了1993年到2002年10年间HALOE卫星资料的热带平流层水汽年际变率,结果表明：热带平流层水汽混合比在2~5 hPa、10~30 hPa、30~100 hPa有三组显著的准两年周期振荡（QBO）现象;其中2~5 hPa和10~30 hPa水汽QBO呈反位相循环;30~100 hPa水汽QBO有显著上传特性.SOCRATES3模式模拟和诊断结果表明,热带平流层水汽QBO是在纬向风QBO强迫下产生的次级动力、热力因子和化学作用耦合后的结果：上层主要是环流输送引起,中层是环流输送和温度扰动驱动下的化学作用引起,下层是对流层顶水汽冻结层的温度扰动和环流输送引起.     

火山活动对北半球平流层气候异常变化的影响

文中利用逐次滤波法滤除北半球平流层70 hPa约15~22 km高空大气温度异常变化中太阳活动的影响之后，进一步分析了火山活动的气候效应，分析结果表明，火山活动能引起平流层较大幅度增温，对于北半球70hPa高空气候异常变化的影响超过了总方差的30%；火山活动影响最显著的高度是平流层70 hPa约15~22 km高空，由此高度向上或向下，火山活动的影响都逐渐减小；火山活动引起平流层大气升温的同时还将引起对流层大气降温，其分界线大致位于对流层顶300 hPa附近；强火山爆发如皮纳图博火山爆发、阿贡火山爆发和堪察加北楮缅奴等火山爆发是引起未来两年左右平流层中下层温度异常变化最重要的因素，其方差贡献率超过百分之五十三！；火山喷发高度越高，引起平流层增温效应的层次也越高；北半球大气温度异常变化对南半球火山活动响应的滞后时间比北半球火山活动长. 平流层高空气候异常变化还具有显著的22年变化周期，分析认为是大气温度场对太阳磁场磁性周期22年异常变化的响应，其方差贡献率超过9%.     

N2O增加对大气环境影响的模拟及其与甲烷和平流层水汽影响的比较

本文利用美国国家大气环境中心(NCAR)的二维化学、辐射和动力相互作用的模式(SOCRATES),模拟了大气中N₂O增加对O₃和温度的影响,并从化学、辐射和动力过程讨论了影响原因,此外还与大气甲烷和平流层水汽增加对大气环境的影响进行了对比.分析表明:大气中N₂O浓度增加以后,将通过化学过程引起30 km以上O₃损耗,30~40 km损耗较多;30 km以上降温明显,下平流层中低纬度地区以及对流层O₃增加并有微弱升温;30~40 km附近,北半球中高纬地区O₃减少以及降温幅度都大于南半球.对流层升温主要是N₂O和O₃增加所致,而平流层温度变化主要受O₃控制.北半球中高纬地区动力过程对温度变化的反馈较其它地区明显,这种反馈对平流层中高层北半球中高纬地区温度和O₃的变化都有明显影响.大气中甲烷增加引起的O₃损耗在45 km以上,45 km以下O₃增加.平流层水汽增加会引起40 km以上O₃减少,20~40 km大部分地区O₃增加.N₂O增加造成的O₃损耗正好位于臭氧层附近,其排放对未来O₃层恢复至关重要.N₂O增加引起下平流层15~25 km中低纬度地区有弱的升温,这与其它温室气体增加对该地区温度的影响不同,CO₂,CH₄和H₂O等增加后下平流层通常是降温.     

冬季太阳11年周期活动对大气环流的影响

利用气象场的再分析资料和太阳辐射活动资料,对太阳11年周期活动影响北半球冬季(11月~3月)大气环流的过程进行了统计分析和动力学诊断.根据赤道平流层纬向风准两年振荡(QBO)的东、西风状态对太阳活动效应进行了分类讨论,结果表明：东风态QBO时,太阳活动效应主要集中在赤道平流层中、高层和南半球平流层,强太阳活动时增强的紫外辐射加热了赤道地区的臭氧层,造成平流层低纬明显增温,同时加强了南半球的Brewer-Dobson(B-D)环流,引起南极高纬平流层温度增加;而北半球中高纬的环流主要受行星波的影响,太阳活动影响很小.西风态QBO时,太阳活动效应在北半球更为重要,初冬时强太阳活动除了加热赤道地区臭氧层外,还抑制了北半球的B-D环流,造成赤道平流层温度增加和纬向风梯度在垂直方向的变化,从而改变了对流层两支行星波波导的强度;冬末时在太阳活动调制下,行星波向极波导增强,B-D环流逐渐恢复,造成北半球极地平流层明显增温,同时伴随着赤道区域温度的下降.     

平流层气溶胶的准两年周期特征分析

本文采用HALOE和SAGE Ⅱ资料,分析了平流层气溶胶的准两年周期变化(简称QBO)特征及其与臭氧QBO的关系,结果表明:(1)北半球中高纬上空平流层气溶胶存在明显的QBO特征,其QBO信号自上向下传播,振荡幅度在平流层中下层可以达到20%;而在赤道和南半球上空的平流层气溶胶的QBO特征相对于北半球则不明显;(2)在...     

近30年北半球冬季臭氧总量分布特征及其与平流层温度的关系

臭氧的时空分布特征对气候和环境变化具有显著影响,随着臭氧资料数量的增加和质量的提高,有必要对臭氧时空分布特征及其与气候变化的关系进行详细研究.本文利用欧洲中期天气预报中心提供的1979—2013年的全球月平均臭氧总量资料、平流层温度场资料,采用旋转经验正交函数分解(REOF)、Morlet小波分析、合成分析等方法研究了20°N以北的北半球冬季(12—2月)臭氧总量异常的主要空间分布结构与时间演变特征,并进一步分析了主要模态与平流层上层(2hPa)、中层(30hPa)以及下层(100hPa)温度异常的关系.结果表明:近30年北半球冬季臭氧总量异常变化最显著的区域主要有5个,分别位于极地地区(75°N—90°N,0°—360°)、北半球副热带地区(20°N—40°N,0°—360°)、阿拉斯加地区(60°N—75°N,180°—260°E)、北大西洋地区(45°N—60°N,310°E—360°E)及西伯利亚地区(50°N—65°N,80°E—130°E).5个区域的冬季臭氧总量异常具有明显的年际和年代际变化特征.1980年代后期是各个区域的臭氧总量异常由年代际偏多转为偏少的转换时段.此外,各区域存在显著的年际变化周期,而且各个区域的年际周期存在明显的差异.臭氧总量异常变化与平流层温度异常变化的关系表明,臭氧总量异常的增加(减少)能够导致平流层上层温度异常偏冷(暖)和平流层中、下层温度异常偏暖(冷),其中平流层中层温度异常的偏暖(冷)程度要比下层更加明显.     

利用卫星温度资料计算风场的方法分析与比较

本文分析和比较了利用卫星温度资料计算水平风场的方法,包括地转风、梯度风和平衡风的计算方法.以DAAC提供的MLS/UARS 1992年12月份的大气温度数据为例,计算了20～55 km高度范围的地转风、梯度风和平衡风,并与ECMWF提供的ERA-40再分析风场资料作了对比和分析,包括12月16日以及12月月平均风场随纬度-高度的变化、风场随经度-纬度的变化、纬圈平均风场随纬度-高度的变化特征和规律.计算结果表明,利用卫星温度观测数据计算的风场与再分析资料的特征和规律基本一致.计算的地转风在高纬地区比梯度风和平衡风大,在中低纬地区三者的差别较小,随着纬度的增大,曲率项的影响也逐渐增大,在高纬地区不可忽略.平衡风在梯度风的基础上还考虑了大气平流项的影响,能更好地反映风场的变化特征,尤其是高纬地区经向风的变化规律.利用平衡风场的计算结果,文章首次定量地计算了平衡方程中各项的大小和比值,分析了各项的贡献和相对重要性.结果表明,重力位势梯度项的贡献最大,并且随着纬度的增大有升高的趋势;曲率项的贡献随着纬度的增大也有增大的趋势,在高纬度地区的比值超过10%;平流项占有一定的比值,其变化范围相对较大,变化规律比较复杂.     

近60年全球大气环流经向模态的气候变化

本文根据1948～2004年NCEP/NCAR 1000 hPa、500 hPa、100 hPa高度场逐月再分析资料，分析了近60年全球大气环流经向模态的气候变化. 结果表明：近60年来第一模态从低层到高层都表现出高纬与低纬地区之间明显的反向变化关系，且随时间有明显的增强趋势. 第一模态位相发生了相反的改变，低纬地区由负距平演变为正距平，高纬地区由正距平演变为负距平. 1000 hPa和500 hPa高度场上的南半球比北半球变化激烈，而100 hPa高度场上的北半球比南半球变化激烈. 第二模态在1000 hPa高度场上，主要表现为南极涛动（AAO）和北极涛动(AO)，且两涛动在年际、年代际尺度上表现出明显的负相关关系；在100 hPa高度场上，主要表现为南北半球高纬度地区之间的反向变化；500 hPa高度场是1000 hPa和100 hPa的一个过渡层次，主要表现出明显的南极涛动(AAO). 第二模态可能是南北半球中高纬环流相互作用的桥梁.     

北半球中高纬度对流层顶转换层中O3/H2O 混合关系的结构形态

利用北半球40°N～50°N纬度带上HALOE实验测量的O₃和H₂O廓线资料,根据示踪成分O₃和H₂O空间分布的化学寿命以及输运特征时间常数等性质,在等熵坐标中构建了对流层顶附近及最低平流层300～390 K等熵面间,O₃/H₂O混合关系的结构形态和季节特征.结果表明: (1) 在对流层顶转换层的320～380 K等熵面间O₃混合比廓线的斜率具有空间转折"突变",而H₂O混合比廓线的斜率则出现空间渐变转折.在对流层顶附近O₃和H₂O的源分别是平流层与对流层,使O₃混合比和H₂O混合比在320～380 K等熵面的两侧显现出截然不同的垂直分布梯度.(2) 在对流层顶附近O₃/H₂O达到最小二乘意义上的最佳拟合时,两者参考关系的对流层支与平流层支呈现出非规则"L"结构形态的季节与季节内变化,其中对流层支的斜率为负,而平流层支的斜率可随季节出现正负变化.同时,由"L"形态的转角处可确定随季节变化的化学对流层顶(chemopause)特征.(3) 由O₃/H₂O混合关系反映出对流层不同区域空气携带的物质成分分别与平流层空气混合而形成混合层,而且可使混合层的混合线不恒定.混合层的表现在2003年、2005年1月和2003年4月的混合程度相当,混合的等熵厚度大约是30 K,即在320～350 K等熵面间.2005年11月的混合高度有所增高,进入平流层的H₂O混合比要比2003年和2005年1月的小,混合的等熵厚度大约为30 K,在330～360 K等熵面间.不同季节混合的等熵厚度变化较小,但高度可随季节而变化.O₃/H₂O混合关系的平流层支随季节的变化很明显,1月最低平流层空气脱水是引起平流层支季节变化的重要原因.     

The meridional mode of global tropospheric–stratospheric circulation

The spatio–temporal variations of major meridional modes are studied by using the ECMWF and NCEP/NCAR reanalyzed geopotential data between 70 and 10 hPa during 1979 and 2001. The variance contribution rates from the first and second modes are 56–69% and 14–22%, respectively, for ECMWF, but 76–85% and 9–10% for NCEP/NCAR. The climatic trend coefficients are positive and negative in the troposphere and stratosphere, respectively. The reversal is remarkably correlated with the AO/NAM, AAO/SAM and polar vortex, suggesting their important role in connecting the mid-low and upper circulation and the interaction between SH and NH.     

利用ERA-Interim资料对平流层Brewer-Dobson环流变化趋势的分析

选用每天12∶00UTC时次的逐日ERA-Interim再分析资料,根据transformed Eulerian-mean(TEM)方程通过积分剩余速度珔v*,研究了1979—2011年间Brewer-Dobson(BD)环流的时空演变规律.并将其与downward control(DC)原理研究的结果进行比较,同时还探讨了平流层温度与BD环流之间的相互联系.结果表明,由TEM方程通过积分剩余速度珔v*估算的BD环流与利用DC原理估算的环流相比较,在热带地区的形势更加明显.环流在热带对流层中上层上升至平流层中下层,最高可达1hPa等压面附近.然后在热带外向极向下运动,最后在中高纬度下沉回到对流层.BD环流的上升中心及质量通量均随季节的变化产生变动,环流在冬半球的形势显著地强于夏半球.在春季和秋季期间,环流呈现出南北两半球的对称形势.从全球尺度物质输送的角度来看,在过去的33a间平流层BD环流的长期变化趋势是减弱的,且在平流层中下层减弱是明显的.环流的减弱趋势与纬向平均温度的长期变化趋势相匹配.     

Simultaneous observations of planetary waves from 30 to 220km

Planetary wave activity at quasi 16-, 10- and 5-day periods has been compared at various altitudes through the middle and upper atmosphere over Halley (76°S, 27°W), Antarctica, during the austral winters of 1997–1999. Observational data from the mesosphere, E-region ionosphere and F-region ionosphere have been combined with stratospheric data from the ECMWF assimilative operational analysis. Fourier and wavelet techniques have shown that the relationship between planetary wave activity at different altitudes is complex and during the winter eastward wind regime does not conform to a simple combination of vertical planetary wave propagation and critical filtering. Strong planetary wave activity in the stratosphere can coincide with a complete lack of wave activity at higher altitudes; conversely, there are also times when planetary wave activity in the mesosphere, E-region or F-region has no apparent link to activity in the stratosphere. The latitudinal activity pattern of stratospheric data tentatively suggests that when the stratospheric signatures are intense over a wide range of latitudes, propagation of planetary waves into the mesosphere is less likely than when the stratospheric activity is more latitudinally restricted. It is possible that, on at least one occasion, 16-day planetary wave activity in the mesosphere may have been ducted to high latitudes from the lower latitude stratosphere. The most consistent feature is that planetary wave activity in the mesosphere is almost always anti-correlated to planetary wave activity in the E-region even though the two are in close physical proximity. The oscillatory critical filtering of vertical gravity wave propagation by planetary waves and the re-generation of the planetary wave component at higher altitudes through subsequent critical filtering or breaking of the gravity waves may provide an explanation for some of these characteristics. Alternatively the nonlinear interaction between planetary waves and tides, indicated in the E-region data, may play a role.     

Possible solar forcing of interannual and decadal stratospheric planetary wave variability in the northern hemisphere: An observational study

The variability of stratospheric planetary waves and their possible connection with the 11-year solar cycle forcing have been investigated using annual-mean temperatures for the period of 1958–2001 derived from two reanalysis data sets. The significant planetary waves (wavenumbers 1–3) can be identified in the northern mid-high latitudes (55–75°N) in the stratosphere using this data. Comparisons with satellite-retrieved products from the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) confirm the significant planetary wave variability seen in the reanalyses. A planetary wave amplitude index (PWAI) is defined to indicate the strength of the stratospheric planetary waves. The PWAI is derived from Fourier analysis of the temperature field for wavenumbers 1–3 and averaged over 55–75°N latitude and the 70–20 hPa layers. The results include two meaningful inter-annual oscillations (2- and 8-year) and one decadal trend (16-year) that was derived from wavelet analysis. The stratospheric temperature structure of the wave amplitudes appear associated with the Arctic Oscillation (AO) which explicitly changed with the PWAI. The temperature gradients between the polar and mid-high latitudes show opposite tendencies between the top-10 strong and weak wave regimes.The variation of the planetary wave amplitude appears closely related to the solar forcing during the recent four solar cycles (20–23). The peak of the 2-year oscillation occurs synchronously with solar minimum, and is consistent with the negative correlation between the PWAI and the observed solar UV irradiance. The UV changes between the maxima and minima of the 11-year solar cycle impact the temperature structure in the middle-lower stratosphere in the mid-high latitudes and hence influence the planetary waves. During solar maximum, the dominant influence appears to be exerted through changes in static stability, leading to a reduction in planetary wave amplitude. During solar minimum, the dominant influence appears to be exerted through changes in the meridional temperature gradient and vertical wind shear, leading to an enhancement of planetary wave amplitude.     

ENSO对平流层气溶胶分布的影响

本文采用ONI(Oceanic Nino Index)和HALOE(Halogen Occultation Experiment)气溶胶面积密度资料,从其滞后相关性入手分析了ENSO循环对平流层气溶胶的影响,通过对滞后于El Nino和La Nina时气溶胶含量的比较探讨了ENSO强迫的影响程度,并用剩余环流及其输送量...     

Temporal Variability of Lower Stratosphere Temperature

Inter-monthly to inter-decadal global variability of lower stratosphere temperature (LST) is studied in order to improve current knowledge on its variability and trends, as well as natural and anthropogenic influences upon it. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with S-mode Varimax rotated PCA were used. The first seven components, which explain 70% of variance make it possible to determine homogeneous LST behaviour zones with little overlap between areas, and practically no unclassified areas. Composite time series, referred to as reference series, in the core of the subregions defined by each of the PCs, were calculated in order to obtain the temporal patterns. The equatorial-tropical zone and the subtropical area display warmings caused by the eruptions of El Chichon and Mt. Pinatubo volcanoes as well as the strong influence of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) which leads to equatorial warming (cooling) in the west (east) phase and cooling (warming) in subtropical latitudes. Only low latitudes show some kind of global teleconnection between hemispheres. Significant correlation with several ocean/atmosphere index time-series like ENSO, Antarctic and Arctic Oscillations (AAO, AO), Arctic Circumpolar Vortex was detected over latitudinally separate regions. Antarctic and Arctic ozone hole values were contrasted with warming and cooling features registered in mid and high latitudes in both hemispheres. The LST reference series exhibit a negative trend, commonly attributed to the increase in greenhouse gases that lead to a warming of the troposphere and a cooling of the stratosphere, in all sub regions. The highest cooling rate of − 0.65 °C/ decade is detected in the Gobi desert, and the lowest values of −0.1 °C/ decade over the NE of Canada and Greenland which indicates the great longitudinal variability that the LST trends may present. The difference with other authors is mainly due to the fact that results are based either on latitudinal averages or radiosonde data.     

The impact of moderate-scale explosive eruptions on stratospheric gas injections

Volcanic gases such as SO ₂, H ₂S, HCl and COS emitted during explosive eruptions significantly affect atmospheric chemistry and therefore the Earth's climate. We have evaluated the dependence of volcanic gas emission into the atmosphere on altitude, latitude, and tectonic setting of volcanoes and on the season in which eruptions occurred. These parameters markedly influence final stratospheric gas loading. The latitudes and altitudes of 360 active volcanoes were compared to the height of the tropopause to calculate the potential quantity of volcanic gases injected into the stratosphere. We calculated a possible stratospheric gas loading based on different volcanic plume heights (6, 10, and 15 km) generated by moderate-scale explosive eruptions to show the importance of the actual plume height and volcano location. At a plume height of 15 km for moderate-scale explosive eruptions, a volcano at sea level can cause stratospheric gas loading because the maximum distance to the tropopause is 15–16 km in the equatorial region (0–30°). Eruptions in the tropics have to be more powerful to inject gas into the stratosphere than eruptions at high latitudes because the tropopause rises from ca. 9–11 km at the poles to 15–16 km in the equatorial region (0–30°N and S). The equatorial region is important for stratospheric gas injection because it is the area with the highest frequency of eruptions. Gas injected into the stratosphere in equatorial areas may spread globally into both hemispheres.     

The boreal spring stratospheric final warming and its interannual and interdecadal variability

Based on the daily NCEP/DOE reanalysis II data,dates of the boreal spring Stratospheric Final Warming(SFW) events during 1979–2010 are defined as the time when the zonal-mean zonal wind at the central latitudes(65°–75°N) of the westerly polar jet drops below zero and never recovers until the subsequent autumn.It is found that the SFW events occur successively from the mid to the lower stratosphere and averagely from the mid to late April with a temporal lag of about 13 days from 10 to 50 hPa.Over the past 32 years,the earliest SFW occurs in mid March whereas the latest SFW happens in late May,showing a clear interannual variability of the time of SFW.Accompanying the SFW onset,the stratospheric circulation transits from a winter dynamical regime to a summertime state,and the maximum negative tendency of zonal wind and the strongest convergence of planetary-wave are observed.Composite results show that the early/late SFW events in boreal spring correspond to a quicker/slower transition of the stratospheric circulation,with the zonal-mean zonal wind reducing about 20/5 m s-1 at 30 hPa within 10 days around the onset date.Meanwhile,the planetary wave activities are relatively strong/weak associating with an out-of-/in-phase circumpolar circulation anomaly before and after the SFW events in the stratosphere.All these results indicate that,the earlier breakdown of the stratospheric polar vortex(SPV),as for the winter stratospheric sudden warming(SSW) events is driven mainly by wave forcing;and in contrast,the later breakdown of the SPV exhibits more characteristics of its seasonal evolution.Nevertheless,after the breakdown of SPV,the polar temperature anomalies always exhibit an out-of-phase relationship between the stratosphere and the troposphere for both the early and late SFW events,which implies an intimate stratosphere–troposphere dynamical coupling in spring.In addition,there exists a remarkable interdecadal change of the onset time of SFW in the mid 1990s.On average,the SFW onset time before the mid 1990s is 11 days earlier than that afterwards,corresponding to the increased/decreased planetary wave activities in late winter-early spring before/after the 1990s.