振动枱原理和地震检波器的试验

地震检波器惯性体的运动方程可以写成: （1） n₀为检波器在无阻尼时的固有圆频率,h为检波器的阻尼常数,y为地面的位移。如用动圈检波器,其输出电压E的方程可写成: （2） S=Bl,称为检波器的电磁放大系数,B为所用磁钢空气隙中的磁感量,l为线圈的有效长度。自公式（1）及（2）可以见到:如果知道了检波器的常数h,n₀和S,检波器的特性便完全确定;然后我们就可以推算检波器惯性体的运动,或是线圈的输出电压与地面运动     

低频检波器频谱补偿算法建模及仿真

采用数值仿真的方法建立了动圈式检波器的仿真模型,推导检波器传递函数,通过对实际动圈式检波器频率特性的测试,验证了动圈式检波器数值仿真模型的正确性,分析动圈检波器频率响应特性,分别对动圈式检波器的自然频率、灵敏度、阻尼比进行仿真,对不同自然频率、灵敏度、阻尼比对检波器输出频率特性的影响进行了分析,使用二阶二次型反馈补偿方法,设计检波器低频补偿结构,结果表明:数值仿真模型与实际检波器的频率响应一致,补偿结构使检波器自然频率由2 Hz降低至0.2 Hz.     

涡流地震检波器的特性及测试方法的研究

本文介绍了涡流地震检波器的工作原理、结构及其频率响应特性--涡流检波器的输出特性在固有频率之上是按外界激励频率的平方递增。高频灵敏度随着激励频率的增加而增高有助于弥补高频信号通过地层传播时的急剧衰减,从而提高了地震勘探的分辨率。在固有频率之下,则加强了低频滤波作用。 本文还以对单自由度线性振动系统的动态分析为基础,研究了利用实验幅频特性曲线来求该系统的固有频率和阻尼系数的方法,推导出必要的计算公式。最后举出一个应用实例,并检验了这种方法的可信度。     

考虑道间时差相位的多道瞬态瑞雷波探测方法

囿于波动问题空间采样率观念的限制,现有多道瞬态瑞雷波探测方法采用小道间距、多道检波器排列方式观测同一次激发的瞬态瑞雷波,虽然解决了同时观测不同频率成分波动的问题,但一个排列的多道检波器只能得到一条瑞雷波相速度-探测深度曲线,工作效率和横向分辨力受到极大限制,同时,所能够提取的最高频率波动成分也受到了检波器排列最小道间距的限制.经分析发现,忽略两个测点之间瞬态瑞雷波到时差对不同频率波动道间相位差的影响是上述问题的根源.针对现有多道瞬态瑞雷波探测方法的弱点,本文阐明了道间时差相位(TDP)的概念和意义,提出了考虑道间时差相位的测点对间相位差分析技术,形成了一套新的多道瞬态瑞雷波探测方法——TDP法. TDP法摆脱了最小道间距的羁绊,只用两道检波器的瞬态瑞雷波记录即可提取多种频率成分波动的相速度,完成现有方法一个多道检波器排列才能完成的工作,探测工作效率大大提高;同时,根据场地岩土体的横向变化适当调整检波器布置的测点间距,在一条测线上布置多个测点,相邻测点对两两组合获得的多条瑞雷波相速度-深度曲线可以反映岩土体横向变化,这使得探测方法的横向分辨力显著提高;另外,由于引进道间时差相位,高频成分的提取不再受道间距的控制,从而探测方法的高频分辨力也得到了大幅度提高,原则上,激发和测试系统能够产生和记录到的高频成分新方法都可以提取到,事实上,这套方法已经成功地拓展到了超声频段的探测工作中.     

光纤布拉格光栅地震检波器的实验研究

光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)是一种新型的传感元件,具有分辨率高、精度高、抗电磁干扰能力强、频带宽等优点.本文以光纤布拉格光栅为敏感元件,设计并制作了一种地震检波器,建立了地震检波器的力学模型,并推导出地震检波器固有频率和灵敏度的理论公式.理论分析了影响地震检波器动态特性的因素,并进行实验对该FBG地震检波器的性能进行研究,实验结果表明:该FBG地震检波器在5～55Hz的振动频率范围内,具有良好的线性响应,而且输出稳定、灵敏度高,适用于地震勘探.     

二维阵列线圈核磁共振地下水探测理论研究

核磁共振法(Magnetic Resonance Sounding,MRS)是一种直接探测地下水的地球物理方法,目前只能对水平层状的含水层进行一维测深,对于尺寸小于线圈直径的二维或三维含水构造成像时,其灵敏度和横向分辨率很低.本文从研究二维阵列线圈核磁共振地下水探测方式的可行性出发,推导了地面发射线圈产生的椭圆极化激发...     

京津高铁列车运行引起的地表振动观测与分析

在京津城际高铁的廊坊段,使用了1000多个数字地震检波器进行连续长时间观测.位于高铁高架桥轨道下方的检波器记录了列车通过时引起的地表振动.数据分析显示,列车经过轨道不同位置处引起的地表振动信号差异较大,而同一位置处不同列车引起的振动则具有很好的相似性,表明影响振动波形的主要因素是高架桥梁及轨道,可以利用长期观测数据来作为轨道及高架结构失稳的预警.对振动信号频率分析的结果表明,列车经过时以及经过后的十几秒时间内存在着能量较强的简谐波振动,可能和轨道及桥梁结构有关.使用轨道下方的采集信号与2~4 km外的另外一条观测测线信号进行互相关处理,可以得到信噪比很高的虚震源记录,表明列车振动信号可以沿地表传播几公里甚至更远.     

陆用压电单点检波器研发与应用

目前地震勘探中广泛使用动圈式检波器组合接收地震数据,动圈检波器动态范围只有60 dB、灵敏度低、响应频率范围窄,不能同时检测深层低频地震信号和分辨率所需要的高频信号,使得24位地震仪器120 dB动态范围的指标不能真正发挥作用.检波器组合造成的叠加效应也会在一定程度上降低频率、模糊地震反射特征,已经不能满足当前高精度勘探开发的需求.研究团队经过多年技术攻关,先后攻克了压电陶瓷一致性与抗冲击能力差、低频响应差、电池长期供电等技术难关,自主研发了陆用压电单点检波器,具有频带宽、动态范围大、灵敏度高、兼容性好等优势,技术指标达到或接近了DSU、GAC等国外数字检波器的水平.在实验室测试及多个区块对比实验的基础上,实现了产品定型与工业化生产,在胜利油田东风港三维首次使用了陆用压电检波器进行地震生产,取得了良好的应用效果,对推动东部老油区单点高密度地震技术的进步具有积极的示范作用.     

灰岩裸露区检波器三自由度耦合系统理论的研究

中国南方海相碳酸盐岩沉积盆地的分布幅员辽阔,地下油气等资源极为丰富,但是由于大面积坚硬灰岩的出露,给检波器完好耦合带来了很大困难,从而降低了地震采集资料的品质,严重制约了该地区未来的油气勘探.目前野外检波器耦合试验缺乏较为合适的理论指导,带有较大的盲目性.为此,本文考虑到检波器与灰岩耦合时增加了耦合介质（石膏、泥饼等）的实际情况,提出了检波器-灰岩三自由度耦合系统的理论,研究了耦合介质、尾锥和阻尼等耦合因素对检波器-灰岩耦合系统传输函数的影响规律.发现检波器-灰岩耦合系统是具有三个谐振频率的谐振系统,通过增加耦合介质的弹性模量、减小耦合介质的底面积和高度、选用介质密度较小的尾锥、减小尾锥的高度、增加尾锥的底面积等,可以提高耦合谐振频率.通过适当增加耦合系统的阻尼,可以减小耦合系统的窄频带“带通滤波”的影响.最后,通过振动台实验初步验证了检波器-灰岩三自由度耦合系统理论模型.     

从一个野外试验看不同检波器的差异——以DSU3与20dx为例

数字检波器是近年来发展起来的一种新型检波装置.为了对比数字检波器与普通模拟检波器的差别,我们选择数字检波器DSU3与模拟检波器20 dx进行了一个针对性的野外试验.从试验结果上来看,二者主要存在四个方面的差异.通过分析差异的原因,我们认为模拟检波经过多年的应用,从理论认识到实践操作都非常成熟,但是存在容易受到电磁干扰、信号串音、漏电等现象;同时,即使经过‘类检波器反褶积’后,模拟检波器仍然难以补偿数据的‘极低频’部分;模拟检波器的灵敏度有待于进一步提高,以便降低电噪声在全部信号中所占的比例,提高信噪比;数字检波器确实在电学指标方面取得了一些进步,尤其在灵敏度、线性畸变、线性频带范围、适量保真度等方面;但是,数字检波器在耦合效应,一致性、稳定性或者抗干扰能力均存在一些问题.同时,在石油勘探中‘强噪音’以及‘多次覆盖’的双重背景下,受当前处理能力的限制,检波器电学性能方面的‘极高指标’,并不能保证地震数据的‘极高质量’.我们的研究表明:使检波器更小、更轻、更好耦合的努力与电学指标的改进具有同等重要的意义;具有良好的电学性能,更好的耦合参数,稳定性好,耐用,价格合理的检波器是我们追求的目标.     

ELECTRONIC ACCELERATION-SENSITIVE GEOPHONE FOR SEISMIC PROSPECTING***

Previously ignored characteristics of the seismic recording instrument are presently experienced as limitations as more sophisticated interpretive methods using wider frequency ranges are developed to extract stratigraphic information from seismic land data for hydrocarbon and mineral exploration. Most of these limitations arise from inadequate characteristics of the first element of the seismic instrument: the geophone. A geophone does not faithfully follow the motion of the earth for higher frequencies due to poor geophone-earth coupling. This filtering effect brings about time shifts that are dependent on the frequency and the soil type. A geophone can also produce spurious outputs, brought about by the motion of the suspended part of the geophone, with a magnitude comparable to that of the desired output. The suspension is made very compliant to obtain the required sensitivity. A compliant suspension, however, gives a large sag. The geophone can therefore only be used in one position, tolerating little tilt. A compliant suspension also widens the traveling range of the movable part. Minor sensitivity changes with travel are then noticeable as nonlinearity, since the surface wave is large with respect to the reflected wave. A compliant suspension is usually realized in the form of thin, spirally shaped spring-spiders. Such suspensions exhibit transverse or rotational resonances that are in or close to the seismic frequency band. Excited by ground roll, they can produce considerable undesirable output. The novel geophone we describe is a light-weight (17 g) acceleration-sensitive transducer which gives good ground coupling and partial correction for the increasing damping in the earth with increasing frequencies. It employs internal hybrid electronics for a magnetodynamic velocity-nulling feedback system. Velocity nulling makes the movable part of the geophone virtually rigid with respect to the housing. This makes the geophone characteristics independent of the suspension. The springs used are stiff in a transverse and rotational direction so that the suspension resonances are well outside the useful frequency band. This suspension also allows the geophone to be used in any orientation while being only sensitive to the vibration component along the main axis. The feedback system makes the sensitivity flat within 1 dB from 2 Hz to 500 Hz, with a phase tolerance smaller than 5°. The geophone is robust, has no moving internal wires, employs a current output [sensitivity 1 mA/(m s^?2)] and internal gain so that the signal-to-cable-noise ratio is improved. This type of output allows parallel connection without any interaction between the geophones.     

THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES TO THE GEOPHONE SPURIOUS FREQUENCY*

The geophone spurious frequency is modeled as the resonance of the planar motion of a spider spring carrying a moving mass. An analytic solution is found using the Castigliano method by assuming that the spring arm is a single-mode vibrating cantilever beam. The spring shape is found from this analysis. When the typical spring has a circumferentially varying cross-section, the Castigliano method is no longer applicable. A dimensional analysis is used as an approximate method for general design. Based on the theoretical result, a rotational fixture and a translational fixture were designed for experimental purposes. A low-noise fixture and a phase-averaging technique provide the amplitude and spurious resonance in the frequency domain. Finally, a test is run by using a rotational fixture to compare with the approximate method of spurious frequency prediction. Very good agreement between prediction and experiment is found.     

Using Four-Component Geophones: Effect on the Quality and Reliability of Multicomponent Seismic Recording and Analysis of Processing Methods

For seismic observations in mines or wells, instead of three-component geophones, four-component ones with sensors located along the tetrahedral axes are sometimes used. When a geophone is placed in a hard-to-reach area for a long time, the requirements on its reliability increase, so it is necessary to monitor its operation. From this viewpoint, a four-component geophone has certain advantages over the conventional three-component geophone, the three ones being suppression of instrument noise for the recalculation of a four-component record into a three-component one, saving of the polarization analysis data in case one geophone component fails, and sensitivity control of individual geophone components. To suppress instrument noise in records from a four-component geophone, the following processing should be performed: first, calculation of the covariance matrix of recording components, second calculation of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the covariance matrix, and third, the parameter used to assess the ratio of instrument noise to the useful signal is calculated. After that, the operator projecting a four-component displacement vector onto a three-dimensional subspace is constructed. Application of this operator to data suppresses interference or noise (which do not correspond to motion in three-dimensional space). The output of the processing is data partially cleaned of instrument noise. In this paper, using model examples, we analyze the features of processing data from four-component geophones. The possibility of suppressing instrument noise and controlling the sensitivities of individual geophone components is demonstrated, and the effect on polarization analysis results is shown.     

陆上高分辨率地震勘探检波器性能及应用效果分析(英文)

地震检波器的性能是高分辨率地震数据采集中的一个重要因素,对资料的品质影响很大。为此,作者在不同类型地区对目前在高分辨率地震勘探中常用的动圈式检波器、涡流检波器和数字检波器的性能进行了对比试验。通过野外工作的实际,总结了动圈式检波器、涡流检波器和数字检波器在不同表层地质条件地区的应用效果,提出了适合该类地区高分辨率地震检波器的性能指标,指出合理选择检波器类型和检波器的联接方式,能提高地震资料的信噪比和分辨率。     

海陆两栖地区地震勘探新型检波器的研制及应用效果

本文分析了海陆两栖地带地震勘探中同时使 用的速度检波器和加速度检波器存在的差异及其对 地震信号的影响;在此基础上,设计研制出了陆用 压电检波器,并对其性能特点进行了分析;通过试 验资料分析,消除了海陆两种不同机理的检波器资 料的相位差的问题,陆用压电检波器和水中压电检 波器记录信号的频带和能量达到一致,提高了地震 资料的分辨率;实现了海陆地区可以同时采用相同 机理的检波器进行地震信号的接收,解决了滩海地 区速度检波器和加速度检波器长期混用的问题。     

Application of a New Qeneration of Geophonesto Improve Seismic Acquisitionin Onshore-offshore Transition Areas

In this paper, we review the differences between velocity geophones （VG） and acceleration geophones （AG） and their effect on seismic signals acquired in onshore-offshore transition areas. We present a new generation of Land Piezoelectric Geophone （LPG） and analyze its performance. Our field experiments demonstrate that our new LPG can be used to substitute for VGs in order to eliminate phase, frequency and energy differences between different geophone systems commonlv used in transition areas.     

IMPROVED PHASE-ELLIPSE METHOD FOR IN SITU GEOPHONE CALIBRATION*

For amplitude and phase response calibration of moving-coil electromagnetic geophones two parameters are needed, namely, the geophone natural frequency, f₀, and the geophone upper resonance frequency f_u. The phase-ellipse method is commonly used for the in situ determination of these parameters. For a given signal-to-noise ratio, the precision of the measurement off₀ andf_u depends on the phase sensitivity, f(δφ/δf) For some commercial geophones f(δφ/δf) atf_u can be an order of magnitude less than the sensitivity atf₀. In this paper we present an improved phase-ellipse method with increased precision. Compared to measurements made with the existing phase-ellipse methods, our method shows a 6- and 3-fold improvement in the precision, respectively, on measurements of f₀ andf_u on a commercial geophone.     

光栅Bragg地震检波器的传感特性研究(英文)

针对目前石油地震勘探的瓶颈—检波器性能差的问题,设计了一种新型光纤Bragg光栅（FBG）地震检波器,阐述了其工作原理,并从理论上给出了检波器的响应函数等参数。由于FBG的传感优势,这种新型地震检波器动态范围可达94dB,灵敏度高,重量轻,造价低,是理想的新一代地震勘探信号采集单元。     

SEPARATION OF P- AND S-WAVES*

In combined P- and SV-observations with vertical and in-line horizontal geophones, recognition and separation of the individual P- and S-arrivals may form a considerable problem. Due to the geophone receiving characteristics, P- and S-waves are observed on both horizontal and vertical geophones. A new method of separating P- and S-waves is presented that inverts the geophone records for the receiving characteristics, thereby separating the two wavetypes. The filter coefficients are determined from the near-surface P- and S-wave velocity and from the geometry of the geophone groups. The P/S-separation filter was tested on synthetic data with good results. Even PS- and SP-converted reflections, which are completely coinciding for horizontal reflectors, could be well separated. The filter appears to be stable and to have low sensitivity to noise in the data or to errors in the near-surface P- and S-wave velocity. The filter is superior to other separation methods, which were applied to the same dataset for comparison. This method can also be applied to VSP data.     

Geophones on blocks: a prototype towable geophone system for shallow land seismic investigations

In recent years some authors have given a certain amount of attention to towed seismic reflection acquisition systems. Based on some of these works we sought to design and test a system making use of currently available geophones instead of specifically designed sensors as employed in some previous works. Thus, bearing in mind that the geophone's characteristics are achieved in the conditions that they are originally designed to be employed in, i.e., coupled with a spike driven into the ground, we devoted our attention to some of the variables involved in the geophone's performance, namely the total weight, the effect of a spikeless geophone and the surfaces on which the geophone is placed. Previously, we had experimentally verified some variations in the signal response due to coupling geophones in different surface materials, such as hard soil, asphalt and concrete pavement and we noticed that these surface materials were in fact an important factor in the overall response. Hence, these materials, or as we also called them coupling agents, could be employed as a base material in the construction of a mobile seismic acquisition device composed of blocks of a certain size, on which the geophone would be then inserted and thus making it into a spikeless surface towable system. Therefore, various materials were tested in order to select one that could maintain a similar fidelity to that of the spike coupled geophone and thus contribute towards building a more time efficient and towable geophone and block system. Pinging tests revealed variations in the coupling frequency and damping characteristics of each coupling agent and from all of these tested materials one was selected for field comparative tests with the normally planted geophones with spike coupling. Finally a seismic reflection profile was acquired simultaneously with both systems, i.e., spike coupling versus cement block coupled geophones. This field test showed similar results in terms of signal levels and frequency content and therefore it was possible to observe the presence of the same reflectors and other seismic events in either of the time sections. With this experiment we propose not only a system that allows a time efficient seismic field operation but we also aim to encourage more research into the response dependency of the coupling agent of which the towable base block is made of.