光纤布拉格光栅地震检波器的实验研究

光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)是一种新型的传感元件,具有分辨率高、精度高、抗电磁干扰能力强、频带宽等优点.本文以光纤布拉格光栅为敏感元件,设计并制作了一种地震检波器,建立了地震检波器的力学模型,并推导出地震检波器固有频率和灵敏度的理论公式.理论分析了影响地震检波器动态特性的因素,并进行实验对该FBG地震检波器的性能进行研究,实验结果表明:该FBG地震检波器在5～55Hz的振动频率范围内,具有良好的线性响应,而且输出稳定、灵敏度高,适用于地震勘探.     

光纤传感技术在地震勘探中的应用研究

传统地震检波器的缺陷限制了高精度地震勘探技术的进一步发展.日益成熟的光纤传感技术不仅广泛应用在各个领域,而且也促进了石油勘探的发展.光纤光栅具有抗电磁干扰、灵敏度高等优点,有望提高地震检波器的性能.文章针对光纤传感技术的特点,探讨了其在地震勘探中的应用.根据光纤传感的原理对光纤型地震检波器进行分类,重点阐述了光纤传感技...     

三维地震属性技术在湖区的应用效果

微山湖湖区表层地震地质条件十分复杂,芦苇丛生,三维地震勘探野外数据采集采用自行研制的钻井平台加套管护壁的成孔工艺,沼泽检波器加上加长尾椎,提高了检波器的耦合效果,获取了高信噪比的三维地震数据。资料解释应用了三维可视化、相干数据体、地震属性技术进行三维构造精细化解释,明显提高了地震解释识别地下小地质构造及地震异常体的能力,它完善和发展了三维高分辨率地震勘探技术,扩大了地震勘探的应用范围,为解决煤矿开采阶段所遇到的构造、煤层等地质问题提供了一种综合应用的解释方法,在湖区的勘探开发中,取得了明显的地震地质效果。     

用于深部探测的地震检波器低频拓展技术

利用地震探测的方法获得地球深部精细构造,从而增强深部资源勘探和重大地质灾害预测能力,是目前地球物理学研究的热点之一.本文简要回顾了国内外深部地震探测研究的历史,分析和解释了在精确深部地震探测中保护低频地震信号的重要性和必要性.在此基础上进一步阐述了地震检波器的低频特性对获取高质量深部地震数据的意义,重点归纳总结了如何利用伺服技术、闭环极点补偿技术以及力平衡反馈技术实现地震检波器的低频拓展,并以典型深部地震探测项目为例介绍了低频检波器在深部探测中的应用及主要取得的成果.最后,结合新型材料和新型加工技术,指出了未来深部地震检波器发展的主要方向.     

光纤布拉格光栅地震检波器的研究与应用

光纤布拉格光栅地震检波技术是一门较新的地震检波技术.实验表明,用光纤Bragg光栅做成的检波器不仅频带宽、稳定性好,而且灵敏度高,是一种较理想的地震勘探仪器.文章主要介绍了光纤布拉格光栅地震检波器的传感原理、理论计算及其工作原理,为光纤Bragg光栅地震检波器的研究以及实际应用提供了依据.     

深海油气地震勘探进展和展望

20世纪90年代后期以来，随着深海技术的进步，寻找新型大油气田的成功率明显上升，深海勘探进入一个新的纪元。本文较为详尽的综述了近几年国外在深海石油地震勘探中的关键技术和新发现，主要包括：（1）似地震反射面勘探技术探测天然气水合物；（2）混合地震反演技术；（3）区域多次二维叠前深度偏移技术，（4）地震和地质力学方法，（5）近偏移距离压制多次波，在将来的10年，海底检波器随地形排列等方面将成为新的深海油气勘探发展趋势。     

滩浅海两栖地区油气地震勘探激发接收技术研究

针对海陆两栖地区地震勘探激发、接收中存在的问题,通过改造炸药震源的装药结构和起爆方式,研制出了一种新型激发震源,提高了激发信号的品质,减小了与气枪震源之闻的信号差异;在接收技术上,研制了新型压电检波器以代替常规的沼泽机电检波器,提高了接收地震信号的频率,实现了水陆相同感应机理的检波器同时接收地震信号,消除了两种不同检波器造成的信号差异;通过对两种新技术的试验分析,认为明显提高了地震资料的分辨率和信噪比,促进了海陆两栖地区地震勘探技术的发展．     

速度、加速度检波器及其获取信息的研究(英文)

本文从两种类型的地震检波器(10hz动圈式速度检波器和压电加速度检波器)及其检测介质的两种运动动参数(速度和加速度)入手,测试和对比分析了它们的频率响应函数,指出了二者的差异。又对两种检波器进行了冲击振动试验和结果对比,分析了其响应信号的特征和携带信息的能力。并于某地区在可比条件下进行了地震数据采集对比试验,对用两种检波器采集得到的单炮资料和叠加时间剖面进行了对比分析。结果表明,加速度信号更能满足当前和今后地震勘探对地震信号的高信噪比、高精度、高分辨率和大信息量的要求。     

宽线地震技术在辽河盆地西部凹陷八一水库区域勘探的应用

宽线地震技术是一种地震勘探方法，它采用的是一种特殊的三维观测系统，特别适合在一些障碍区内施工。本文介绍的这项技术主要包括：研制出新型的水中钻井平台，解决了水中激发问题；精心试验，掌握了不同类型检波器之间的相位差别；采取一些特殊的处理方法，解决了新老资料在采集方法和资料品质上的差异。综合应用这些技术有效地填补了以往勘探地震剖面上的资料空白。     

单道地震电缆检波器线性组合特性分析

单道地震电缆采用检波器线性组合方式,单道地震剖面的信噪比和分辨率与检波器线性组合特性密切相关。将对检波器线性组合方式的方向特性和滤波特性进行了理论分析,并结合海上试验数据,对不同勘探目的、作业水深和检波器线性组合参数条件下的单道地震剖面及其频谱进行对比分析。研究结果认为:在浅水海域,或探测目标层较浅的海洋单道地震勘探中,可选择检波器数量较少且相邻检波器间距较小的检波器组合方式,以提高资料分辨率;而在深水海域和探测目标层较深的海洋单道地震勘探时,应该选择检波器数量较多且相邻检波器间距较大的检波器组合方式,以改善资料信噪比。     

陆上高分辨率地震勘探检波器性能及应用效果分析(英文)

地震检波器的性能是高分辨率地震数据采集中的一个重要因素,对资料的品质影响很大。为此,作者在不同类型地区对目前在高分辨率地震勘探中常用的动圈式检波器、涡流检波器和数字检波器的性能进行了对比试验。通过野外工作的实际,总结了动圈式检波器、涡流检波器和数字检波器在不同表层地质条件地区的应用效果,提出了适合该类地区高分辨率地震检波器的性能指标,指出合理选择检波器类型和检波器的联接方式,能提高地震资料的信噪比和分辨率。     

Field testing of modular borehole monitoring with simultaneous distributed acoustic sensing and geophone vertical seismic profiles at Citronelle,Alabama

A modular borehole monitoring concept has been implemented to provide a suite of well‐based monitoring tools that can be deployed cost effectively in a flexible and robust package. The initial modular borehole monitoring system was deployed as part of a CO₂ injection test operated by the Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership near Citronelle, Alabama. The Citronelle modular monitoring system transmits electrical power and signals, fibre‐optic light pulses, and fluids between the surface and a reservoir. Additionally, a separate multi‐conductor tubing‐encapsulated line was used for borehole geophones, including a specialized clamp for casing clamping with tubing deployment. The deployment of geophones and fibre‐optic cables allowed comparison testing of distributed acoustic sensing. We designed a large source effort (>64 sweeps per source point) to test fibre‐optic vertical seismic profile and acquired data in 2013. The native measurement in the specific distributed acoustic sensing unit used (an iDAS from Silixa Ltd) is described as a localized strain rate. Following a processing flow of adaptive noise reduction and rebalancing the signal to dimensionless strain, improvement from repeated stacking of the source was observed. Conversion of the rebalanced strain signal to equivalent velocity units, via a scaling by local apparent velocity, allows quantitative comparison of distributed acoustic sensing and geophone data in units of velocity. We see a very good match of uncorrelated time series in both amplitude and phase, demonstrating that velocity‐converted distributed acoustic sensing data can be analyzed equivalent to vertical geophones. We show that distributed acoustic sensing data, when averaged over an interval comparable to typical geophone spacing, can obtain signal‐to‐noise ratios of 18 dB to 24 dB below clamped geophones, a result that is variable with noise spectral amplitude because the noise characteristics are not identical. With vertical seismic profile processing, we demonstrate the effectiveness of downgoing deconvolution from the large spatial sampling of distributed acoustic sensing data, along with improved upgoing reflection quality. We conclude that the extra source effort currently needed for tubing‐deployed distributed acoustic sensing vertical seismic profile, as part of a modular monitoring system, is well compensated by the extra spatial sampling and lower deployment cost as compared with conventional borehole geophones.     

海陆两栖地区地震勘探新型检波器的研制及应用效果

本文分析了海陆两栖地带地震勘探中同时使 用的速度检波器和加速度检波器存在的差异及其对 地震信号的影响;在此基础上,设计研制出了陆用 压电检波器,并对其性能特点进行了分析;通过试 验资料分析,消除了海陆两种不同机理的检波器资 料的相位差的问题,陆用压电检波器和水中压电检 波器记录信号的频带和能量达到一致,提高了地震 资料的分辨率;实现了海陆地区可以同时采用相同 机理的检波器进行地震信号的接收,解决了滩海地 区速度检波器和加速度检波器长期混用的问题。     

Application of a New Qeneration of Geophonesto Improve Seismic Acquisitionin Onshore-offshore Transition Areas

In this paper, we review the differences between velocity geophones （VG） and acceleration geophones （AG） and their effect on seismic signals acquired in onshore-offshore transition areas. We present a new generation of Land Piezoelectric Geophone （LPG） and analyze its performance. Our field experiments demonstrate that our new LPG can be used to substitute for VGs in order to eliminate phase, frequency and energy differences between different geophone systems commonlv used in transition areas.     

地震检波器的横向灵敏度特性

地震检波器受到地面横向运动激励时的输入输出关系定义为检波器的横向灵敏度特性.本文对检波器线圈受到横向激励时产生的轴向振动进行了分析.可以看到,当悬挂线圈的弹簧片悬丝发生动力失稳时,检波器的横向灵敏度突然增大;在线圈横向振幅很小的情况下,失稳频率接近悬丝的横向固有频率.利用谱分析技术可以准确地从检波器噪声中检测出检波器的横向灵敏度和失稳频率,即检波器假频.     

SEPARATION OF P- AND S-WAVES*

In combined P- and SV-observations with vertical and in-line horizontal geophones, recognition and separation of the individual P- and S-arrivals may form a considerable problem. Due to the geophone receiving characteristics, P- and S-waves are observed on both horizontal and vertical geophones. A new method of separating P- and S-waves is presented that inverts the geophone records for the receiving characteristics, thereby separating the two wavetypes. The filter coefficients are determined from the near-surface P- and S-wave velocity and from the geometry of the geophone groups. The P/S-separation filter was tested on synthetic data with good results. Even PS- and SP-converted reflections, which are completely coinciding for horizontal reflectors, could be well separated. The filter appears to be stable and to have low sensitivity to noise in the data or to errors in the near-surface P- and S-wave velocity. The filter is superior to other separation methods, which were applied to the same dataset for comparison. This method can also be applied to VSP data.     

ON THE MINIMIZATION OF THE DISTORTION CAUSED BY THE GEOPHONE-GROUND COUPLING *

It is well known that the application of the “bright spot’ technique has been more successful in marine prospecting than in land prospecting. This is due partly to the problem of distortion of the seismic signal caused by the geophone-ground coupling, especially when carrying out high resolution, shallow seismic surveys in swampy terrain. The effect of geophone-ground coupling on the response of a single geophone to the incident compressional waves has been treated by several authors. However, they have always neglected the influence of mutual interaction between an array of geophones on the response of each geophone forming the array. We show that mutual interaction, which results from the re-radiation of the incident compressional waves by the geophones forming the array, can have considerable effect on the response of each geophone. The effect of the geophone-ground coupling on the response of a seismic channel is considered in the absence and presence of mutual interaction between a group of geophones for the case when the shear wave velocity of the soil varies by a factor of three.     

固体液体分界面处P波和S波波场的分离

在地震勘探中,Ｐ波和Ｓ波入射到一固体液体分界面处时,在该分界处的水平检波器和垂直检波器将接受到相位的响应垂直的响应。垂直检波器的响应与在自由界面处的垂直检波器 响应大概相同,而水平检波器对Ｐ波的响应相对于对Ｓ波的 来说要强。     

Convolutional neural networks for automated microseismic detection in downhole distributed acoustic sensing data and comparison to a surface geophone array

Distributed acoustic sensing is a growing technology that enables affordable downhole recording of strain wavefields from microseismic events with spatial sampling down to ∼1 m. Exploiting this high spatial information density motivates different detection approaches than typically used for downhole geophones. A new machine learning method using convolutional neural networks is described that operates on the full strain wavefield. The method is tested using data recorded in a horizontal observation well during hydraulic fracturing in the Eagle Ford Shale, Texas, and the results are compared to a surface geophone array that simultaneously recorded microseismic activity. The neural network was trained using synthetic microseismic events injected into real ambient noise, and it was applied to detect events in the remaining data. There were 535 detections found and no false positives. In general, the signal-to-noise ratio of events recorded by distributed acoustic sensing was lower than the surface array and 368 of 933 surface array events were found. Despite this, 167 new events were found in distributed acoustic sensing data that had no detected counterpart in the surface array. These differences can be attributed to the different detection threshold that depends on both magnitude and distance to the optical fibre. As distributed acoustic sensing data quality continues to improve, neural networks offer many advantages for automated, real-time microseismic event detection, including low computational cost, minimal data pre-processing, low false trigger rates and continuous performance improvement as more training data are acquired.