江淮地区地震考古的新发现

对江淮地区近期发掘的四个考古遗址进行了地震考古研究,发现了丰富的构造变形现象,包括古地震事件。其中固镇小李家遗址的汉代砖室墓变形具有统一的方向性,显示受区域NE-SW向构造应力作用形成,与强烈地震的快速变形无关;合肥乱墩子遗址的多数竖穴土坑墓存在不规则变形,但M66的压扭变形可能受郯庐断裂右旋走滑活动牵引形成,也与地震力作用无关。在和县大城子遗址和马鞍山申东遗址发现古地震遗迹,主要为地震裂缝、文化层位错及褶曲。在和县大城子遗址通过文化层中木炭的AMS14C测年确定出西周中晚期的一次古地震事件（2 580±30)~(2 760±30） a BP;在马鞍山申东遗址通过文化层考古断代及地震裂缝与文化层的切割关系识别出一次古地震事件亦发生于西周中晚期。最后综合本次研究与前人对江淮地区西周时期的古地震研究成果,初步认为西周中晚期江淮地区处于中强地震活跃期。     

安徽固镇垓下遗址自然变形遗迹的发现及特征初探

古遗址、墓地发掘过程中自然变形的识别研究是反演或充实历史或史前地震变形资料的重要工作。地震部门与文物考古部门合作,对安徽固镇垓下遗址考古现场进行了专题发掘研究,发现了断层和裂缝,初步研究显示为同期2次层位变动事件的遗迹,发生时代约相当于大汶口文化晚期,该工作有助于推动中国东部人类文化层中地震遗迹的识别     

中国地震考古研究概述

为了客观地概述中国地震考古研究现状,对地震和考古两大文献系统中的有关研究论文。进行了收集、归类、分析。本文以具体实例阐述了考古学在历史地震研究和古地震研究中的应用、以及考古学在评估地震灾害和了解古代建筑抗震性能等方面的重要意义。总的看来,中国地震考古研究在70年代中期才起步,迄今尚未趋于完全成熟。随着近代地震科学技术的发展,地震考古研究手段可望在今后得到更为极积的应用。     

1303年山西8级大震研究刍议

通过对1303年山西8级特大地震历史记载、文物考古调查资料的归类整理和考证研究，以及对遭受大震破坏的古建筑物、构筑物等进行分类及其破坏程度的分析对比，讨论了以往相关研究中对历史资料利用时存在的不足。根据历史文献分析，确定了大震前后160年间山西境内的41次地震事件，其中包括新增3～6级地震27次。这些地震在8级大震前后有明显地从南向北迁移的现象。以宏观破坏记载和考古调查资料的考证为依据绘出的等震线图清楚地表明，极震区和宏观震中位置应该在霍州-孝义附近。     

祁连山北缘佛洞庙-红崖子断裂古地震特征初步研究

佛洞庙-红崖子断裂位于祁连山北缘断裂带中部,是祁连山与河西走廊之间的一条重要边界断裂,断裂全长约110km,总体走向北西西,该断裂为一条全新世活动的逆-左旋走滑断裂,断裂活动形成了一系列陡坎、断层崖以及冲沟和阶地左旋等断错地貌.本文通过3个探槽剖面对发生在该断裂上的古地震事件进行了分析,可确定地震事件2次,事件Ⅰ为历史地震,发生在距今400年前,为1609年红崖堡71/4级地震;事件Ⅱ的年代为距今（6.3±0.6）ka B.P.和（7.4±0.4）ka B.P.之间.同时结合前人的一些研究资料,对古地震的复发模式和间隔进行了初步讨论.     

中国东部史前地震事件的的识别问题

中国东部地区气候湿润,物理化学风化作用强烈,加上地震周期长,人类活动频繁,地质事件遗迹难寻;另一方面,东部地区经济蓬勃发展,建(构)筑物和公众地震安全要求攀升.本文为解决这一日益尖锐矛盾作了相应综述和分析,并提出了一些建议:从经验预报统计样本局限性分析入手,综述史前地震识别标志和事件时序的分析研究现状,在此基础上提出了中国东部地区史前地震事件强化研究思路,即充分利用大规模考古发掘和工程所揭露的机遇,抢救性编录、分析.同时与考古、地质等相关部门联手,反演并重构全新世以来天然变形事件时序,用于弥补经验性预报的样本局限,从而科学预测地震趋势.作者的初步实践表明,这一思路是可行的,通过持之以恒的努力,有望达到预期目标.     

青海喇家遗址古地震喷砂磁化率异常现象与机制的初步研究

国际地球科学计划(IGCP567,2008)指出"地震考古"的目的是:通过考古学中发现的遗迹,分析历史上的地震信息,这就首先需要在考古遗址中找出可靠的标准来识别古地震.目前,国外学者虽然对磁化率的微观研究比较深入,国内学者在实际应用领域亦取得成果.     

中国东部史前地震事件的识别问题

中国东部地区气候湿润,物理化学风化作用强烈,加上地震周期长,人类活动频繁,地质事件遗迹难寻;另一方面,东部地区经济蓬勃发展,建（构）筑物和公众地震安全要求攀升。本文为解决这一日益尖锐矛盾作了相应综述和分析,并提出了一些建议：从经验预报统计样本局限性分析入手,综述史前地震识别标志和事件时序的分析研究现状,在此基础上提出了中国东部地区史前地震事件强化研究思路,即充分利用大规模考古发掘和工程所揭露的机遇,抢救性编录、分析。同时与考古、地质等相关部门联手,反演并重构全新世以来天然变形事件时序,用于弥补经验性预报的样本局限,从而科学预测地震趋势。作者的初步实践表明,这一思路是可行的,通过持之以恒的努力,有望达到预期目标。     

运用历史地震资料重在考证

完备、翔实、可靠的历史地震资料是研究地震活动性的重要基础.云南地区历史地震事件漏载数量巨大,深入挖掘史料并认真考证,对于历史地震编目和地震活动性研究尤为重要.以云南为例,阐述了历史地震资料考证的重要性、原则和例证,进而认为:历史地震资料的采择应当审慎;应使用最新出版的经过考证的资料;采用本文所述考证原则对解决疑难历史地震有效;历史上的某些点滴记载有时可能是大地震事件的线索,值得深入考证;加强历史地震基础性研究,对于地震学科的发展十分重要.     

南天山低角度逆断层古地震破裂变形模式

近年来逆冲型破坏性地震频发,这对于逆冲型破裂的古地震研究方法提出了新的要求。由于逆断层角度的变化,在地震中可能表现出截然不同的破裂样式。通过对南天山大量古地震探槽开挖和古地震事件分析研究中发现,低角度逆断层的古地震具有一些常见的破裂类型。本文中挑选了位于南天山三个重要山前逆断裂褶皱带:西段柯坪推覆系、中段库车坳陷的秋里塔格褶皱带和东段焉耆盆地北缘和静逆断裂褶皱带的7个典型探槽剖面,对这类低角度逆断层的古地震进行变形模式、事件识别和位移量计算的总结归纳。低角度逆断层古地震破裂具有以下几种样式并具有各自识别古地震事件和计算位移量的方法:1一条断面对应一次事件的破裂形式,利用断面上断点位置识别古地震事件并判断事件的先后顺序。每个断面各自的位移量正好代表一次事件的位移量。2单条断面多次破裂的样式可以通过上下不同地层的位错量差异判断古地震事件,各个相邻地层之间的位错量差值代表古地震事件的位移量。3多条断面同时破裂的情况表现为多条断面被相同一套地层覆盖,事件位移量为多条断面的位错量之和。4挠曲变形和"推土机"作用是低角度逆断层古地震破裂常见的变形方式,这部分变形量不能忽略,可以通过线平衡和面平衡方法获得断层水平缩短量。     

西汉至元末甘肃地区地震灾害的发生及特点初探

甘肃及邻区是中国大陆强震多发地区之一,在历史上曾经发生过多次大规模的地震灾害。从西汉惠帝二年（公元前193）开始,中国历史典籍记载了发生在甘肃的600多次地震灾害,其中绝大多数地震都发生在明清以后,与明清时期私撰史籍,方志盛行不无关系。西汉到元末近1600年间的地震灾害记载相对较少,但认识这一时段甘肃地区的地震灾害对认识甘肃省的地震全貌至关重要,基于此认识,笔者依据相关资料,撰写此文简要介绍了从西汉惠帝二年开始有地震灾害记载到元末这一历史时段里各个时期的地震灾害情况及总体特点。     

历史地震目录修订问题

中国地震目录历经四次大规模的修订,已渐趋完善,然而,由于资料的不足和认识的差异,对地震目录中,特别是历史地震目录中一些参数的确定,甚至地震的增删,还存在不同看法和外议,给实际使用造成一定困难。本文针对目前历史地震目录确定中存在的多观点状态,提出四个方面的问题,希望引起历史地震工作者讨论,以期共同制定一个能为大家接受的历史地震参数确定方法的规约。     

基于微震监测技术的田野文物防盗方法研究

国内外对于微地震监测技术的研究虽然并不成熟,但其在油气田、煤田、地热等领域的应用得到了快速的发展.本文在分析研究古墓等田野文物被盗时人为活动特点基础上,提出了采用微地震监测技术,通过建立微震动监测网,实现对田野文物防盗掘保护的实时监控的技术方法.该方法通过对地下半空间介质内地震信号的采集、传输、处理和识别,实现对目标区域内地下挖掘、爆破盗掘等犯罪活动的实时监控和报警.结合河南某古墓防盗掘监控系统的试验研究,详细讨论了系统构成,以及最大限度防止漏报,减少误报的技术措施.近两年时间监测结果表明,利用对盗墓时产生的微震动信号的监测,是古墓等田野文物防盗保护的较为有效的技术途径,弥补了现今安防技术对于地下活动监控的不足.     

Methodology for credibility assessment of historical global LUCC datasets

Land use-induced land cover change(LUCC) is an important anthropogenic driving force of global change that has influenced, and is still influencing, many aspects of regional and global environments. Accurate historical global land use/cover datasets are essential for a better understanding of the impacts of LUCC on global change. However, there are not only evident inconsistencies in current historical global land use/cover datasets, but inaccuracies in the data in these global dataset revealed by historical record-based reconstructed regional data throughout the world. A focus in historical LUCC and global change research relates to how the accuracy of historical global land cover datasets can be improved. A methodology for assessing the credibility of existing historical global land cover datasets that addresses temporal as well as spatial changes in the amount and distribution of land cover is therefore needed. Theoretically, the credibility of a global land cover dataset could be assessed by comparing similarities or differences in the data according to actual land cover data(the "true value"). However, it is extremely difficult to obtain historical evidence for assessing the credibility of historical global land cover datasets, which cannot be verified through field sampling like contemporary global land cover datasets. We proposed a methodological framework for assessing the credibility of global land cover datasets. Considering the types and characteristics of the available evidence used for assessments,we outlined four methodological approaches:(1) accuracy assessment based on regional quantitative reconstructed land cover data,(2) rationality assessment based on regional historical facts,(3) rationality assessment based on expertise, and(4) likelihood assessment based on the consistency of multiple datasets. These methods were illustrated through five case studies of credibility assessments of historical cropland cover data. This framework can also be applied in assessments of other land cover types, such as forest and grassland.     

THE HISTORICAL RECORDS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION IN THE KOREAN PENINSULA

The historical document record is of vital significance to determine the volcanic eruption history age in the volcanology research and it cannot be replaced by ¹⁴C dating and other methods. The volcanoes are widely distributed in the northeast area of China, but there is lack of relevant historical records. However, there are the records of the volcanic eruption in the historical documents of Goryeo Dynasty(AD918-1392)and Joseon Dynasty(AD1391-1910)in the Korean Peninsula which is separated by a river with China only. Some of the records have been widely used as important information to the research of Changbaishan Tianchi volcano eruption history by researchers both at home and abroad, but they have different opinions. On the basis of the historical documents in the Korean Peninsula, that is, the History of Goryeo Dynasty and the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty so on, the phenomena of volcanic eruptions, including the intuitive eruptive events and the doubtful volcanic eruption phenomenon such as "the ash fall", "the white hair fall", "the sky fire", "the dust fall" are investigated and put in order systematically in this paper. The results are as follows:1)The intuitive eruptive events are the 1002AD eruption of Mt. Halla volcano on Jeju Island, Korea Peninsula, and the 1007AD volcanic eruption offshore to the west of Jeju Island, Korea Peninsula, as well as the 1597AD eruption of Mt. Wangtian'e volcano in Changbai County, Jilin Province, China; 2)"The ash fall" is airborne volcanic ash, and those "ash falls" happening in 1265, 1401-1405, 1668, 1673 and 1702AD are possibly the tephra of Changbaishan Tianchi volcano; 3)"The white hair fall" is Pele's hair and it is speculated that the "white hair fall "happening in 1737AD is related to Changbaishan Tianchi volcanic eruption; 4)If regarding "the sky fire" as the volcanic eruption phenomenon, "the sky fire" happening in 1533AD is possibly the Changbaishan volcanic eruption event, and "the sky fire" in 1601-1609AD may be the eruptive event of the Longgang volcano in Jilin Province, China or Changbaishan Tianchi volcano; 5)"The dust fall" is recorded in many historical documents. However, "the dust fall" is not the volcanic ash fall but the phenomenon of loess fall. So, it is improper to determine the eruptive events of Changbaishan Tianchi volcano on the basis of "the dust fall".     

Investigation of historical earthquakes in the northeastern Fujian area

Taking the northeastern Fujian area as an example, we provide some new technological ideas and contents for the historical earthquake investigation of significant engineering construction sites. ① Make sure the integrity of earthquake materials with reference to the regional histories of culture and disasters; ② Evaluate the influence of historical earthquakes on the basis of actual records, review and identify the epicenter location and magnitude of destructive earthquakes. The research by the new technological ideas will endue the investigation of historical earthquakes with new meanings in the cultural phylogeny and credible time domain, so as to make the results of historical earthquake research more scientific. The aim of the paper is to improve the level of historical earthquake investigation for a better service to the engineering construction.     

Re-appraisal of seismicity and seismotectonics in the north-eastern Algeria Part I: Review of historical seismicity

As large destructive seismic events are not frequent in Algeria, anexhaustive knowledge of the historical seismicity is required to have arealistic view of seismic hazard in this part of the world. This research workpresents a critical reappraisal of seismicity in the north-eastern Algeria forseismotectonic and seismic hazard purposes. This part of work focuses onthe seismicity of pre-1900 period for the area under consideration[33^°N-38^°N, 4^°E-9.5^°E]. By going back tothe available documentary sources and evaluating and analysing the eventsin geographical, cultural and historical context, it has been possible toidentify 111 events, from 1850–1899, which are not reported in therecent Algerian catalogue. Several spurious events, reported in standardlistings, have been deleted and nine unknown events have been discovered.It is quite clear that macroseismic information derived from press reportsand published documents in Algeria, under certain conditions, is veryincomplete, even for destructive earthquakes, located in the countrysideaway from communication centres. One of the reasons for this iscensorship, noticeable during the colonisation period. Critical analysis ofnewly collected information has allowed the determination and/or theimprovement of the macroseismic parameters of each event, such aslocation, maximum epicentral intensity and magnitude to produce anearthquake catalogue as homogeneous and complete as the available data,for the zone under study. The criteria used in this research are explainedand eight historical earthquakes have been the subject of retrospectivemacroseismic field construction.The investigation of historical earthquakes is one of the most important taskin studying seismotectonic for seismic hazard evaluation purposes.     

广西北海地区地震活动研究

分析了广西北海地区地震活动的特征,认为北海地区历史地震和现代地震活动水平较高。通过对1970-2004年北海地区b值和缺震时间进行扫描分析,认为b值高值异常和缺震低值异常可能是该区中强地震的前兆异常。     

The large earthquake of 8 August 1303 in Crete: seismic scenario and tsunami in the Mediterranean area

By conducting a historical review of this large seismic event in the Mediterranean, it has been possible to identify both the epicentral area and the area in which its effects were principally felt. Ever since the nineteenth century, the seismological tradition has offered a variety of partial interpretations of the earthquake, depending on whether the main sources used were Arabic, Greek or Latin texts. Our systematic research has involved the analysis not only of Arab, Byzantine and Italian chronicle sources, but also and in particular of a large number of never previously used official and public authority documents, preserved in Venice in the State Archive, in the Marciana National Library and in the Library of the Museo Civico Correr. As a result, it has been possible to establish not only chronological parameters for the earthquake (they were previously uncertain) but also its overall effects (epicentral area in Crete, Imax XI MCS). Sources containing information in 41 affected localities and areas were identified. The earthquake also gave rise to a large tsunami, which scholars have seen as having certain interesting elements in common with that of 21 July 365, whose epicentre was also in Crete. As regards methodology, this research made it clear that knowledge of large historical earthquakes in the Mediterranean is dependent upon developing specialised research and going beyond the territorial limits of current national catalogues.