尾波振幅比的物理意义及其可能应用

通过能量比讨论了尾波振幅比的物理意义．使用北京遥测台网1989和1990两年110次地震的486条数字化地震资料,测定了尾波振幅比和能量比;并由分频的能量比估算了北京地区的尾波Q值和平均自由程,进而试求了吸收品质因子Qi和散射品质因子Qs,得到北京地区地震波的衰减主要由于吸收所造成;给出了昌黎台的振幅比和能量比随时间的变化,其中有一些较大地偏离平均值的变化,这是否是孕震过程的反映,还有待于对更长时间的资料和更多震例的研究．      

Q值的简易测定与地震前兆分析

依据尾波衰减特征，采用测量尾波包络体最大双振幅方法，分别用单次散射和多次散射模式处理了苏、皖、鲁、冀四省４２个ＤＤ－１台站，５１个地震的尾波资料，求出与散射有关的地球介质Ｑ因子，并对Ｑ值随尾波推移时间窗，震中距的变化进行归一法处理，公式如文中式（１１）（１２），用归一法求得的多次散射模式Ｑ０２值分布图象表明，高Ｑ值与中强地震活动背景有关，这种简易测定地球介质Ｑ值的方法在地震前兆分析中有着良好的应用     

中国东部的尾波衰减特征和Qc值估计

根据中国东部地区短周期近震记录尾波地动振幅Ａ随时间τ的经验衰减关系ｌｇＡ＝Ｇ－２．２３５１ｇτ，利用对震中距作校正的尾波单次散射理论，得出尾波校正振幅Ａｃ（ｒ，ｔ）曲线族，并计算出不同尾波时段的ω／２Ｑｃ值，并由此导出相应于各平均观测频率和采样深度的Ｑｃ（ｆ，ｈ）值。该结果与云南、北京和中亚地区的Ｑｃ观测值是基本一致的。     

宁夏灵武-吴忠地区地震尾波前兆特性的初步研究

本文根据K.Aki等的尾波理论,使用台网的三分向地震记录资料,通过数值计算,连续测定了宁夏灵武—吴忠地区三次中强震前后地壳上层介质Q_c值、振幅衰减系数α值以及尾波优势频率随推移时间衰减的指数m值等尾波物理量,并给出了相应的误差估计。结果发现,Q_c值在上述区域中强震前上升,幅度可达常年均值的30%左右,α及m值则在震前下降,或下降后又回升。这表明,经过及时、适当的处理,有可能从区域地震记录的尾波物理量的特征变化中获取强震的前兆信息。     

品质因子的尾波测定方法讨论

品质因子是定量刻画地震波传播过程中能量衰减情况的特征参数.理论上可根据观测台站记录的具有相同射线路径的地震波尾波品质因子的时间动态变化特征来探讨其与地震孕育过程间的关系,但实际上由不同地震的尾波测量得到的品质因子对应于不同的地震波射线路径,品质因子的时间变化除了与区域应力场的变化因素有关以外,还与区域介质的横向和纵向非弹性程度和散射波波阵面围成的椭球体的范围有关.本文根据前人研究结果并结合具体实例讨论了品质因子与地震震源距及不同流逝时间的关系;讨论了品质因子与频率变化的关系;提出了对不同地震采用不同流逝时间的尾波测定品质因子的方法.改进后的品质因子测量方法可有效去除由于不同地震或同一地震的地震散射波在纵向介质中穿透深度的不同而导致的对品质因子测量结果的影响,从而有利于捕捉到品质因子的异常变化特征与地震孕育过程的关系.     

陕西地区近地震的尾波特征

按照K·AKi提出的地震尾波理论,以陕西省区域台网短周期地震仪记录的小地震尾波资料为基础计算表明:不论震中距有多么不同,这些地震的尾波震幅衰减曲线都几乎是相互平行的,而且尾波振幅只与台站周围一定范围内地表地质条件有关。最后引进阿拉斯加两次大地震的尾波振幅衰减与其已知的地震矩经验公式,算出陕西地区一批小地震的地震矩,并用地震矩和震级资料求出地震矩～震级的经验关系,对这种关系式与其它地区的结果进行了讨论。     

滇西实验场两次中强地震前后尾波衰减的区域特征分析

本文在地方震尾波散理论模式的基础上，研究了１９９２年１２月发生在滇西地震预报实验场永胜期纳地区的两次Ｍｓ５．４，５．１地震前后的序列地震尾波振幅衰减率β和尾波Ｑ＾－１值随时间和空间变化的衰减特征。结果表明，尾波衰减率在空间分布上表现出明显的小区域范围的非均匀性，在主震震中附近的近场区内，主震期间的β值是０．００７６ｓ＾－１，相应的Ｑｃ＾－１值是０．００５６；余震期间的β值是０．０２０９ｓ＾－１，相     

新疆南天山部分地区尾波衰减特征

分析1988年库尔勒和阳霞台地震尾波资料发现,地方震尾波衰减系数α值、尾波持续时间比τ值,在中强震前确有异常显示。     

超声实验中谱比法衰减的散射与本征吸收特性

实际地球介质的弹性波衰减,无论是对于地球内部结构反演、含油气储层描述,还是对于地震岩石物理本身的基础研究而言,都十分重要.通过岩石物理实验测量岩石的弹性波衰减是相关研究的基本手段,而谱比法是一种最常用的测量方法.利用谱比法测量的弹性波衰减,简称谱比法衰减,由介质的本征吸收特性和非均质散射特性共同决定.然而,在谱比法理论中,没有将这两种衰减特性的作用区分对待.因此,实验室测量的谱比法衰减中是否含有散射特性,其散射特性是否可以忽略,常不明确.本文基于对岩石物理实验中样品波形特征的基本认识,通过能流理论描述了弹性波的本征吸收和非均质散射过程,以及对应的尾波形成机理.文章还应用能流理论测量岩石的弹性波衰减,即能流法衰减.无论是通过理论推导,还是通过实验验证,谱比法衰减与能流法衰减都显示出良好的一致性.这两种直达波衰减的一致性暗示了谱比法衰减中存在着两种衰减特性.文中还对比分析了谱比法衰减与喷射流本征衰减的实验结果,该结果同样展示了谱比法衰减中可能存在着散射特性.因此,通过能流理论,可以利用样品波形的尾波特征定性判断谱比法衰减中可能存在的散射特性.即异常明显的尾波振幅可能意味着强烈的直达波非均质散射,谱比法衰减中的散射特性因而不可忽略.     

云南武定地震余震近场尾波衰减的区域特征

根据地方震尾波散射理论，利用云南武定MS6.5主震后近场田心和云龙两个流动数字化台站记录的余震序列地震资料，以不同中心频率（1.5～20Ｈｚ）取样分频研究了近场尾波振幅衰减率（f ）的空间分布特征．结果表明，两个台站给出的尾波振幅衰减率（f ）存在明显的小区域范围非均匀性变化．位于主发震断层两侧的云龙台（东侧）和田心台（西侧）测得的尾波振幅衰减率（f ）值，当 f ＜6.0Ｈｚ时基本一致．相应的Qc（f ）值为66～120的低值；但在高频范围（f 6.0Ｈｚ），由于穿过主断层的近场尾波遭到断层破碎带强烈的吸收，因而云龙台测得的尾波振幅衰减率（f ）值，比不穿过主断层的田心台给出的（f ）降低30％，并讨论了产生近场尾波振幅衰减空间分布差异的原因．本文的研究结果还表明，波源因子A0（f）不仅与震源强度相关，也与频率犳相关，用1.5～20Ｈｚ求出的Ｓ波平均自由程犔在主断层东侧为30ｋｍ、西侧为40ｋｍ ，由此证实了地震波穿过主断层破碎带时有更强的散射．      

2013年吉林前郭5.8级震群地震序列尾波Q值研究

挑选出2013年10月31日至12月31日前郭地区发生的58次M1.0以上地震事件,基于Sato的单次散射模型分别计算了长岭台、松原台和乾安台的尾波Q值,获得了3个台尾波Q值与频率的依赖关系,分别为：Qc=33.65f^0.9782、Qc=33.00f^0.9104、Qc=33.46f^1.0299。初步认为研究区内的Q值在2~18Hz范围内与频率有显著的相关性,研究区内的低Q值现象与该区地质构造、地震活动性形成了较好的一致性。     

Discussion on the Measurement Method for the Coda Wave Quality Factor

The Quality factor is the parameter that can be used to describe the energy attenuation on seismic wave. In theory, we can obtain the relationship between the change of the coda wave quality factor with time and the strong earthquake preparation process on the basis of the quality factor of a coda wave in a same ray path. However, in reality the coda wave quality factor measured by different seismic coda waves corresponds to different seismic wave ray paths. The change of the quality factor with time is related to non-elastic characteristics of the medium and the volume of scattering ellipsoid constrained by scattered wave phase fronts, besides the change of regional stress field. This paper discusses the relationship between quality factor, epicenter distance and different lapse time, and then discusses the relationship between quality factor and frequency. Furthermore the determination method of the coda wave quality factor is put forward. The improved determination method of the quality factor, which removes the influence of different earthquakes or propagation depth of scattered waves, may increase measurement precision, thus information pertaining to abnormal changes in quality factor and the relationship between the quality factor and earthquake preparation process can be acquired.     

新疆北天山地区中强震前单台地震波参数异常特征研究

强地震的孕育过程也是孕震介质的形成过程,在强震前震源附近小地震的地震波运动学,动力学特征的变化过程,则反映了孕震介质的变化过程,为研究地震的孕育,发展和发生的过程,采用单台地震波振幅比,尾波持续时间比,尾波衰减系数这３项地震波参数作为地震学短期前兆指标,分析其震兆特征,从而达到监测孕震介质变化的目的,研究结果表明,单台地震波参数能够有效地发现地震的前兆,但地震波参数的前兆图像复杂多变,不具有统一的     

Spatial variation of crustal codaQ in California

Coda wave data from California microearthquakes were studied in order to delineate regional fluctuations of apparent crustal attenuation in the band 1.5 to 24 Hz. Apparent attenuation was estimated using a single back scattering model of coda waves. The coda wave data were restricted to 30 s following the origin time; this insures that crustal effects dominate the results as the backscattered shear waves thought to form the coda would not have had time to penetrate much deeper. Results indicate a strong variation in apparent crustal attenuation at high frequencies between the Franciscan and Salinian regions of central California and the Long Valley area of the Sierra Nevada. Although the codaQ measurements coincide at 1.5 Hz (Q _c =100), at 24 Hz there is a factor of four difference between the measurements made in Franciscan (Q _c =525) and Long Valley (Q _c =2100) with the Salinian midway between (Q _c =900). These are extremely large variations compared to measures of seismic velocities of comparable resolution, demonstrating the exceptional sensitivity of the high frequency codaQ measurement to regional geology. In addition, the frequency trend of the results is opposite to that seen in a compilation of codaQ measurements made worldwide by other authors which tend to converge at high and diverge at low frequencies, however, the worldwide results generally were obtained without limiting the coda lengths and probably reflect upper mantle rather than crustal properties. Our results match those expected due to scattering in random media represented by Von Karman autocorrelation functions of orders 1/2 to 1/3. The Von Karman medium of order 1/3 corresponding to the Franciscan codaQ measurement contains greater amounts of high wavenumber fluctuations. This indicates relatively large medium fluctuations with wavelengths on the order of 100 m in the highly deformed crust associated with the Franciscan, however, the influence of scattering on the codaQ measurement is currently a matter of controversy.     

Frequency dependent characteristics of coda wave quality factor in central and southcentral Alaska

Coda wave quality factor (Q _c ) was investigated by using digital data (100 sample sec^–1) recorded by a vertical component short-period station installed for this study. The station was located in the greater Fairbanks area in central Alaska. From several hundred earthquakes recorded by this station in about a year, 27 earthquakes were selected for the above study; 7 of these selected earthquakes were located along the Alaska Wadati-Benioff zone (Pacific plate). The other 20 earthquakes were located in the area of intraplate seismicity (North American plate). The data was filtered using 9 pass-bands with center frequency varying from 1.5 Hz to 16 Hz with octave bandwidth. The values ofQ _c obtained from the coda amplitude decay rates measured on the filtered data after corrections due to the recording instrument and source-receiver separation show appreciable frequency dependence. The value ofQ _c varies in the range of 253 and 1190 corresponding to the frequency interval from 1.5 Hz to 16 Hz for the study area. This variation is close to that reported by others for the Kanto region of Japan. Moreover, the characteristics ofQ _c obtained in the present case seem to be independent of epicentral distance and hypocentral depth.     

Seismic Wave Attenuation in the Greater Cairo Region, Egypt

In the present study, a digital waveform dataset of 216 local earthquakes recorded by the Egyptian National Seismic Network (ENSN) was used to estimate the attenuation of seismic wave energy in the greater Cairo region. The quality factor and the frequency dependence for Coda waves and S-waves were estimated and clarified. The Coda waves (Q _c) and S-waves (Q _d) quality factor were estimated by applying the single scattering model and Coda Normalization method, respectively, to bandpass-filtered seismograms of frequency bands centering at 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24?Hz. Lapse time dependence was also studied for the area, with the Coda waves analyzed through four lapse time windows (10, 20, 30 and 40?s). The average quality factor as function of frequency is found to be Q _c?=?35?±?9f ^0.9±0.02 and Q _d?=?10?±?2f ^0.9±0.02 for Coda and S-waves, respectively. This behavior is usually correlated with the degree of tectonic complexity and the presence of heterogeneities at several scales. The variation of Q _c with frequency and lapse time shows that the lithosphere becomes more homogeneous with depth. In fact, by using the Coda Normalization method we obtained low Q _d values as expected for a heterogeneous and active zone. The intrinsic quality factor (Q _i ^?1 ) was separated from the scattering quality factor (Q _s ^?1 ) by applying the Multiple Lapse Time Domain Window Analysis (MLTWA) method under the assumption of multiple isotropic scattering with uniform distribution of scatters. The obtained results suggest that the contribution of the intrinsic attenuation (Q _i ^?1 ) prevails on the scattering attenuation (Q _s ^?1 ) at frequencies higher than 3?Hz.     

中国东北地区尾波震级

本文用东北地区的大量地震资料导出了地震尾波最大地动双振幅Ａ随Ｐ波初动起算持续时间ｔ的衰减规律。     

2010年广西凌云与凤山交界震群尾波Q值特征研究

2010年6月28日至8月初, 广西凌云与凤山交界地区出现一次罕见的震群活动。 利用震区附近8个近距离台站所记录的数字地震波形, 按照高信噪比和计算要求, 挑选出此次震群中74次M_L>1.5地震可用于计算地震尾波的共179条三分向波形记录, 采用Sato单次散射模型经滤波以及消除环境噪声后, 计算了地震尾波传播过程途经区的品质因子Q(f)值; 拟合Q(f)值与频率f之间的关系, 得到研究区Q(f)=(44.32±23.56)f^0.88±0.17; 并对震中区及其邻区地震尾波衰减的时间与空间特征进行了探讨。 通过分析震区及其附近尾波衰减参数与尾波采样体之间的关系, 认为该区域可能存在浅部高衰减层。 此次震群是在低应力水平条件下发生的, 震中区Q₀值较其他台站高, 其地震尾波衰减较慢, 介质非均匀性水平相对较低, 震中区为低衰减区域, 介质较为稳定。     

随机弹性介质中地震波散射衰减分析(英文)

地震波衰减一直是许多学科研究的热点,因为可以反映介质的特性。导致地震波衰减的因素很多,如:传播过程中由于能量扩散导致的几何衰减,固体岩石内部晶粒间相对滑移导致的摩擦衰减,岩石结构不均匀引起的地震波散射衰减。本文主要从统计的观点出发,通过多次数值模拟的方法研究纵波散射在随机弹性介质中所引发的衰减。首先用随机理论建立了二维空间随机弹性介质模型,然后用错格伪谱法的数值方法模拟了波在随机介质中的传播,再通过波场中虚拟检波器的记录,用谱比法估计了弹性波在随机介质中的散射衰减。不同非均匀程度随机弹性介质中的数值结果表明:介质不均匀程度越高,散射衰减越大;在散射体尺寸小于波长的前提下,不同散射体尺寸的计算结果说明:散射体尺寸越大,弹性波衰减越明显。最后提出了一种不均匀孔隙介质中流体流动衰减的方法。通过对随机孔隙介质中地震波的总衰减和散射衰减分别进行了计算,并定量得出了随机孔隙介质中流体流动衰减,结果表明:在实际地震频段下,当介质不均匀尺度101米量级时,散射衰减比流体流动衰减要大,散射衰减是地震波在实际不均匀岩石孔隙介质中衰减的主要原因。