岱海的"中世纪暖期"

内蒙古岱海沉积物近2200a来Rb/Sr比值、CaCO3和有机碳含量的变化展现了包括中世纪暖期（MWP）及小冰期（LIA）等典型气候事件在内的环境演化过程,总体表现为暖期的沉积物Rb/Sr比值低,冷期的则高：CaCO3和有机碳含量则相反。这里,以单一流域化学风化记录表明我国北方存在明显的中世纪暖期,发生时间约900－1200aB.P..主要环境特征表现为流域化学风化的显著增强（低Rb/Sr比值）、生物生产力逐步提高（高有机碳）、湖泊水位大幅度抬升的湖泊沉积记录,其间经历的化学风化是近两千年内最强的,并且其发生时间与全球其他地区基本一致。     

海南东部小海潟湖沉积物地球化学特征及对古台风活动的指示

为探讨海南东部历史时期的气候环境变化,2015年于海南岛东海岸小海潟湖中采集了一根长73 cm的柱状样(XH15-02),在年代学(210Pb和AMS14C)测试的基础上,开展了多环境代用指标(总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、有机碳稳定同位素、干密度等)的测试和分析.结果表明,XH15-02柱状样TOC与TN含量有很好的相关性,C/N比值在10.41～23.33之间变化,有机碳稳定同位素(δ13Corg)值在-25.14‰～-23.29‰之间.通过对多气候环境代用指标的分析,以及与历史文献资料和其他自然代用指标的综合比对,认为XH15-02孔岩芯沉积记录了研究区过去1100多年来较为丰富的气候环境、台风活动以及人类活动影响等信息.近千年来,小海潟湖沉积有机物主要以陆源输入为主,据估算该岩芯有机碳陆生来源约占47.00%～73.43%,但在不同时期变化幅度较大,该陆源有机碳含量变化可能主要反映了历史时期海南东部地区的干湿变化历史;自1850年以来,XH15-02孔岩芯沉积通量的显著增加与当地人口的快速增长历史一致,反映了研究区近二百年来可能受到的人类对自然界的开发活动影响强烈;多个具有显著偏正δ13Corg记录的时期同史料记载以及周边区域地质记录中的"大风"、"海溢"、"风暴"等事件发生时间较为相近,可能揭示了历史时期的台风或高海平面事件,进而认为小海潟湖沉积在重建历史时期海南地区台风活动等方面具有很大潜力.     

西藏结则茶卡湖岸浅井记录及湖泊演化

藏西北结则茶卡湖面到高位湖岸线间湖泊记录发育,沿岸湖积物中3个U系年龄分别为14.2±1.2kaBP、38.0±3.5 kaBP和41.6±3.2 kaBP,6个浅井沉积物中CaO、MgO、NaCl、LiCl、B2O3的含量与沉积物形成时代和环境有一定的关联性.在中更新末期,该湖可能处于高湖位期,随着晚更新世初期以来气候变干,湖面开始下降,湖泊逐渐萎缩,湖水盐度逐渐增加,Ca和Mg含量变高,但在30kaBP左右,气候有过短暂湿润期,湖水出现返淡趋势,之后湖水进一步浓缩,湖水中Na、B、Li含量显著增高,盐湖大约在15kaBP左右形成.     

流域数据模型研究—以太湖流域西苕溪流域为例

对江汉平原江陵剖面沉积物中的总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）、有机碳同位素δ13C值和粒度参数的分布特征与环境气候的关系进行了研究.结果表明：沉积物中有机碳、总氮较高,有机质的δ13C值偏负,沉积物的平均粒径较粗时,气候温暖湿润;反之,沉积物中有机碳、总氮较低,有机质的δ13C值偏正,沉积物的平均粒径较细时,气候温凉偏干.结合14C测年,判别江汉平原江陵地区的古气候演化过程：8900-6070 aBP,为温湿时期;6000-4600 aBP为相对冷干时期;4600-2500 aBP为温暖湿润时期;2500 aBP以来为温凉偏干时期.     

Cascadia边缘与天然气水合物共生沉积物中有机质碳、氮同位素组成及意义

Hydrate Ridge南高点ODP204航次5个站位54个沉积物样品中有机碳C, N同位素组成及C/N比值表明沉积物中的有机质主要来自海洋. 对1245B孔的系统分析表明天然气水合物的发育改变了沉积物中有机碳和氮同位素的成岩演化轨迹, 水合物发育处δ¹⁵N值和C/N比值同时变低, 且δ¹³C值相对较重; 在水合物稳定带内δ¹⁵N值的亏损将近2‰. 水合物发育处沉积物中氮含量的增加和δ¹⁵N值的亏损, 推断可能与天然气水合物发育处沉积物中细菌(包括古细菌)的固氮作用有关. 沉积物中有机质中碳、氮同位素的分布与沉积环境的变化同步响应, 同时亦反映流体活动的变化.     

鄱阳湖湿地枯丰水期转换对灰化薹草(Carex cinerascens Kükenth)枯落物分解及碳、氮、磷释放的影响

枯落物分解过程是湿地生态系统生源要素生物地球化学循环的关键环节.研究湿地枯落物分解过程是揭示湿地生态功能机理的关键.洪泛平原湿地枯水期的地下水位及丰水期的洪水淹没深度和持续时间都是湿地枯落物分解过程的重要调控因素.本研究采用分解袋法和原位观测模拟试验研究了鄱阳湖优势湿地植物薹草枯落物分解及碳、氮、磷释放对枯水期转化到丰水期的响应.利用鄱阳湖湿地洲滩的高程差选取4个水位梯度,在枯水期4个梯度分别是G-H(高地下水位带)、G-MH(中高地下水位带)、G-ML(中低地下水位带)和G-L(低地下水位带),而在丰水期这4个梯度又转变为G-H(深淹水带)、G-MH(中度深淹水带)、G-ML(中度浅淹水带)和G-L(浅淹水带).研究结果表明:无论在枯水期内还是在丰水期内,4个梯度带之间薹草枯落物干物质残留率及分解速率都具有极显著的差异性.在枯水期内,4个梯度分解速率的大小关系为:G-HG-MHG-MLG-L,在丰水期内,分解速率大小关系发生了反转,即为:G-LG-MLG-MHG-H.薹草枯落物碳、氮、磷相对归还指数表现出与干物质相似的差异性.本研究可为湿地生态系统生物地球化学循环过程对水文节律的响应研究提供数据和理论支撑,也为鄱阳湖基于水位调控下的生态系统管理提供新的认识和决策依据.     

13kaBP以来滇池地区古环境演化

根据DC93一1孔孢粉组合、总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）、碳氮比（C／N）、有机碳同位素δ13Corg、磁化率（χ）、频率磁化率（χfd）等资料,结合14C、210Pb和137Cs测年,滇池地区13ka以来的古环境演化历史经历了以下几个阶段：13—10．2kaBP．气候偏凉湿,湖水深度不大;10．2－7．5kaBP,气候向暖湿过渡．湖水渐深;7．5－4．0kaBP,气候暖湿,出热条件达到最佳配制,湖水也最深．6．5kaBP前后,气温最高,这一时段古气候状况存在次级波动;4．0－2．7kaBP,气候突转干旱．湖水最浅;2．7－1．7kaBP,气候温湿,湖面扩大,湖水变深;1．7kaBP,人类活动影响的加剧,使湖泊环境的变化更为复杂．     

若尔盖盆地兴措湖沉积记录揭示的近代气候与环境

依据湖泊沉积记录进行古气候环境要素定量的是过去全球变化研究的重要内容,本文通过若尔盖盆地兴措湖近代湖泊沉积特征、沉积物总有机碳及其同位素指标分析,并与器测气象资料进行比较,对兴措湖泊近代湖泊沉积物中有机碳及其同位素指标所代表的气候环境信息进行了定量研究,在此基础上,建立了兴措湖沉积物总有机碳及其同位素记录与对应的降水和气温间的函数关系,为定量恢复该区长尺度历史时期古气候环境特征提供了基础。     

干旱区湖泊沉积物腐殖化度的古气候指示意义—以新疆巴里坤湖为例

腐殖质具有对气候环境变化响应敏感的特点,已经展示出了作为古气候演变研究载体的重要潜力和优势,当前,腐殖化度对气候环境变化指示意义的研究主要应用于泥炭沉积上,而对于湖泊沉积物中腐殖化度气候环境变化的研究,至今尚未见到报道,根据新疆东疆北部巴里坤湖湖泊沉积物腐殖化度的分析,同时结合年代学、有机质含量、总有机碳、自生碳酸盐δ13C、δ18O的分析结果,认为该湖泊沉积物中腐殖化度可以较为敏感地反映气候环境变化的相关消息,较高的腐殖化度,指示气候相对湿润,而较低的腐殖化度值,指示气候相对干燥,在此基础上,结合多指标变化,初步划分了巴里坤湖地区近9.4cal kaBP以来经历了干(9.4-7.5cal kaBP)-湿(7.5-5.8cal kaBP)-干(5.8-3.0 cal kaBP)-湿(3.0-1.0cal kaBP)-干(1.0-Ocal kaBP)五个阶段.     

塔里木河流域12kaBP以来沙漠演化与气候变化研究

通过对塔里木河流域 1 2kaBP以来地层沉积相特征研究和气候环境代用指标的测试分析 ,从时空的角度讨论了该流域沙漠演化过程、发育模式与气候变迁的关系 .认为从 1 2kaBP以来随着全球气温的回升 ,在 1 2～ 1 0kaBP期间 ,气候温凉偏干旱、泛洪堆积明显、风沙活动弱 ;1 0～ 8kaBP期间 ,气候干冷、风沙活动强烈 ,是沙漠大规模扩展时期 ;8～ 3kaBP期间的全新世高温期 ,气候干燥炎热 ,塔里木河流域周围和山区冰雪融水增多 ,河流水量增加 ,河流泛洪沉积十分活跃 ,但流沙规模的缩小、沙丘固定仅限制在河湖沿岸和沙丘低洼地区 ;从 3kaBP至今 ,在新冰期作用下 ,加上人类不合理的经济活动导致流域环境恶化、风沙活动盛行、沙尘暴频繁 .地层沉积相的古气候证据提示 :1 2kaBP以来该流域在全球气候波动的影响下叠加了内陆干旱盆地的环境效应 ,是总体干燥气候条件下 ,具有暖干与冷干交替变化规律 .     

强震观测网、高灵敏度地震观测网、地中强震观测网、宽频带地震观测网

阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2～ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1　强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了…     

Age, geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of Mahukona Volcano, Hawai`i

The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km³) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high ³He/⁴He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized.     

The Yecheng,Xinjiang, China,earthquake of February 14, 1980

In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m _b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment.     

Physical properties,vitrinite reflectance,and microstructure of coal,Taiyuan Formation,Qinshui Basin,China

In this study, we experimentally established the relationship between physical properties, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of coal, Taiyuan Formation, Qinshui Basin, China using representative coal samples collected from three different mines via the rock mechanics testing system (MTS). We analyzed the organic macerals, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of 11 coal samples using petrography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results suggest that (1) the elastic parameters can be described by linear equations, (2) both P-and S-wave velocities display anisotropy, (3) the anisotropy negatively correlates with vitrinite reflectance, and (4) the acoustic velocities and Young’s modulus are negatively correlated with the volume of micropores. The derived empirical equations can be used in the forward modeling and seismic inversion of physical properties of coal for improving the coal-bed methane (CBM) reservoir characterization.     

Spatial distribution,source apportionment,and associated risks of trace metals (As,Pb, Cr,Cd, and Hg) from a subtropical river,Gomti, Bangladesh

Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×10⁴.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。     

Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration

Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i. e. during the few centuries before and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle- and low-latitude lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production. Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation, rather than escaping from war zones. The “wandering” of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind. Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people. Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer-modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but water-management and agricultural researches to insure food-supply for an everincreasing world population.     

山西高平地震

阐述了发生在山西高平的地震和对高平有影响的地震，分析了高平市的地震灾害，通过分析得出高平地震与晋获断裂带活动有关的结论。