地震电磁卫星电离层扰动研究进展综述

本文总结了国内外关于地震电离层扰动现象研究的主要进展, 主要介绍了法国DEMETER卫星及其相关的统计研究和震例研究成果, 总结了目前地震电离层扰动前兆震例研究的一般步骤, 介绍了地震孕育过程中产生的电磁异常信息向电离层传播的可能途径, 包括化学途径、 声学途径和电磁途径。 大量的研究成果表明地震电离层异常的存在, 在地震发生前几个小时至几天或几个月电离层扰动被探测到, 但是地震电离层扰动前兆能否作为地震预报方法, 还有许多需要深入研究的问题。 本文提出了地震电离层研究需要解决的几个重要问题。     

甚低频/低频人工源电波信号地震应用研究进展

甚低频/低频人工源电波作为一种主动源发射的通讯导航信号,因其长距离波导传播的特性在地-电离层观测及应用中表现出极大的优势。本文总结了二十世纪末以来基于甚低频/低频（VLF/LF）电波观测技术及其数据分析方法、典型震例及统计研究成果、圈层耦合机理等方面的研究进展,并通过探讨其应用成果的快速积累及前兆扰动起源等研究难点,展望了未来在我国多种地基和卫星电磁配合下的综合立体体系建设以及该技术可能发挥的最大贡献。      

地球物理探测卫星数据分析处理技术与地震预测应用研究项目及研究进展

地震监测预警和预测预报是当前地球科学及相关学科所面临的最艰巨的问题之一,是关系到人类社会安全与国计民生的亟待攻克的科学难题.为进一步提高地震预测科学研究水平,推进地震监测预测能力建设,我国于世纪之交提出了建立地震立体观测体系的战略发展思路,并希望突破三维地球物理场获取能力瓶颈,发展地球多圈层耦合模型,通过卫星观测获取全...     

地震期间电离层扰动现象研究

介绍了大量的关于地震电离层扰动现象研究的最新进展，研究表明地震发生前的几天或者几个小时电离层扰动被观测到，电离层前兆是确实存在.但要将震前的电离层扰动作为地震短临预报的工具，还有许多值得我们去深入研究和解决的问题.应用空间技术开展大区域范围内电离层参数的实时观测，如用地震电磁卫星、GPS台网、并和地面电离层垂测仪观测相结合，建立“电离层地震前兆监测系统”，无疑会加速这项研究的进程.     

2019年长宁M_S 6.0地震前后电离层垂直电子总含量（VTEC）异常扰动分析

2019长宁发生M_S 6.0地震,利用CODE全球电离层格网数据、中国地壳运动观测网络GPS数据、震中区域GPS数据,分别计算全球、中国区域垂直电子总含量(VTEC)异常分布及震中区域站点VTEC时间序列,揭示此次地震发生前后不同空间尺度电离层异常扰动变化。结果表明:地震发生前3天(6月14日),长宁震区上空出现连续电离层异常扰动现象,异常空间分布呈现向磁赤道偏移趋势。VTEC结果的时、空尺度变化反映,本次电离层扰动可能与长宁地震孕震过程有关,可为川滇区域临震电离层异常扰动监测及地震分析预报提供震例依据。     

Ionospheric electromagnetic perturbations observed on DEMETER satellite before Chile M7.9 earthquake

Based on the ionospheric electromagnetic data observed on DEMETER satellite of France, the ionospheric electromagnetic signals were analyzed within 10 days before Chile M7.9 earthquake on November 14, 2007. It is found that, low frequency electromagnetic disturbances began to increase in a large scale of latitude, and reached to a maximum one week prior to the earthquake, and at about three days before the quake, the peak values shifted to lower latitude. Taking three days as a group, spatial images of a fe...     

电磁卫星地震应用进展及未来发展思考

法国DEMETER(Detection of Electro-Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions)卫星是世界上第一颗专门针对地震电离层扰动监测的电磁卫星, 于2004年发射, 2010年底结束运行, 共在轨飞行6.5年, 获得3万多条整轨数据, 为地震监测及电离层物理研究提供了坚实的数据基础。 全球科学家利用这颗卫星的数据开展了大量的地震应用研究, 发表文章上百篇, 将电磁卫星的地震应用研究推向了新的阶段。 中国第一颗电磁监测试验卫星CSES(China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite)于2018年2月2日成功发射, 目前已完成在轨测试并交付使用, 科学数据也已正式对外发布。 如何充分发挥CSES卫星的应用效能, 将空间电磁监测向业务化运行转化, 总结和思考DEMETER卫星的技术进步、 研究成果及曾经出现过的问题, 十分重要。 因此, 本文着重介绍DEMETER卫星在地震监测应用领域的代表性研究进展, 并结合CSES卫星的设计和运转实践, 对未来空间地震电磁探测及科学研究的发展方向进行一些初步讨论。     

2020年新疆于田6.4级地震前电离层扰动现象分析

基于中国区域GPS反演TEC、 JPL TEC mapping、 张衡一号卫星探测等离子体参量数据, 着重分析了2020年6月26日新疆于田6.4级地震前的电离层异常现象, 结合之前于田发生的两次7级以上地震, 研究认为于田地震前异常集中出现在震前一周内, 以上升异常为主, 异常有明显的局地效应, 部分异常在磁共轭区有同步效应。 多参量综合分析增强了异常的判识能力, 并提高了异常的可靠性。 太阳及空间磁扰活动对电离层地震判识有较大影响, 会极大增加全球异常频次, 但日食现象引起的TEC扰动与地震电离层异常有明显差异, 较易区分, 弱磁扰活动下的地震电离层异常判识能力有待加强。     

地震电离层探测技术及其应用研究进展

2017年即将发射的中国电磁监测试验卫星将填补地震电离层立体监测体系中不可或缺的空白区域,也将为天地一体化地震电磁对比校验及圈层耦合机理认识提供重要的科学支撑.针对近期地震电离层立体监测体系发展的需求,本文主要介绍了目前国内用于地震研究的地基及空基电离层探测技术,包括电离层垂测/斜测、甚低频(VLF)电波观测、舒曼谐振观测、GPS及空间卫星电磁等,并总结了各种探测技术在国内外地震应用研究中的进展; 最后结合不同探测手段的优势,探讨了地震电磁立体探测系统的构建,并就未来的多手段综合应用发展提出了建议.      

DEMETER卫星观测到的智利7.9级地震前的电离层电磁扰动

利用法国DEMETER卫星观测的电离层电磁数据,分析了2007年11月14日智利7.9级地震前10天内的电磁信号记录,结果发现在震前1周内,低频电磁扰动开始在比较宽的纬度范围内增强,震前3天异常信号幅度达到最大,并在低纬度地区尤其突出.以5天为间隔,比较分析了多参量的空间图像,发现在震前5天异常幅度和范围扩大,震中位于异常区域的边缘地带.分析认为,这次地震前的异常信号与孕震区电磁辐射信号增多及空间加热扰动有关.     

常见涉震舆情识别与应对

对常见的地震预报预测、浮夸灾情、“乌龙”类涉震舆情举例说明,给出相应识别方法,并指出,在涉震舆情应对中存在缺乏监控平台、完整应对方案、联防联控合作等问题,可以采取追查谣传源头、加强普法宣传、公布灾情查询方式、及时删除并解释原因等措施,尽量减少或避免并有效处置涉震舆情。     

Multiparameter monitoring of electromagnetic earthquake precursors in the frequency range 0.1 Hz-1 MHz

An approach to monitoring of electromagnetic earthquake precursors including variations of the apparent resistivity, electrotelluric fields, electromagnetic emission, and ionospheric disturbances perspective for short-term and mid-term earthquake prediction is considered. Parameters of hardware-software systems for audio- and radiomagnetotelluric soundings used in the monitoring of these precursors in a wide range of frequencies from 0.1 Hz to 1 MHz are described. The technique for the stress-strain sensitive area selection for the creation of monitoring networks based on the analysis of geological and geophysical characteristics of seismo active regions, study of geoelectric structures of preselected sites, and monitoring test sessions with the assessment of the response on tidal media deformations is presented. Recommendations on the recording technique of earthquake electromagnetic precursors are provided.     

Ionospheric electromagnetic perturbations observed on DEMETER satellite before Chile M7.9 earthquake

Based on the ionospheric electromagnetic data observed on DEMETER satellite of France, the ionospheric electromagnetic signals were analyzed within 10 days before Chile M7.9 earthquake on November 14, 2007. It is found that, low frequency electromagnetic disturbances began to increase in a large scale of latitude, and reached to a maximum one week prior to the earthquake, and at about three days before the quake, the peak values shifted to lower latitude. Taking three days as a group, spatial images of a few parameters were analyzed, from which it can be seen during the five days prior to this earthquake, the amplitude and scale of anomalies are enlarged, while the epicenter is located at the boundary of anomalous region. The anomalous tempo-spatial variation in electron density prior to the earthquake were also obtained in terms of tracing the data from revisited orbits in half a year prior to the quake.     

地震-电离层扰动探测技术的研究进展

回顾了地震-电离层扰动机理的研究进展和主要的数据观测方法,总结了地震电磁卫星观测电离层扰动的应用发展情况以及基于卫星测量数据对异常辐射源定位的研究进展,介绍了无线电探测方法的实验情况和数据分析方法,为未来中国探测电离层扰动进行短临地震预测工作提出了建议.     

2008年汶川MS8.0地震电离层图像信息长时程演化初探

应用改进的图像信息方法, 结合DEMETER电磁卫星的电子温度数据, 对2008年汶川M_S8.0地震进行了长时程的回溯性预测研究。 与以往的地震电离层演化图像提取异常的研究相比, 将其回溯的时程延长至震前近11个月, 并向震后延长48 d。 在长期连续的异常扰动演化图中, 出现了两个明显的异常时段, 且在震前2个月短期内异常扰动明显减弱并趋于背景值。 两个时段出现的异常扰动分布位置及其形态以及持续时间皆不重复, 这体现了前兆异常的不易确定, 难以定性及定量识别的特点。 电离层异常扰动特征的长时程研究, 有评估其预测参数和模型可靠性的实际作用, 也为应用中国卫星观测数据服务于地震预报等研究积累经验, 具有借鉴意义。     

国外地震电磁现象观测

本文综合介绍了国外在地震电磁观测研究方面的进展和实例，结果显示地震电磁信号在地面和卫星观测记录中非常丰富.地面异常信号频带宽、分布范围广，时间上多集中于震前一个月或几天的时间段内出现.卫星地震电磁信号集中于ELE-VLF频段，时间上以震前几个小时为主，说明电磁信号具有明显的短临特性.我国地震电磁未来的发展方向应在现有的基础上，以超低频段为主，并发展地面与电磁卫星的三维立体联合观测，为地震短临预报服务.     

Recent advances in the research on seismo-electromagnetic emissions

The paper briefly reviews the recent advances and the main trend, as well as the major subjects for future study in the research on seismo-electromagnetic emissions. The preliminary results obtained show that the recently discovered electromagnetic emission phenomena prior to earthquake events are objective facts and may be prospective precursor applicable for short term earthquake prediction. Considering the complexity of the generation mechanisms, as well as the space coupling and the time variation processes of the seismo-electromagnetic emissions, we must deeply study the essential connection between the precursory emission phenomena and the seismogenic processes. Closely connect the field observations and theoretical research and try to comprehensively diagnose by correlating with other precursors. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 254–258, 1991.     

数字电磁资料在地震监测中深入应用的讨论

电磁学方法是国内外公认的有良好发展前景的地震监测预报方法之一。本文提出并讨论了“地震电磁动态特征研究”课题的具体思路,供大家讨论、指正,即：通过对其全国地电场、地磁场、地电阻率、地震电磁波和GPSTEC等数据的汇集,进行数据处理方法研究,分析地震电磁场动态演化特征,定期形成“动态演化”数据产品,为相关部门分析预测地震提供背景信息;同时,积累资料和震例分析经验,为开展前兆分析方法和地震电磁效应机理等研究提供依据。     

利用DEMETER卫星数据分析汶川地震前的电离层异常

DEMETER卫星由法国于2004年6月发射,高度约为665 km,圆轨道且经过极区,其主要目的是研究与地震有关的电离层异常.2008年5月12日6∶28（世界时）在四川省汶川县（31.02°N, 103.37°E）发生了M_s8.0级的特大地震.本文分析了在震前一周内DEMETER卫星观测到的电离层异常.这些异常主要包括：（1）卫星在震前4天和5天经过震中附近时,记录到电子浓度、电子温度和氧离子浓度出现剧烈变化（变化率均超过20%）;（2）在震前3天和7天,卫星探测到增强的电磁辐射.同时利用ELF频段（0~1250 Hz）的三分量电场和磁场数据,对异常电磁辐射作了进一步的分析（计算了电场功率谱、磁场功率谱、波矢方向和极化特性等）.另外,考查了观测期间的地磁指数,由此得出观测到的异常现象不大可能由地磁活动引起.最后,对震前出现的这些电离层异常的可能的物理机理进行了讨论.     

PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS AND LOCAL CORRELA-TION TRACKING AS TOOLS FOR REVEALING AND ANALYZING SEISMO-ELECTROMAGNETIC SIGNAL OF EARTHQAUKE

This study provides new seismo-electromagnetic data processing methods to extract the anomalous signals by combining the principal component analysis(PCA)and local correlation tracking(LCT)methods. The PCA method can separate signals of different frequencies by projecting them to different axes according to their energy. So it can solve the problems of identifying the relatively weak signals in strong interference background to a certain extent. The LCT method is more suitable for non-stationary signal processing compared with classical cross-correlation method. This method is based on the good spatial correlation between the magnetic field components of different ELF stations to pick up the correlation coefficient, so as to achieve the purpose of weak anomalies signals identification. As a case study of the M4.6 Jinggu earthquake in Yunnan, China, we investigated the electromagnetic data observed by ELF stations near the epicenter. First, we applied the PCA method to the magnetic-filed data and got the temporal variation of percentage of each principal component. The results indicate that the contribution of the second principal components, which may relate with the earthquake, increased significantly about a week before the earthquake. Then, we applied the LCT method to the magnetic-filed data processing as well, and the results of both north-south and east-west magnetic field components showed that local correlation coefficient saw anomalies about a week before the earthquake, which had a good corresponding relationship with the former results by PCA method. Both means for the same earthquake case got a consistent conclusion, which not only enhanced the reliability of the results, but also confirmed the effectiveness of two methods applied in the earthquake-related electromagnetic anomalies extraction. We also discussed the possible relationship between these anomalies and the earthquake. Although there are no direct evidence and supporting theories in terms of the relationship between abnormal electromagnetic signals and earthquakes at present, the studies in this paper may strengthen the understanding of seismoelectromagnetic phenomena and promote further research.