与2005年4月7日西藏地震相关的Demeter数据ELF电场异常特征分析

众多研究结果表明,大地震前数小时至数十小时在电离层有低频电磁信号异常现象,所以,电磁方法对地震短临预测工作非常重要.自从1983年Larkina发表了对INTERCOSMOS-19卫星经过地震区域时记录数据的处理分析结果,发现震前和震后几十分钟至数小时内甚低频VLF(3～30kHz)电磁信号增强,可与陆基观测一起对电磁场和电离层进行立体监视,使地震电磁信号异常研究工作和地震短临预测工作进入了一个新的发展阶段.     

地震期间电离层扰动现象研究

介绍了大量的关于地震电离层扰动现象研究的最新进展，研究表明地震发生前的几天或者几个小时电离层扰动被观测到，电离层前兆是确实存在.但要将震前的电离层扰动作为地震短临预报的工具，还有许多值得我们去深入研究和解决的问题.应用空间技术开展大区域范围内电离层参数的实时观测，如用地震电磁卫星、GPS台网、并和地面电离层垂测仪观测相结合，建立“电离层地震前兆监测系统”，无疑会加速这项研究的进程.     

地震电磁卫星地面传输系统简介

开展天地一体化地震观测是目前推动地震短临科学研究取得突破的重要途径之一。以卫星观测为主要手段的空间对地观测技术是实现对我国及临区进行地震电磁效应高精度、大范围和大动态连续观测的有效途径,并且为地震短临预报开创空基监测的新思路。地面传输系统是连接地震电磁卫星各应用系统之间的重要桥梁和纽带。它的科学设计是地震电磁卫星项目建设的基础。本文拟从国内外发展现状、系统建设指导思想、系统组成、链路功能描述、系统运行性能指标等方面对我国即将建设的地震电磁卫星地面传输系统进行简要分析介绍,从而为地震电磁卫星地面传输系统初步设计的完成提供一个基本框架。     

震前深井电磁短临前兆信息的观测和研究

本文应用大量震例研究了地震前深井电磁波短临前兆信息。研究结果表明，在１．９和２７ｋＨｚ信道上，地震前２－４个月和１０－６Ｏ天，可观测到短临型、短期型和临震型三种电磁波信号。电磁信号增强时段与孕震区小震频度增强同步，表明这些信号可能与孕震区微破裂有关。本文还利用信息包源偶全体模型定量计算了组成变化的电磁场的准静场、感应场、辐射场随观测距离及方位的变化，据此对观测结果进行了初步解释。     

震前深井电磁短临前兆信息的观测和研究

本文应用大量震例研究了地震前深井电磁波短临前兆信息。研究结果表明，在１．９和２７ｋＨｚ信道上，地震前２－４个月和１０－６０天，可观测到短临型，短期型和临震型三种电磁波信号。电磁信号增强时段与孕震区小震频度增强同步，表明这些信号可能与孕震区微破裂有关。本文还利用信息源偶电体模型定量计算了组成变化的电磁场的准静场，感应场，辐射场随观测距离及方位的变化，据此对观测结构进行了初步解释。     

电磁卫星和地震预测

地震前几周、几天、几小时甚至几分钟，电磁场的强度、相位或者谱密度等将发生异常变化，电离层的电子、离子浓度和温度等会发生异常扰动，这些现象的出现向人们发出地震即将来临的信号.这些现象不仅在地面可观测到，在卫星上也能观测到，它们在确定异常现象发生的地点和时间等方面具有各自的优势，把两种观测相结合，对异常信号进行立体监测，是实现地震预测预报的发展趋势.至今，对地面观测已经进行了大量的研究和实践，利用卫星进行观测近几年刚刚开始，但已经显示了它监测地震异常的独特能力，引起各方面的高度重视，成为各国建立立体预警系统不可缺少的组成部分.本文重点介绍利用卫星等观测空间电磁异常现象的研究结果.     

芦山MS7.0地震前的电磁异常信号

对南北地震带18个地电场及电磁扰动观测台站进行了跟踪与研究, 2013年4月20日四川芦山M_S7.0地震前只有其中5个台站观测到了异常电磁信号. 研究表明, 地震前的这些异常信号时空分布非常不均匀. 在时间上表现出震前电磁异常信号在出现的台站上不是同步的, 且随着时间的推移有向震中方向迁移的趋势; 在空间上体现在成都以北的台站都没有记录到震前电磁异常信号, 主要出现在成都及其以南的一些台站. 芦山M_S7.0地震前地震电磁信号出现的最早时间是震前21天, 其次是震前16天; 临震时间则为震前5天、 4天和1天. 通过接地极注入地下的大电流以及以往的震例分析, 认为仙女山台是又一个比较突出的电磁信号观测的敏感点.      

淮南台电磁扰动变化特征及影响因素研究

电磁扰动作为地震前兆观测的重要手段,在地震的短临预测中发挥着重要的作用.在提取电磁扰动震前异常信息时,首先必须研究其无震时段的变化规律及可能的影响因素,才能准确判定异常的真实性和可靠性.     

运城东郭流体观测井震兆特征及映震灵敏性分析

对东郭流体观测井在山西地震带几次4级以上地震前的异常特征及映震灵敏性进行分析,认为震前多以短临异常为主,异常持续时间具有随震级增大而增加的特点;异常形态水位以突降为主,水温则以突升为主,异常幅度表现为随震级增大而增大、随震中距减小而增大的特点;除汶川地震外,东郭井水位、水温所对应的地震均发生在山西地震带上;东郭流体观测...     

震前极低频电磁异常及其频谱特征

大量的观测研究结果表明，近场地震发生前极低频电磁异常信息既丰富又强烈．为探索对其规律性认识，本文通过对地震电偶极子的形成及传播规律研究后指出，震前垂直向极低频电场异常具有穿透能力强、干扰少、信息突出及易于提取和接收等优点，是探索地震可靠短临前兆信息的重要方面；进而通过对极低频准静场观测资料的频谱分析结果得出，近场地震前电磁异常的频谱大都集中在周期为数分钟至数十分钟的极低频段，异常信息频谱与震中距存在一定的相关关系，且震前极低频电磁异常与孕震区的空间分布范围存在明显的相关关系，地震渗滤电场异常信息及频谱的幅度与震级大小无明显相关．      

震前电磁波异常观测试验研究

本文介绍了张掖地区电磁波观测点观测到的几次地震前的电磁波异常。这些异常一般出现在震前几小时、几天至十几天,信号一般呈低频扰动或频率稍高的连续双向强脉冲型。观测结果表明,电磁波异常可以作为一种地震的短临预报指标。     

Experimental study of the features of VLF, MF, HF and VHF electromagnetic radiation accompanying rock fracture

In order to investigate the physical mechanism of seismo-electromagnetic signals, many scholars from China and other countries have carried out laboratory and field experiments of rock samples by loading them up to fracture in recent ten-odd years. In each of these experiments, the phenomenon of electromagnetic radiation was observed during the process of rock sample fracture. However, the experimental results can not explain the non-synchronous electromagnetic radiation in actual observation records. In these records, some stations displayed anomalies but some others did not, and the signals of different frequency bands observed by the same station did not occur simultaneously. This has brought about many difficulties to the application of electromagnetic radiation in earthquake prediction. The experimental result of this paper can explain the phenomenon of non-synchronous electromagnetic radiation. In the experiment of this paper, rock samples are uniaxially compressed up to fracture. The antennas of different frequency bands are installed two meters away from the rock sample in different directions. The electromagnetic signals during the whole process of rock sample fracture are recorded synchronously by a 14-channel tape recorder. The experimental results are as follows: (1) signals of the four frequency bands: VLF, MF, HF and VHF, are all recorded during the main fracturing process of rock samples, but signals of different frequencies may somtimes occur non-synchronously; (2) the intensity of electromagnetic radiation is the highest at the moment when the main fracture occurs, but signals in different directions are of different intensities. The above results are consistent with the non-synchronous electromagnetic radiation observed in real earthquakes. It seems possible to predict the orientation of future seismic source by the electromagnetic method of the LF or VLF frequency bands. Contribution No. 95A0075, Institute of Geophysics, SSB, China. The paper is translated by Prof.Jie-Fan HUANG, Peking University from the Chinese into English version.     

The earthquake-related disturbances in ionosphere and project of the first China seismo-electromagnetic satellite

Based on the case studies and statistical analysis of earthquake-related ionospheric disturbances mainly from DEMETER satellite, ground-based GPS and ionosounding data, this paper summarizes the statistical characteristics of earthquake-related ionospheric disturbances, including electromagnetic emissions, plasma perturbations and variation of energetic particle flux. According to the main results done by Chinese scientists, fusing with the existed study from global researches, seismo-ionospheric disturbances usually occurred a few days or hours before earthquake occurrence. Paralleling to these case studies, lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere (LAI) coupling mechanisms are checked and optimized. A thermo-electric model was proposed to explain the seismo-electromagnetic effects before earthquakes. A propagation model was put forward to explain the electromagnetic waves into the ionosphere. According to the requirement of earthquake prediction research, China seismo-electromagnetic satellite, the first space-based platform of Chinese earthquake stereoscopic observation system, is proposed and planned to launch at about the end of 2014. It focuses on checking the LAI model and distinguishing earthquake-related ionospheric disturbance. The preliminary design for the satellite will adopt CAST-2000 platform with eight payloads onboard. It is believed that the satellite will work together with the ground monitoring network to improve the capability to capture seismo-electromagnetic information, which is beneficial for earthquake monitoring and prediction researches.     

地震前长周期事件的研究——历史与现状

自20世纪60年代以来,已经积累了许多地震前长周期事件的观测资料。这些长周期事件可以被很多不同的观测系统记录到,如跨断层形变、超低频电磁异常、次声波异常、井下低频导波、井水水位等。理论上对地震前长周期事件已给出了许多论证,例如,震前的断层蠕动、静地震与慢地震、断层的断裂预扩展和地震成核等。解决震前长周期事件的地面可测性,对突破“震前平静”带来的短临预测的困惑会起到举足轻重的作用。目前的主要问题是缺乏网络化的系统观测和对物理机制的研究。     

都江堰电磁波震前异常初探

本文对都江堰地震台2类电磁波仪的震前记录进行分析,震前仪器记录到了电磁波异常现象:2006年6月21日甘肃文县5.0级、2006年7月22日和2006年8月25日云南盐津2次5.1级地震,这些说明电磁波监测在地震短临预报中有参考意义。     

云南地区强震电磁波异常特征及其预报意义

从1992年11月开始实施了中日地震电磁波观测和研究项目，该电磁波观测资料真实完整地观测记录到丽江等29次近震电磁波异常的发展过程；对29个地震的特征作了对比观测研究，表明地震电磁波异常有3种发展类型，与之对应建立了3种地震电磁波预报规则；初步提出利用地震电磁波预报地震的模式；分析、讨论TOA电磁波监泅系统的优越性，并在一定程度上对发展地震电磁波观测找到了有效的前兆信息观测方法和监泅系统。这将对地震电磁波的观测和研究以及对地震短临预报起到一定的推动作用。     

地震电磁卫星电离层扰动研究进展综述

本文总结了国内外关于地震电离层扰动现象研究的主要进展, 主要介绍了法国DEMETER卫星及其相关的统计研究和震例研究成果, 总结了目前地震电离层扰动前兆震例研究的一般步骤, 介绍了地震孕育过程中产生的电磁异常信息向电离层传播的可能途径, 包括化学途径、 声学途径和电磁途径。 大量的研究成果表明地震电离层异常的存在, 在地震发生前几个小时至几天或几个月电离层扰动被探测到, 但是地震电离层扰动前兆能否作为地震预报方法, 还有许多需要深入研究的问题。 本文提出了地震电离层研究需要解决的几个重要问题。     

几次中强地震前电磁波异常的初步分析

2008年新疆新建轮台、喀什、阿图什3个电磁波观测台站,经过1年多的观测,喀什、阿图什2个台站资料较为连续、可靠。台站400 km范围内的5次5级以上地震前,电磁波具有明显的短临异常特征。阿图什、喀什2个台站电磁波最大值的异常图像虽有一定差异,但均有重复性。阿图什电磁波异常形态为上升—下降的高值变化过程,而喀什电磁波异常形态主要为高值突跳。异常时间一般出现在震前10 d内,具有较好的临震指示意义。     

ELECTROMAGNETIC ANOMALOUS PULSES BEFORE AND AFTER EARTHQUAKES(M>6.0) IN CHINA CONTINENT IN 2008

In this paper,we provided the electromagnetic anomaly phenomena prior to five earthquakes with magnitude M_W>6.0 occurring in China continent in 2008.The electromagnetic data in frequency bands 800~0.1Hz are recorded at two stations located in Urumqi,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (URQ) and Tonghai,Yunnan Province (TH).The time series of four horizontal components of the electromagnetic field at the stations are converted to the spectra using Fast Fourier Transform.The relationship between the electromagnetic anomalous phenomena and the earthquake events is studied through analyzing the temporal variation of electromagnetic spectra and comparing them with earthquake events.This study provides the new examples for electromagnetic anomaly phenomena before the earthquakes.The following features can be found.①The obvious anomalous power spectrum density (PSD) of electromagnetic fields in frequency band of 128~0.5Hz appeared before earthquakes.The anomalous PSD is related to the earthquake magnitude and the epicenter distance.The anomaly size of magnetic PSD is about 1-3 orders of magnitude bigger than the background field before Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake.② The changes of parameters are also related with frequency of the signal;The ELF signal strength observed at seismic stations is significantly related with distance between the stations or the measured magnetic and electrical field components and the source of earthquake.We also found that the field strength attenuated faster in area closer to the source than in far area.It is clear that the magnetic signals have higher signal noise ratio than the electric data.③ The amplitudes are also related with the azimuth of the earthquake to station and with the frequency of the data.④ The anomalous pulses showed cluster phenomenon in time.     

大同5.5级地震前的电磁前兆信号

１９７６年唐山地震皮后，上地震引起的电磁信号异常现象开始引起人们的极大关注，我国相继建立了２００多个地震电磁波观测台，并且积累了许多震例资料。同时在国外也发表了一些相关的文章，但大多数文章仅涉及到震前一个台的异常信号或某个频段上的异常信号。