北京数字化地磁脉动观测台网

叙述了北京数字化地磁脉动观测台网的基本情况、特点以及在地震预报研究和地磁学科研究等方面的重要作用。该台网提供了磁暴、磁扰、地磁日变及地磁脉动等地磁事件的数字化观测资料。这些观测资料由于其精度高和动态范围大, 蕴含有极为丰富的信息, 分析处理更为方便。      

高压直流输电对地磁观测影响的特征分析

越来越多的高压直流(HVDC)输电工程在全国范围内投入运行,对地磁观测造成了较大.范围的干扰,这种干扰需要观测员进行数据预处理,以便产出可靠的地磁观测资料。本文通过对HVDC运行的故障特性、地磁台站与高压直流线路的相对位置以及对地磁观测资料造成的干扰形态进行分析,指出了HVDC对地磁观测造成的4个干扰特性,为识别、判定这种干扰提供了依据。     

地磁活动指数的过去、现在和未来

地磁活动性是范围广、分量多、种类繁、形态异、频谱宽、原因复杂的时变过程.面对如此复杂的地磁活动性,除了分门别类逐一进行深入研究之外,根据实测资料,用简便易行的分类和简单明了的指标,对地磁活动性进行总体检阅和形态学描述也是非常必要的.于是,各种地磁活动指数应运而生.地磁指数不仅是表征地磁活动现象的重要参数,其应用范围逐渐扩展到日地能量耦合计算、电离层一磁层一太阳风空问环境状态描述、空间环境监测、空间天气预报等许多相关领域."地磁活动指数化"的思想正在向别的领域扩展,其构建原理和量算方法也在不断改进和完善.本文将现有的约50种地磁活动指数分两大类型,综述其提出背景和发展过程,分析其使用范围和优缺点,探讨地磁活动指数未来发展的趋势.     

中国地磁测量、地磁图和地磁场模型的回顾

系统回顾中国地磁测量、地磁图和地磁场模型的发展过程.我国每10a(1950-2000年)进行一次全国范围的三分量地磁测量(磁偏角、磁倾角、水平强度或总强度),并出版相应年代的中国地磁图.还出版了1965.0年青藏高原地磁图、1980.0年青海省地磁图以及1990.0年中国海域地磁偏角图.地磁场模型包括多项式模型、矩谐模型、冠谐模型和曲面样条函数模型.根据相同的地磁资料,分别计算1950-2000年中国地磁场的多项式模型和冠谐模型.     

唐山地震前后地磁短周期变化的分析

本文收集了1973—1977年北京、红山、昌黎、青光地磁台2206个急始型与湾扰型的短周期变化事件,以及80个磁暴的资料。在周期与视周期为1分钟至24小时的频率域内,分析了各台△Z/△H 及其随周期的变化,以及 Wiese 矢量的变化,比较了各台地磁短周期变化的 H、Z、D 分量相对于红山台的变化。分析结果表明:(1)在唐山震区周围的渤海地区确实存在地磁短周期变化异常,其空间分布与频率特性相当稳定,似乎不受唐山地震的影响。(2)从各台结果的分析比较中发现,只有昌黎台地磁短周期变化持续时间为1—5分钟的(?)在唐山地震前后存在明显差异。唐山地震前,昌黎台的 Wiese 矢量及其偏差矢量的变化较大,可能反映了在唐山地震孕育过程中地下电导率的变异,上述昌黎台地震前后1—5分钟(?)的显著差异,也许与地震前后地下电导率变异有关。综合考虑异常的时空特性、频率范围与唐山地震的关系,上述差异性可能是唐山地震短周期地磁效应的反映。     

基于小波变换的地磁脉动信号提取方法研究

观测获取的地磁资料,其中大多数要分析的信号如磁暴、亚暴、地磁脉动均是非平稳信号,它们以合成的形成而被记录下来.这些资料含有大量的非稳态成分.例如,偏移、趋始、突变、事件的起始与终止等.而这些信号成分往往都很重要,它们反映了所要研究的地磁信号的重要特征.它们的频域特性都是随时间而变化的.对这种时变信号进行分析,需要提取某一时段(有时是瞬间)的频域信息,或某一频段的时间信息.这就需要同时具有时间和频率分辨率的基函数来分析地磁信号.     

81型照相记录感应式地磁脉动观测系统

为了记录短周期地磁脉动,我们研制了81型照相记录感应式地磁脉动观测系统。该系统的最佳灵敏度为0.08γ/mm（T=10秒）,周期范围大于4秒。经1981年夏季在漠河、北京、泰山、泉州所进行的联合观测,证明系统的性能是稳定的,各台记录资料有较好的对应性,并为地磁脉动的分析研究提供了我国第一批有意义的感应式地磁脉动仪记录。     

中美地磁总强度日变化的分析比较

利用中国京津地区13个台站、滇西地区3个台站以及美国加州6个台站的地磁总强度观测资料,分析比较了这些台站的地磁总强度日变化及其频谱.结果表明,地磁总强度日变化的形态、日变幅与频谱,在100-200km 的局部范围内基本相同,在500km 大范围则不同.在25-40纬度范围内,地磁总强度日变幅的纬度因子约为1-2nT/度.      

应用数字多道预测滤波技术排除短周期地磁总强度数据噪声.

对数字多道预测滤波技术应用于排除小型地震地磁台网短周期总强度数据噪声的有效性进行了探讨．结果表明,该技术可以通过利用外源磁扰矢量来有效地拟合总强度差值中的内源电磁感应差值场,从而成功地降低差值的噪声水平．本文采用的两对差值实例中,滤波质量因子Q分别达到0.86和0.68．频谱分析表明,在无大的地磁事件发生的通常情况下,拟合差值的周期成分以与Sq变化周期相应的1～4次谐波为主．最佳滤波器的长度主要取决于差值中可预测能量频率的高低,同时,还可能与输入和期望输出间的位相差异有关．研究表明,难以得到同时满足磁扰日与磁静日的普适滤波器．对京西延庆-怀来盆地地磁资料的实例分析,显示出该地区地下电导率的分布可能极不均匀．      

基于小波多分辨率分析的地磁脉动信号提取

2003年10月29日,云南通海地磁台记录到一次K=9的特大磁暴。运用本次强磁暴的数字化记录资料,探讨了用小波多分辫率分解Mallat塔式率算法在强磁暴信号水平上提取地磁脉动弱信号的方法。结果表明,该算法提取的地磁脉动信号频率成分清晰、基线平整、波型完好。     

Assessment of an ancient bridge combining geophysical and advanced photogrammetric methods: Application to the Pont De Coq,France

A high resolution geophysical survey was carried out on the Pont De Coq, a medieval stone arch bridge located in Normandy (France) in 2011 and 2012. Two complementary methods are used: Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Ground PenetratingRadar (GPR). They allow to evaluate the structural state of the bridge and to characterize the subsurface around and beneath the bridge. An excellent correlation is obtained between the geophysical methods and the geological data obtained around the bridge. In order to improve the restitution of the geophysical data, an advanced photogrammetric method is performed, providing a high resolution 3D Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of the Pont de Coq. The advanced photogrammetry enhances the presentation of the GPR and ERT data. This approach is an easy-to-use, rapid and cost-effective tool for stakeholders. Finally, it is a promising and original method for improved interpretations of future geophysical surveys.     

Slopes of an airborne electromagnetic resistivity model interpolated jointly with borehole data for 3D geological modelling

We investigate a novel way to introduce resistivity models deriving from airborne electromagnetic surveys into regional geological modelling. Standard geometrical geological modelling can be strengthened using geophysical data. Here, we propose to extract information contained in a resistivity model in the form of local slopes that constrain the modelling of geological interfaces. The proposed method is illustrated on an airborne electromagnetic survey conducted in the region of Courtenay in France. First, a resistivity contrast corresponding to the clay/chalk interface was interpreted confronting the electromagnetic soundings to boreholes. Slopes were then sampled on this geophysical model and jointly interpolated with the clay/chalk interface documented in boreholes using an implicit 3D potential‐field method. In order to evaluate this new joint geophysical–geological model, its accuracy was compared with that of both pure geological and pure geophysical models for various borehole configurations. The proposed joint modelling yields the most accurate clay/chalk interface whatever the number and location of boreholes taken into account for modelling and validation. Compared with standard geological modelling, the approach introduces in between boreholes geometrical information derived from geophysical results. Compared with conventional resistivity interpretation of the geophysical model, it reduces drift effects and honours the boreholes. The method therefore improves what is commonly obtained with geological or geophysical data separately, making it very attractive for robust 3D geological modelling of the subsurface.     

Non-invasive Geophysical Surveys in Search of the Roman Temple of Augustus Under the Cathedral of Tarragona (Catalonia,Spain): A Case Study

An integrated geophysical survey has been conducted at the Tarragona’s Cathedral (Catalonia, NE Spain) with the aim to confirm the potential occurrence of archaeological remains of the Roman Temple dedicated to the Emperor Augustus. Many hypotheses have been proposed about its possible location, the last ones regarding the inner part of the Cathedral, which is one of the most renowned temples of Spain (twelfth century) evolving from Romanesque to Gothic styles. A geophysical project including electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and ground probing radar (GPR) was planned over 1 year considering the administrative and logistic difficulties of such a project inside a cathedral of religious veneration. Finally, both ERT and GPR have been conducted during a week of intensive overnight surveys that provided detailed information on subsurface existing structures. The ERT method has been applied using different techniques and arrays, ranging from standard Wenner–Schlumberger 2D sections to full 3D electrical imaging with the advanced Maximum Yield Grid array. Electrical resistivity data were recorded extensively, making available many thousands of apparent resistivity data to obtain a complete 3D image after a full inversion. In conclusion, some significant buried structures have been revealed providing conclusive information for archaeologists. GPR results provided additional information about shallowest structures. The geophysical results were clear enough to persuade religious authorities and archaeologists to conduct selected excavations in the most promising areas that confirmed the interpretation of geophysical data. In conclusion, the significant buried structures revealed by geophysical methods under the cathedral were confirmed by archaeological digging as the basement of the impressive Roman Temple that headed the Provincial Forum of Tarraco, seat of the Concilium of Hispania Citerior Province.     

地球物理信号能量(密度)多维分形及应用

地球物理信号代表的地质地球物理过程在多种尺度上和尺度之间表现为自相似性（self-affinity)或尺度无关性（Scale Invariant)，称为地球物理信号的分形性质，多个分形地球物理信号叠加在一起表现为多维分形特征，研究多维分形地球物理信号的能量或能量密度特征，可以进行时间或空间地球物理信号的校正、奇异性研究分析，或进行不同地球物理动力学过程的分解，本文描述了地球物理时间（空间）信号的多维分形过程和功率谱密度（能量密度）与波数以及重磁场能谱密度及面积（能量）与能谱密度的多维分形关系，并用地球物理测井与重磁资料作了试算。     

Looking inside Mount Vesuvius by potential fields integrated probability tomographies

First, we outline the theory of the three-dimensional (3D) probability tomography for any generic vector or scalar geophysical field and define an approach to the integrated tomography of any pair of geophysical data sets collected in the same area. Then, we discuss the results of the application of the 3D probability tomography to the Mount Vesuvius volcanic complex, considering gravity, magnetic and self-potential survey data. The most important feature resulting from the integrated tomography regards the Mt. Vesuvius plumbing system. A unique central conduit is outlined at the intersection between a W–E- and a N—S-trending vertical boundary planes. The top terminal part of this conduit appears completely filled with magnetized and less dense volcanic material. This new information, combined with previous indications about the probable existence of a magma reservoir at 8–10 km of depth, strengthen the hypothesis that Mount Vesuvius is still to be considered a highly hazardous volcano.     

多条人工地震测深剖面资料联合反演首都圈三维地壳结构

为了对多条二维剖面资料进行统一分析和解释,本文考虑了各剖面交点处的约束条件,通过建立统一的偏导矩阵,将各剖面资料联立求解.利用该方法对中国地震局地球物理勘探中心在首都圈内6条人工地震宽角反射/折射剖面资料进行了重新处理和解释,得到该地区的地壳三维速度结构和构造特征.在此基础上,结合其他地球物理研究成果,确定了壳内存在的4处低速层（体）的空间范围及断裂的走向.     

基于褶积模型的地球物理反演模型增强

地球物理数据在采集和处理过程中,由于存在噪声、模型误差、以及数据离散化误差等系统误差,导致了异常体边界模糊和模型分辨率降低等一些不可避免的不良系统退化效应的产生.本文提出了一种新的地球物理反演模型增强方法,通过消除反演估计模型中的系统误差,压制模型中的不良系统退化效应,增强反演模型的分辨率.文章从理论上分析了数据中存在的系统误差对模型求解的影响,提出了一个新的系统误差褶积退化模型,并根据该模型提出了一种基于混合范数总变分正则化的盲反褶积模型增强算法.最后,文章通过1D线性反演增强试验和2D大地电磁反演增强试验,验证了所提出的地球物理系统退化模型的正确性,以及盲反褶积增强算法的有效性.试验结果表明,方法可以有效地提高反演参数模型的分辨率.     

Calibrating a Salt Water Intrusion Model with Time‐Domain Electromagnetic Data

Salt water intrusion models are commonly used to support groundwater resource management in coastal aquifers. Concentration data used for model calibration are often sparse and limited in spatial extent. With airborne and ground‐based electromagnetic surveys, electrical resistivity models can be obtained to provide high‐resolution three‐dimensional models of subsurface resistivity variations that can be related to geology and salt concentrations on a regional scale. Several previous studies have calibrated salt water intrusion models with geophysical data, but are typically limited to the use of the inverted electrical resistivity models without considering the measured geophysical data directly. This induces a number of errors related to inconsistent scales between the geophysical and hydrologic models and the applied regularization constraints in the geophysical inversion. To overcome these errors, we perform a coupled hydrogeophysical inversion (CHI) in which we use a salt water intrusion model to interpret the geophysical data and guide the geophysical inversion. We refer to this methodology as a Coupled Hydrogeophysical Inversion‐State (CHI‐S), in which simulated salt concentrations are transformed to an electrical resistivity model, after which a geophysical forward response is calculated and compared with the measured geophysical data. This approach was applied for a field site in Santa Cruz County, California, where a time‐domain electromagnetic (TDEM) dataset was collected. For this location, a simple two‐dimensional cross‐sectional salt water intrusion model was developed, for which we estimated five uniform aquifer properties, incorporating the porosity that was also part of the employed petrophysical relationship. In addition, one geophysical parameter was estimated. The six parameters could be resolved well by fitting more than 300 apparent resistivities that were comprised by the TDEM dataset. Except for three sounding locations, all the TDEM data could be fitted close to a root‐mean‐square error of 1. Possible explanations for the poor fit of these soundings are the assumption of spatial uniformity, fixed boundary conditions and the neglecting of 3D effects in the groundwater model and the TDEM forward responses.     

海试引发深水油气综合地球物理采集的几点思考

深水地球物理采集技术随着国际海洋油气勘探的不断升温,技术水平不断提高.本文结合我国的地球物理海试实践,提出深水油气综合地球物理采集的几点思考,地震采集参数的选择,重磁震采集过程的实时监控,总结海试过程深水地球物理采集的两方面进展,一是精确定位的长缆二维地震采集技术,二是高精度的重磁震联合质量监控的综合地球物理测量技术,为深水油气勘探提供采集技术保障.     

基于局部相关性约束的三维大地电磁数据和重力数据的联合反演

为解决地球物理反演中多解性的问题,综合多种地球物理信息的联合反演受到了广泛的关注.本文依据不同地球物理响应可能由相同异常体引起,而不同地球物理分布参数之间存在相关性等特点,提出了一种基于局部Pearson相关系数约束的联合反演方法.该方法假设每个局部区域模型参数的分布具有线性相关特性,在拟合不同类型观测数据时,对局部模型参数施加相关性约束,进行联合反演以减少多解性.本文采用交替迭代联合反演流程,改善了同一目标函数下联合反演收敛性和速度问题.基于新的联合反演方法和流程,我们测试了三维大地电磁和重力仿真数据的联合反演.结果表明,本文提出的基于局部相关性约束的联合反演方法,能充分利用大地电磁和重力观测数据信息,有效改善单一地球物理反演收敛性和多解性的问题,反演效果得到明显提升.