青海玉树7.1级大震的预测讨论

讨论了2010年4月14日青海玉树大震的震源组合模式。用临界慢化的观点讨论了玉树大震的前震。以异年倍九律与磁暴二倍法相配讨论了玉树大震的发生日期。     

华北地震发生日期之间关系的讨论——纪念唐山大地震35周年

从异年倍九法（或称异年倍九律）讨论了华北7级以上大震发生日期之间的关系。这种关系对今后在类似季节预测大震的发生日期有一定的参考作用。     

岫岩5．4级地震前震及广义前震的再研究

对岫岩5．4级地震前震序列进行了重新核定,将该序列分为两段,前段震群为前兆震群、响应地震、广义前震,后段才为前震。我国的一些大震及辽宁的一些地震前均出现过类似地震。科学认定前震、响应地震、广义前震对实现岫岩5．4级地震短、临预报起到了重要作用。     

前震序列型震群的判别方法及预报意义研究

一个震群发生后,迅速判断该震群是“大震”的前震序列,还是并不伴有大震发生的一般震群,对减轻地震灾害和维护社会稳定具有重要的现实意义.本文通过辽宁省境内发生的部分震群类型做了系统地对比分析和研究,提出前震序列型震群的概念.     

大震发生日期的预报——异年倍九律

本文在1977年以来提出的“予报地震的倍九律”基础上,研究了我国很多地震区大震的异年倍九现象,进一步提出了“异年倍九律”。异年倍九律是指相近地区不同年份大震发震日序间具有倍九日关系的情况。由于大震日期予报至为重要,所以本文仅以7级和7级以上大震进行统计。统计发现我国许多地震区大地震发生日期符合上述异年倍九律现象。这些地区是渤海至燕山前麓地震区,山东郯城潍坊地震区,武都茂汶地震区,四川巴塘、理塘地震区,炉霍、道孚地震区,云南东川、嵩明地震区,西藏墨脱至米林地震带,当雄至奇林湖地震区,新疆巴里坤地震区,乌恰地震区和富蕴至中蒙边境阿尔泰地震带。由这十一个地区异年倍九的震例来看,地震日序差值以36天的频次最高,约占总的统计数40%,月份大多出现在6—9月。此外符合这种时间规律的地区不是杂乱的,例如汾渭地震带就不符合这种规律。因此异年倍九律对某些已有短期震兆的地震危险区发布大震的发震日期有一定参考作用。异年地震发震日期的倍九律具有较多的统计事实表明,这种现象的出现不是偶然的。作者认为相差几十年和几百年的大震,它们发震的月份相近,且发生地震的日期符合倍九律可能与这些地区在这段时期具有倍九时间特征的外因较强有关。也即与外因对地震的调制作用有关。具体的调制因素和调制机制尚需进一步研究。初步认为可能是气象因素、磁暴,日月引力等外因因素对地震的发生起到了调制作用,以上这三种外因均有倍九天的周期成份,如这三种倍九天的周期成份在某些地区某些时间产生合拍运动,则就可能增加外因对地震的作用。在自然界除了研究可公度性和周期性现象外,还要研究走向混沌的道路。我们发现,两大类事物分别走向混沌的临界常数A和B,与黄金分割数C之间有一简单关系,即: 2 A-B=C 式中A=4.66920,B=8.7210,C=0.618(此亦为优选法中的常数)。     

带头地震

带头地震是异年倍九律时间系列中的头一个地震,其震级较大。在它发生后几百年内附近200—300公里范围的6级和6级以上地震与它的发生日期往往呈倍九天的关系,其月份范围在带头地震发生日期前后2—3个月内。已发现的带头地震有1679年三河平谷大震,1668年郎城大震,1624年扬州大震,1604年泉州东大震。另外还发现在中国西部也有不少带头地震。带头地震和随后的被带地震其间的倍九律关系可能是具有倍九天可公度的外因调制地下过程的结果。在前兆观测的基础上用带头地震有助于选择发震日期。     

前震序列与一般小震群活动规律的探讨

研究前震序列的活动规律及其与一般小震群的区别,对于研究地震孕育过程及地震预报都是有益的。为此,我们处理了我国近十几年来资料较详细的17个地震,发现其前震活动是在主震前较早时间就开始的,它与波速变化似有某种对应关系。选择主震前适当的时间间隔,其中的前震频数一般随时间接近主震而按指数增长。并且,大地震的一个4级以上前震与一般小震群中的同量级地震发生前的应变释放速率是不同的。     

1966年邢台大震的回顾性预测讨论

用三性法按华北历史地震资料讨论了邢台大震的发生年份。三性是指周期性、倍周期性和每个周期的黄金分割性。用异年倍九法讨论了邢台大震的发生日期。异年倍九是指某地区某季节内历史大震的发生日期与后来地震发生的日期其差值呈倍九天关系。因为现在单一解的地震预报还很困难,所以三性法和异年倍九法所预测的年份和日期是若干个固定的时间,对此应采取“不断拦截”的预测战略。     

前震和普通震群震源深度分布的比较

本文从强固区模型和地壳应力分布特点出发,讨论了前震和普通震群在震源深度分布上的差异性。分析中国大陆39组震群震源深度数据。结果表明,普通震群多数分布在强度较低的上地壳,前震和前兆震群比普通震群要深得多,可能达到中下地壳,差别显著。为减小测深误差的影响,建议把相对深度特征值△H作为一种识别前震和普通震群的可能标志。普通震群最大深度H_(max)一般≤16km,而前震的H_(max)均>16km。震群的震源垂直尺度△H_1≤10km,而前震的△H_1>10km。震群的最大深度距平值△H_2≤6km,而前震的△H_2>6km。     

小震群序列类型判定方法研究的现状及相关问题研究的趋势

小震群地震活动经常发生,对其可能类型的快速判别,即对正在活动的小震群,究竟是"大震"的前震序列,还是并不伴有大震发生的一般性小震群的快速判别,对减轻地震灾害和维护社会稳定具有重要的现实意义.本文总结归纳了小震群序列类型判别方法研究的现状和存在的问题,并对震群序列类型判别研究的趋势进行了初步阐述.     

Characteristics of foreshock and its identi-fication

Introduction The characteristics of generalized foreshock and direct foreshock and their identification,as well as their application to medium and short-term prediction of strong earthquake is a major study objective in seismometry both in China and abroad.China has made many short-term and imminent earthquake predictions.Among the ones with clear hazard-mitigating effect and social manifestation,direct foreshock has made an obvious contribution,for example,the MS=7.2Menglian earthquake occu…     

2013年甘肃岷县漳县MS6.6地震及短临前兆的显现

简述了2013年7月22日甘肃岷县漳县MS6.6地震的情况。该地震是1954年以来甘肃省发生的最大地震。本文对这次地震的短临前兆进行了综合论述与讨论,内容包括地震发生日与节气和朔望日的关系、地磁静日低点位移的回顾、低点位移的倍九日期回顾、异年倍七律方法的指标在临震日期预测的回顾、甘肃天水深井电阻率的短期前兆的回顾,最后讨论了综合预测的问题。     

2014年云南鲁甸MS6.5地震预测回顾与反思

用"静中动判据"和"周期性"方法回顾2014年8月3日云南鲁甸M_S6.5地震的中期预测,并用异年倍九律(异年倍九法)对鲁甸地震的发震日期进行了回顾性反思。     

1920年海原8.5级地震发生日期的异年倍九律现象

异年倍九法是我们提出的一个临震预报的方法,带有明确有计数到天的指征特点,本文用此方法回溯讨论了讨论1920年海原8.5级大震的发震日期。以作为今后在甘宁地区在冬季从短临时间尺度预测大震日期的参考。     

Using the match-and-locate method to characterize foreshocks of the July 2019 MW6.4 Ridgecrest,California earthquake

The July 2019 M_W6.4 Ridgecrest, California earthquake and its distinct foreshocks were well recorded by local and regional stations, providing a great opportunity to characterize its foreshocks and investigate the nucleation mechanisms of the mainshock. In this study, we utilized the match-and-locate (M&L) method to build a high-precision foreshock catalog for this M_W6.4 earthquake. Compared with the sequential location methods (matched-filter + cross-correlation-based hypoDD), our new catalog contains more events with higher location accuracy. The M_W6.4 mainshock was preceded by 40 foreshocks within ～2 h (on July 4, 2019 from 15:35:29 to 17:32:52, UTC). Their spatiotemporal distribution revealed a complex seismogenic structure consisting of multiple fault strands, which were connected as a throughgoing fault by later foreshocks and eventually accommodated the 2019 M_W6.4 mainshock. To better understand the nucleation mechanism, we determined the rupture dimension of the largest M_L4.0 foreshock by calculating its initial rupture and centroid points using the M&L method. By estimating Coulomb stress change we suggested that the majority of foreshocks following the M_L4.0 event and M_W6.4 mainshock occurred within regions of increasing Coulomb stress, indicating that they were triggered by stress transfer. The nucleation process before the M_L4.0 event remains unclear due to the insufficient sampling rate of waveforms and small magnitude of events. Thus, our study demonstrates that the M&L method has superior detection and location ability, showing potential for studies that require high-precision location (e.g., earthquake nucleation).     

2018年9月4日新疆伽师MS5.5地震序列及发震构造讨论

2018年9月4日新疆伽师发生M_S5.5地震,震中处于塔里木地块西北缘,位于1997~1998年伽师强震群震区内。此次伽师地震前发生了M_S4.7前震,截至9月30日最大余震震级为M_S4.6（M_L5.0）,初步判定为前-主-余型地震序列。序列精定位结果显示,余震沿近NE向展布,主震震源深度与1997~1998年伽师强震主震基本一致,发震断层陡立。本文从区域的构造环境、地震震源机制解和余震分布特征等方面分析认为,地震发生在伽师隐伏断裂东南端部,为1997~1998年伽师强震群震区的一次新的构造活动。序列参数、视应力等计算结果显示,伽师M_S5.5地震的预测最大余震震级与最大余震震级M_S4.6接近,表明序列最大余震已经发生。     

Changes in source parameters of foreshocks and aftershocks of the 2001 Ms=6.0 Yajiang,Sichuan, earthquake

In this paper changes in focal mechanisms) parameters of wave spectra, and stress drops for the Ms=5.0 forcshock and Ms=6.0 mainshock in February 2001 in Yajiang County, Sichuan, and seismicity in cpiccntral region are studied. Comparison of focal mechanisms for the Yajiang earthquakes with distribution patterns of aftcrshocks, the nodal plane Ⅰ, striking in the direction of NEN, of the Yajiang M=5.0 event is chosen as the faulting plane, the nodal plane Ⅱ, striking in the direction of WNW, of the M=6.0 event as the faulting plane. The strikes of the two faulting planes are nearly perpendicular to each other. The level of stress drops in the cpicentral region before the occurrence of the M=6.0 earthquake increases, which is consistent with increase of seismicity in the epicentral region. The rate decay of the Yajiang earthquake sequence, changes in wave spectra for foreshocks and aftershocks,and focal mechanisms are complex.     

Foreshock sequence of September 26th, 1997 Umbria-Marche earthquakes

On September 3^rd (22:07 UTC), 1997 a small earthquake with Mw=4.54 started the foreshocks sequence (1500 events with M_L <3.1) of the September 26^th seismic sequence. Two days after, three seismic stations of the University of Camerino were installed around the macroseismic epicenter of the foreshock. We present in this paper the location of foreshocks (with 2.1L<3.3) which occurred between September 3^rd and 26^th. Foreshocks location, with horizontal (ERH) and vertical (ERZ) error less than 1.5 km, define an area 4 km large. Foreshocks have been localized between the epicenters of the two major events of September 26^th, which occurred at 00:33 UTC with Mw=5.6 and at 09:40 UTC with Mw=6.0 (Amato et al., 1998; Ekström et al., 1998). In a vertical cross-section, hypocenters show a low angle (30^°) structure with SW dip-direction. Focal mechanisms for three of the major events show dip-slip fault solutions with strike direction of about N130, in agreement with the CMT solutions of September 3^rd and September 26^th earthquakes (Ekström et al., 1998). Data recorded at two stations Popola (POP) e Capodacqua (CPQ) located on the rupture area of the September 26^th faults, allowed us to calculate a mean Vp/Vs ratio of 1.84±0.03 for the foreshock. This value is lower than the Vp/Vs ratio of 1.89±0.02 calculated for the aftershock sequence occurred in the same area. Besides, the Vp/Vs ratio during the foreshocks sequence is not stable in time but it seems to increase approaching September 26^th. After September 26^th mainshocks, this value tends to stabilize around a higher value of 1.89. Following the dilatancy model, we suggest that the relative low Vp/Vs ratio before the main shocks could indicate the presence of fluid in the focal volume. The presence of fluids could have increased the effective stress on the fault plane and could be responsible for the long foreshock activity before the two main earthquakes of September 26^th. Therefore, we suggest that this foreshock activity could have also contributed to reduce the friction along the September 26^th fault plane, breaking the active structure in two smaller segments. In this hypothesis, foreshock activity could have drastically contributed to mitigate the seismic potential of the Colfiorito's active structure.     

Spatiotemporal evolution of the 2021 MS6.4 Yangbi earthquake sequence

Based on the seismic phase reports of the Yangbi area from January 1 to June 25, 2021, and the waveform data of M ≥ 4 earthquakes, we obtained the relocation results and focal mechanism solutions of the M_S6.4 Yangbi earthquake sequence using the HypoDD and CAP methods. Based on our results, our main conclusions are as follows: (1) the M_S6.4 Yangbi earthquake sequence is a typical foreshock-mainshock-aftershock sequence. The foreshocks of the first two stages have the obvious fronts of migration and their migration rate increased gradually. There was no apparent front of migration during the third stage, and the occurrence of the mainshock was related to stress triggering from a M5.3 foreshock. We tentatively speculate that the rupture pattern of the Yangbi earthquake sequence conforms to the cascading-rupture model; and (2) the main fault of the M_S6.4 Yangbi earthquake sequence is a NW-trending right-lateral strike-slip fault. As time progressed, a minor conjugate aftershock belt formed at the northwest end of this fault, and a dendritic branching structure emerged in the southern fault segment, showing a complex seismogenic fault structure. We suggested that the fault of the Yangbi earthquake sequence may be a young sub-fault of the Weixi-Weishan fault.     

A summary of seismic activities in and around China in 2021

In this article, we review the general characteristics of seismicity in and around China and the overall statistics of earthquake damage in 2021, focusing on several significant events and related scientific topics. Among them, the largest event is the M_S 7.4 Madoi earthquake in Qinghai Province, northwest China. The event marks another M_S ?≥ ?7 earthquake occurring near the boundary of the Bayan Har Block that has ended a remarkable quiescence of the M_S ?≥ ?7 earthquakes within the Chinese mainland. In addition, the M_S 6.4 Yangbi earthquake in Yunnan Province, southwest China draws the most attention because of its abundant foreshocks, which are well recorded by the densely distributed seismic stations in the surrounding regions. Regarding this event, we review several recent publications focusing on the Gutenberg-Richter b-value change and the physical mechanism of foreshocks associated with this sequence. The M_S 6.0 Luxian earthquake in Sichuan Province, southwest China has caused serious damage with a relatively low magnitude, partly because the focal depth of the mainshock is relatively shallow (3.5 ?km). It is another strong earthquake occurring within the southeast Sichuan basin with low historical seismicity yet has increased significantly since 2015, probably due to shale gas development and associated hydraulic fracturing.