溪洛渡水库影响区地震活动性分析

利用2008—2018年云南省及邻省区域地震台网的地震监测资料,结合区域构造特征、溪洛渡库区水载荷变化,对溪洛渡水库影响区内水库蓄水前后地震活动空间、频度、强度等进行综合分析,并对区域断层性质、库水位载荷变化、震源机制解、地震应力降参数深入分析。结果表明:①溪洛渡水库影响区及附近区域第四纪活动与不活动的断裂交汇,构造环境复杂且存在应力水平较高区域,水库影响区地震空间分布明显受区域构造控制;②水库蓄水初期水位变化对库区基底岩层及库岸岩体影响显著;③溪洛渡水库影响区的构造存在高应力背景,在水载荷变化波动的影响下,触发了构造区的应力释放,且蓄水高水位作用使该区域构造应力以双震的形式得以释放;④库区蓄水后,水库载荷变化对区域构造应力有较大的扰动作用,库区持续的微小地震活动无明显的衰减迹象,表明库岸再造仍在持续。     

位于构造活跃区的小湾水库地震活动特征——基于地震精定位的分析

针对我国在西南构造活跃区修建的水库蓄水与地震活动的关系,本文对蓄水已长达7年并在高水位运维多个周期的云南小湾水库,采用结合波形互相关技术的双差地震定位法对水库库区及周边地区2005年7月至2014年12月发生的M≥1.0级地震进行了精定位处理,结果显示出明显的地震成丛活动特征,库区内外的地震震源深度差别较大.对地震震源深度、地震活动与水库蓄水水位及b值分析结果表明:小湾水库蓄水后地震活动明显增多,有水库触发地震发生,触发地震主要分布在沿黑惠江(A)和澜沧江流域(B、C)的3组地震丛中,且3个区的触发地震类型均为快速响应型;在水库蓄水响应活动最明显的地震丛集区A,展现出明显的随水库蓄水水体渗透发生地震"迁移"活动的现象;但库区内也存在着与蓄水关系不大的可能属于正常构造地震的活动,而库区外的地震活动与水库蓄水没有什么相关性,很可能是属于正常的构造地震.综合断层展布、岩性分布及震源深度分析,认为水库蓄水引起的溶岩作用和渗透作用及断层活动可能是小湾水库触发地震的主控因素.     

水库区库仑应力变化及地震活动机理研究

水库地震是由于水库蓄水或者水位变化,使得库区附近地震的次数和震级明显增高的现象。1939年米德湖4.6级地震发生后,水库地震的问题被首次提出。与构造地震相比,水库地震通常具有震源浅、震中烈度高、易于发生滑坡崩塌等次生灾害的特点。事实上,一些发生在水库区的地震常常与库区的构造活动相关,属于构造型水库地震。如何区分这类构造型水库地震和构造地震是当前面临和亟待解决的问题。水库地震发生的机理是解决该问题的关键。本文围绕水库蓄水后引起的库区应力变化和地震发生机理开展了研究。实现了孔弹耦合介质中解析解形式的扩散孔隙压的求解;获取了作为典型水库的三峡水库、紫坪铺水库库区的主要断层面上的孔隙压变化量、正应力变化量、剪应力变化量和库仑应力变化量;分析了引起库区应力变化的主要原因及蓄水与库区地震活动的关系;通过比较不同水库的计算结果,初步尝试性地提炼和总结了水库地震活动的发生机理。同时,本文通过构建新的地质模型,完成了孔弹耦合介质中解析解形式的扩散孔隙压计算程序,并结合弹性半空间理论完成了蓄水引起的水库区主要断层上应力变化量计算平台,针对水库地震机理问题开展定量分析计算,取得了以下研究成果和结论:(1)自1959年至三峡水库蓄水前,库区及邻近区域地震活动主要发生在水库库区外围,空间分布上比较分散。三峡库区蓄水后,库区地震活动显著增加,时间上与库水变化相关,空间上与库区的主要活动断裂带相关,且明显呈丛集状和条带状分布。地震活动主要在库首区九湾溪断裂带和仙女山断裂带交界处、库中泄滩附近和库尾高桥断裂带附近分布。(2)紫坪铺蓄水后,库区的地震活动显著增加,且主要发生在北川–映秀断裂带附近,呈三丛分布,分别为库水正下方区域、库区东北端和库区西南端。(3)水库蓄水后,三峡库区九湾溪断裂带上库仑应力变化量大于0,且最大值可达到0.01 MPa,断层附近发生的地震活动与水库蓄水有关,扩散孔隙压的影响大于水体载荷的作用。仙女山断裂带上的库仑应力变化量小于0,水库蓄水对仙女山断裂带附近地震活动的发生具有抑制作用。高桥断裂带和水田坝断裂带上库仑应力变化量大于0,最大值为0.001 MPa。断裂带附近的地震活动与蓄水在一定程度上相关,其中孔压扩散对地震活动的影响作用大于水体载荷的作用。(4)三峡水库蓄水进入175 m高水位蓄水段后,库区与M5地震有关的扩散孔隙压值为0.01 MPa量级,与M4地震有关的扩散孔隙压值为0.0001 MPa量级。水库水体的重力作用使得库区175 m高水位蓄水段的3次M4地震(2013年12月16日高桥M5.1、2014年3月27日秭归M4.3和2014年3月30日秭归M4.7)震源处库仑应力增加,断层趋于失稳,扩散孔隙压的作用进一步使库仑应力增加,是地震活动发生的主要因素。初步判断,此3次M4地震为构造型的水库地震。(5)紫坪铺水库蓄水后,发生在库岸东北端的丛集中的地震均与水库蓄水有关;地震震源处的库仑应力变化量均大于0,其增量为0~0.002 MPa之间;当扩散系数D=5 m2/s,孔压扩散的影响使得库仑应力变化量的量值增加为0.001~0.003 MPa,是引发地震活动的主控因素。同时,在蓄水后发生在库区西南端丛集中的地震中,10.2%与蓄水载荷作用有关,震源处库仑应力增量为0~0.002 MPa;在发生在库底正下方丛集中的地震中,67.8%与水库蓄水载荷作用有关,震源处库仑应力增量为0~0.02 MPa。在这两丛集的地震中,孔压的扩散作用使得更多的地震震源处的库仑应力变化量增加,表明扩散孔压是引起这两丛集内地震发生的主要原因。(6)无论是否考虑扩散孔隙压的影响,汶川MS8.0地震震源一直处于库仑应力变化量为负的区域。地震发生时,汶川地震震源区及其附近的库仑应力变化量的值为-0.001 MPa。据此初步判断蓄水引发汶川MS8.0地震的可能性微乎甚微。     

小湾水库库区最小一维速度模型研究

<正>地震定位的精度不仅与震中距、地震仪的精度和台站的几何分布、震相读取等因素有关,还强烈依赖于所选取的初始速度模型,与发震区的速度结构耦合在一起,相互影响。2008年12月16日小湾水库蓄水后,库区地震活动明显加强,为研究库水的荷载和渗透对水库区域地下速度结构变化以及对地震活动的影响,必须先了解小湾水库蓄水前该区域的速度模型。为此,利用小湾水库蓄水前记录到的地震到时资料,对小湾水库区域一维P波和S波速度模型进行了研究,以此来提高小湾库区地震的定位精度和对小湾水库     

漫湾和大朝山电站水库诱发地震活动及其构造环境研究

位于云南澜沧江中段的漫湾和大朝山两电站水库位置相邻、大小相仿,坝高和库容均达到可能诱发地震的规模,都处于构造复杂的逆断层环境,但蓄水后库区地震活动水平明显不同,其中漫湾水库有明显的诱发地震活动,而大朝山水库蓄水5年来库区未出现地震活动明显增强现象.通过对漫湾和大朝山两电站水库蓄水后库区地震活动、库区地层和断层特点、地震活动与库区地层和断层特点的关系进行分析,认为沿断层的库水渗透、岩溶塌陷、水库规模、高应力环境、规模较大断裂的通过和断层力学环境等,并不是这两个电站水库诱发地震活动的主要因素;而马街、腰街、哨街一带发育有NE和NW向断层,且多为正断层性质,断面多倾向水库一侧,这些断层的破裂可能是诱发水库地震集中发生的重要原因.     

小湾水库蓄水前后的水库地震波速比变化初探

利用小湾水库地震台网连续、完整的地震波资料,计算小湾水库蓄水前、后各1年地震密集区域的小震波速比变化,并分析3级地震震前波速比的显著异常变化特征.结果表明:小湾库区澜沧江段的昌宁、凤庆,黑惠江库区的巍山牛街一带为震群丛集区,且库尾凤庆区域平均波速比低于中段的昌宁区,空间上呈非均匀分布.水库蓄水仅对凤庆区的地下介质有一定的影响,蓄水前后3级地震震前波速比均呈显著低值异常,2009年8月6日凤庆3.5级地震为蓄水后的最大地震,初步判定为水库诱发的构造地震或构造型水库诱发地震.     

三峡水库地震孕震机理与未来地震趋势初探

以三峡库区区域地质构造、活动断裂及库区水文地质特点为基础,借鉴老一辈地震工作者对三峡地区地震地质活动的勘察与科研成果,阐述了蓄水后岩石的库水与地质相互作用对该区水文地质及构造的影响,浅释了三峡库区水库地震孕震机理;用三峡遥测台网及宜昌台定点地壳形变手段在蓄水前后的监测资料,对三峡宜昌库区水库诱发地震作了初步探讨及趋势分析。研究显示,库区地震活动的时空强频随着库区水体的变化而增强,并与活动断层空间分布呈一致性,具备水库地震的明显特征。预测认为:未来三峡宜昌库区的巴东-黔江与高桥断裂带、仙女山、九湾溪及天阳坪断裂交汇带,是诱发ML4.0～4.5水库地震的危险区。     

地表水体对断层应力与地震时空分布影响的综合分析——以紫坪铺水库为例

为系统研究水库对附近地区地震活动的影响,提出了一个综合分析地震活动性与水库蓄水引起的应力变化的方法并开发了通用性较强的软件。以紫坪铺水库为例,对水库引起的应力变化与库区附近地震活动性变化的关系进行了详细分析。一方面,定量地分析了水库蓄水过程在附近断层附加的库仑应力变化;另一方面,用紫坪铺水库地震观测台网的地震目录,对包括地震发生频度、能量释放速率、b值、空间相关距离等统计参数的时间演化进行了详细解析。数值计算结果发现,无论是荷重还是孔隙压的扩散都在被认为是汶川大地震发震断层的映秀-北川断层和灌县-江油断层的库区下伏段引起了明显的库仑应力变化。地震活动统计特性的时间演化与主要断层的应力变化之间存在明确的且符合岩石力学破坏准则的相关性。据此,初步认为紫坪铺水库在其蓄水过程中对其地下的龙门山中央断层和山前断层有明显的作用     

渔洞水库地区地震活动性和构造应力场分析

统计了渔洞水库的水位变化规律,分析了水库蓄水前后库区及其附近地区的地震活动性和构造应力场特征。结果表明,水库蓄水前后研究区地震活动的图像、强度和频次都没有明显变化;水库蓄水和水位变化对研究区构造应力场没有明显的影响。     

寺口子流动水准趋势分析

本文利用带线性项的富氏多项式最小二秉拟合分析法,处理了寺口子水库区22期跨新层流资料。结果表明,在寺口子水库蓄水后,穿过库区的原压性逆断层,具有了似正断层的活动特征。进一步分析认为,这是由于压力水的浮力、区域挤压构造应力和水体载荷静压力共同作用的结果,而压力水的浮力在库区断层活动中起着主导作用。     

强震观测网、高灵敏度地震观测网、地中强震观测网、宽频带地震观测网

阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2～ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1　强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了…     

Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration

Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i. e. during the few centuries before and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle- and low-latitude lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production. Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation, rather than escaping from war zones. The “wandering” of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind. Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people. Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer-modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but water-management and agricultural researches to insure food-supply for an everincreasing world population.     

Spatial distribution,source apportionment,and associated risks of trace metals (As,Pb, Cr,Cd, and Hg) from a subtropical river,Gomti, Bangladesh

Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×10⁴.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。     

Age, geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of Mahukona Volcano, Hawai`i

The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km³) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high ³He/⁴He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized.     

山西高平地震

阐述了发生在山西高平的地震和对高平有影响的地震，分析了高平市的地震灾害，通过分析得出高平地震与晋获断裂带活动有关的结论。     

Dynamics of dissolved major (Na,K, Ca,Mg, and Si) and trace (Al,Fe, Mn,Zn, Cu,and Cr) elements along the lower Orinoco River

This study addresses the changes in dissolved major and trace element concentrations along the Orinoco River, including the mixing zone between the Orinoco and Apure Rivers. Water samples from the Apure and Orinoco Rivers were collected monthly in four sectors over a period of 15 months. Auxiliary parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and temperature), total suspended sediments, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and major (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Si) and trace (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cr) element concentrations were measured in all sectors. The relative contribution of both rivers after the Apure–Orinoco confluence was determined using Ca as a tracer. Moreover, a mixing model was developed to determine whether dissolved species exhibit a conservative behavior during mixing. The results indicate that DOC is removed from waters during the Apure–Orinoco mixing, probably due to absorption of DOC on mineral phases supplied by the Apure River. Dissolved Na, Ca, and Mg behave conservatively during the mixing processes, and their concentrations are controlled by a dilution process. The anomaly in the temporal pattern of K in the Orinoco is caused by the input of biogenic K originating from the Apure River during the high‐water stage. The loss of dissolved Si during the low‐water stage can be explained by the uptake of Si by diatoms. Dissolved Mn, Zn, Al, and Fe showed a non‐conservative behavior during the Apure–Orinoco mixing. The removal of Mn and Zn from the dissolved phase can be explained by the formation of Mn‐oxyhydroxides and the scavenging of Zn onto Mn oxides. Dissolved Fe is controlled by redox processes, although the removals of Fe and Al due to the preferential adsorption of large organometallic complexes by mineral surfaces after the Apure–Orinoco confluence can affect the mobility of both elements during transport. The conservative behavior shown by Cu and Cr can be related to the tendency of both elements to be complexed with small organic colloids, which are not preferentially adsorbed by clays.     

The Yecheng,Xinjiang, China,earthquake of February 14, 1980

In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m _b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment.     

Transitional, entraining, cloudy, and coastal boundary layers

Atmospheric boundary layers are marvelously varied and complex. Recent research has examined some of that variety. Boundary layers over land undergo drastic changes throughout the day as the sun rises and sets, and as clouds form and dissipate. Air is entrained at the top of the boundary layer at varying rates. As air moves over the coast, the boundary layer reacts to changes in surface forcing. All of these changes affect pollutant transport and weather formation. In this paper, research attempting to understand transitional, cloud-topped, and coastal boundary layers, and boundary-layer top entrainment, is reviewed.