GIS环境下对地球物理地球化学资料奇异性的各向异性估算及其在矿床勘探中的应用

地球物理、地球化学或遥感图像等资料的奇异性(singularity)反应了其内在的空间自相似、自仿射分形以及多维分形特性.奇异性可以应用在值估计(插值)与重建(提高分辨率)、矿产储量计算与勘探构造特征提取和环境评价中.目前,不存在时奇异值的各向异性的估计算法与应用.然而,在矿物勘探中对地球物理、地球化学与遥感资料处理解释时,各向异性是常见的现象.实践证明,矿产往往赋存在这些各项异性的次级构造与主构造的交会处.GIS是综舍各种地质、地球物理、地球化学与遥感等资料的有效工具.本文给出GIS环境下,各向异性奇异值以及有关的参数估计方法.用加拿大Nova Scotia省南半部的地球物理、地球化学资料进行了试算,计算结果与已知的地质、矿产分布模式有极好的相关性.这说明,各向异性奇异性参数在矿物勘探中有极大的应用前景.     

地球物理和地球化学异常的多重分形分析与分解

地球物理和地球化学异常是找矿的重要依据，异常的空间结构性包括奇异性和自相似性.奇异性反映了地球化学元素在岩石等介质中的局部富集和贫化规律，根据不同的自相似性特征可以分离地球物理和地球化学异常的背景场和异常场，有利于进一步评价异常与矿化的关系.近年来出现了基于空间域、付立叶域、特征值空间、沃尔什域的C-A、C-D、S-A、MSDV、W-A等异常的分解和分析方法，并成功应用于对地球物理和地球化学异常的解释中.本文对这些方法进行了概括和总结，探讨了小波域进行多重分形分析的方法在地球化学异常的分析和分解中的应用.并以山东乳山市葛口-石城测区的Au为例，以小波变换下的多重分形方法分析了该地区金成矿的可能前景，与实际情况较为吻合.     

地震地球化学监测现状及发展建议

1 地震地球化学发展背景 地球化学是研究地球的化学组成、化学作用和化学演化的科学.基于研究目的的不同,地球化学分为元素地球化学、气体地球化学、同位素地球化学、构造地球化学、水文地球化学等研究方向,近年来衍生出地震地球化学.此为在地震学、水文地球化学、元素地球化学、同位素地球化学和水文地质学等学科基础上发展起来的一门新兴学科,是研究地震孕育、发展、发生过程中地下水、岩石、气体组分及化学成分等变化与地震关系的科学.     

用ScP前驱波搜寻1800km深度之下的地幔结构

如果地幔的钙钛矿中存在两个分层的地球化学储集层或有矿物相变，那么这两个地球化学层或矿物相之间的边界就可能位于1800km的深度到核幔边界(CMB)之间。我们通过对密集的太平洋西北地震台网(PNSN)数百个短周期垂直分量远震地震波形叠加，搜寻可以在该边界上产生的ScP前驱波(S-P反射波)。太平洋西北地震台网记录了清晰的ScP震相，并保存有4个地震的P-ScP时间窗。估计我们的探测阚值的阻抗反差大于4％。没有资料证明在1800km与核幔边界之间存在陡变结构，意味着在阿拉斯加和墨西哥湾以下1800km至核幔边界之间不存在陡变的地震不连续面：除非不连续面不是陡变的，存在大的地形起伏，或小的阻抗变化。虽然不是结论性的，但这个观测与在这一深度范围没有全球范围的地球化学储集层的边界和没有相变的地球模型相一致。     

我国地震构造地球化学监测研究现状

正地球化学是研究地球的化学组成、化学作用和化学演化的科学。基于研究目的的不同,地球化学目前有元素地球化学、气体地球化学、同位素地球化学、构造地球化学、水文地球化学等研究方向。近些年来随着便携式化学测试仪器的普及,又衍生出构造地震地球化学-依据气体地球化学、同位素地球化学及水文地球化学相关理论方法,通过流动观测网、温泉或热水井固定观测点,来观测断裂带不同区段的深浅部流体地球化学特征及不同组分的物质来源,构     

金属矿产勘查技术发展现状与思考

近年来，以寻找金属矿产为目的发愤卢业的勘查新技术可概括为：（1）以寻找隐伏矿为目标的覆盖区地球物理勘查技术，其中包括“三维地震”和“高光谱遥感”技术；（2）地球化学勘查新技术，其中包括“深穿透地球化学技术”、“地球化学信息的综合解释和地球化学填图技术”；（3）“找矿信息提取和综合”技术等。限于篇幅，本文仅对地球化学勘查新技术的研究现状进行了分析，同时对下列问题进行了思考：（1）在一个地区开展地球化学找矿工作首先要确立合适的取样介质，取样介质的立应以查明成矿成晕元素的形成机制和赋存状态为基础；（2）加强不同景观条件下不同矿种和不同矿床类型的异常特征和异常模式研究，建立区分矿异常和非矿异常的模式识别模型；（3）加强不同景观地质条件下，不同勘查尺度的地球化学填图技术研究，以实现迅速掌握全局，逐步缩小靶区的找矿战略；（4）加强地球化学信息与地质、地球物理和遥感信息相结合的信息综合技术的研究，应用综合信息定量圈定和评价找矿靶区，减少矿产勘查的不确定性。     

碳同位素地层学——一种古环境变化的监测器早白垩世以来的环境状况研究

今天人类活动引起的全球碳循环的扰动,已经掀起人们对全球碳循环的历史及其与气候和其它地球化学旋回的关系的新的兴趣。碳同位素地层学作为近两亿年来碳循环历史的监测器,已被证明是最有效的。在本文的引言里,总结了全球碳循环的运行模型,并证明了碳循环及碳同位素地球化学之间的联系。提出了阿普弟阶至阿尔布阶(Aptian-Albian)期间全球碳循环扰动的情况。在深海沉积的碳同位素地层研究中,记录了持续达数百万年的碳循环扰动。它叠加在高频沉积旋回之上,后者与持续时间为二万年、四万年和十万年的气候及海洋循环有关。本文论述的资料表明,全球碳系统的变化与地球化学循环的全球加速变化有关,后者是由大气中CO_2的长期变化引起的,而海底沉积的速率和火山活动则控制着大气中CO_2的变化。     

赛都金矿成矿地球化学环境

赛都糜棱岩型金矿是阿尔泰地区重要的金矿类型。本文较系统地论述了该类金矿的成矿物质来源，在矿流体的地球化学，成矿作用过程中的稳定同位素地球化学等成矿地球化学环境，并推测了其成矿时代。     

地球动力学研究进展

从地幔结构的三维层析成像、上地幔过渡带、核幔边界、热柱和热点、板块运动、消减作用和板块的消亡、地幔的地球化学和岩石学结构等方面，回顾了20世纪地球动力学研究所取得的重大成就；探讨了地球动力学研究所面临的重要问题，指出21世纪地质学家、地球物理学家、岩石物理学家等地球科学家的通力合作，将揭示地球演化的动力学过程。     

与地震有关的水文及地球化学变化

简要回顾了几十年来对地震发生前、地震过程中和震后地下流体和地球化学变化的研究和成果,这些研究一般都是以探索地震预报可能性为目的的。论述了与地震有关的地下水文及地球化学变化的机理,这些地下流体(包括地下水和气体诸如氢、氧和惰性气体)的起源和迁移流动现象以及详细介绍了早期和近代对有关地震的地下流体和地球化学变化的观测成果。同时指出了对地下流体和地球化学作为地震前兆来观测研究的困难所在以及为了克服这些困难而应该采取的地震前兆观测研究的方向,例如多种手段和多种原理方法,开发有效的地球物理和地球化学模型以及适当的数据分析统计方法等。     

Terrestrial xenology

The xenon isotopic composition measured in samples from various origins shows that variations relative to the atmospheric standard are common. Excesses in¹²⁹Xe and fissiogenic xenon, derived from the extinct radioactivities¹²⁹I and²⁴⁴Pu respectively, are characteristic of mid-ocean ridge basalts, whereas²³⁸U-fission xenon excesses are only found in granitoid samples or in samples which are contaminated by the continental crust. Hence, the xenon isotopes can be used as tracers in geodynamics. A model for the degassing of the terrestrial mantle is developed and reflections on the time interval between the formation of meteorites and the formation of the Earth are made.     

CHe in volatile fluxes from the solid Earth: implications for carbon geodynamics

In order to picture C geodynamics past and present, theC³He ratios of the relevant reservoirs are considered. Evaluation of publishedC³He ratio in conjunction with new results for MORB glasses worldwide, suggests that this ratio is unfractionated during magma outgassing, a best estimate being 2 × 10⁹.C³He ratios from other volcanic emissions (hot spots and arcs) do not appear significantly different when the subducted component is omitted.This result permits scaling of the CO₂ degassing flux to that of³He and yields a value of 2 × 10¹² mol/yr which corresponds to a model degassing duration of 3.9 Gyr when recycling to the mantle is disregarded.A bulk Earth chondritic ratio of about 2 × 10⁹ is calculated, very close to the MORB value. On the other hand the reconstructed exospheric (“Rubey inventory”) value of4 ± 1 × 10⁷ is very different from both basaltic and chondritic values.Among the possible interpretations of these results the following two are retained: (1) CO₂ was not released in the early age of the Earth because of the reducing conditions prevailing at that time in the mantle. Formation of the core changed this picture and permitted subsequent degassing of CO₂. (2) Carbonates need a continental crust of significant size to become stabilized in the exosphere. Therefore accumulation in the exosphere was delayed until crustal formation.Alternatively, a similar degassing behaviour for both He and CO₂ requires a massive recycling of carbonates throughout time. This possibility is in contradiction with the present-day maximum recycling rate and the severe imbalance with the observed outgassing flux on one hand and with the small fraction of carbon now present in the exosphere on the other.We conclude that carbon has never been severely degassed. The mantle acts as a buffer for C and most carbon is still retained there, possibly as graphite (or diamond?) or dissolved in minerals.     

New remote sensing techniques for the detection and quantification of earth surface CO2 degassing

Earth degassing specifically of carbon dioxide CO₂ is of increasing interest with respect to the global carbon budget, related climate effects, earthquake and volcano eruption mechanisms, as well as plant physiological reactions in gas-rich environments. Investigations in all of these disciplines require the detection of surface CO₂ degassing structures and quantification of their emissions. We introduce minimal thermal change detection based on infrared imaging as a new remote sensing tool for the detection of earth surface thermal anomalies suiting among others to discover earth degassing locations of any origin. The method allows for seamless areal search and monitoring of degassing structures in any terrain. As proof of concept infrared imaging measurements were performed at the Bossoleto vent on the eastern master fault of the Siena Graben (Tuscany, Italy). It is known for the migration of a large amount of CO₂-rich gas from deep geothermal reservoirs. Field data acquired confirmed the qualification of the method. Detection of CO₂ degassing locations from infrared image time series worked reliably and optimal detection conditions were identified (dry, calm, cloudless weather between dusk and dawn). A simple model of heat exchange processes involved and observed was developed. In a first attempt this model was applied to determine the gas exit temperature, the area of gas thermal reach and the gas flux from recorded image series. It is the first method that allows remote areal survey of mofette fields and the associated CO₂ flux quantification sole from infrared image time series.     

Problems of Global Geodynamics

Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth - Global geodynamics is determined by the thermal convection in the mantle which manifests itself on the surface by movements, relief, heat flow, and...     

Recent Geodynamics: from Crustal Movements to Monitoring Critical Objects

Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth - This paper addresses the evolution of the views on the subject and methods of geodynamics over the past fifty years. The problems of the metrological...     

Geoinformatics and Systems Analysis in Geophysics and Geodynamics

Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth - The application of geoinformatics and systems analysis methods for processing and interpreting geospatial data in geophysics and geodynamics is considered....     

Ground Geophysical Surveys: Measuring Tools

The paper considers some original strainmeters and gravitoinertial instruments designed at the Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences. The instruments are successfully used for measuring the Earth’s gravitational field, tilts, and deformations of the Earth’s crust in solving a number of applied and fundamental problems in geophysics and geodynamics, in particular, evaluating and monitoring the stability of environmentally hazardous engineering and construction objects (dams, hydroelectric dams, nuclear power plants, oil and gas pipelines, etc.), searching for the zones of weakness in the Earth’s crust, identifying precursors of natural and technological disasters, studying the Earth’s global characteristics (lunar–solar tides, irregularity of the Earth’s rotation, translational oscillations of the Earth’s core, and azimuthal shifts of lithosphere blocks).     

河流水-气界面CO2脱气时间尺度变化研究进展

河流作为连接陆地和海洋碳库之间的通道,是全球内陆水体碳排放最主要的载体,在全球碳循环中发挥着至关重要的作用。全球河流水-气界面二氧化碳（CO₂）脱气显著的时间异质性特征研究有助于深入理解其碳循环过程与机制,也为准确评估碳通量以及完善碳循环模型提供了科学支撑。本文系统梳理了国内外的相关研究成果,总结了目前河流CO₂脱气通量在昼夜、季节以及多年尺度上的动态变化及其影响因素,指出其昼夜变化与季节变化存在一定的周期性,并对不同空间尺度上CO₂脱气通量的时间差异进行讨论。同时分析当前研究中的不足,认为缺乏河流二氧化碳分压（pCO₂）与CO₂脱气系数（k）高分辨率且长期连续的直接测量,限制了河流CO₂脱气通量时间尺度变化的周期性及相互之间关系的厘定,使得气候变化与人类活动对河流CO₂脱气时间动态的影响仍然难以量化与预测。最后,根据目前存在的问题,展望了未来的研究重点,为全球河流水-气界面碳循环过程与机制、模型研究提供新的思路与方向,以及可以更准确地评估和预测未来河流碳排放的变化趋势。     

大地测量与地球动力学─兼述它与地球物理学的联系

随着近代观测和实验技术的发展，人们越来越重视对地球运动及其机理的认识，并注意到大地测量学与地球物理学和地球动力学的联系与渗透。本文将对以上三者的联系以及大地测量学在监测地球运动和研究地球动力事件中的作用作一综述，并对近年国内外这方面的研究进展作一介绍。     

Deep electrical conductivity features in the transition zone from the Pacific to Eurasia

Understanding the processes that occur in the transition from the Pacific Ocean to Eurasia is key to constructing the tectonic models of the Earth’s shells and the convection models of the upper mantle. The electromagnetic methods permit estimating the temperature and fluid content (and/or carbon (graphite) content) in the Earth’s interior. These estimates are independent of the traditionally used estimates based on seismic methods because the dependence of electrical conductivity on the physical properties of the rock is based on different principles than the behavior of the elastic waves. The region is characterized by a complicated geological structure with intense three-dimensional (3D) surface heterogeneities, which significantly aggravate the retrieval of the information about the deep horizons in the structure of the Earth’s mantle from the observed electromagnetic (EM) fields. The detailed analysis of the nature of the deep electrical conductivity and structural features of the transition from the Pacific to Eurasia included numerical modeling of the typical two- and three-dimensional models has been carried out. Based on this analysis, the approaches that increase the reliability of the interpretation of the results of the EM studies are suggested.