不同电极阵列联合反演在古墓探测中的应用

电阻率层析成像是一种广泛应用在水文、考古和地质等浅地表勘探领域的地球物理方法。为了增强电阻率层析成像的分辨率、应对复杂的地质问题,本文提出基于雅可比矩阵的不同电极阵列直流电阻率数据的加权联合反演算法,并以温纳和偶极-偶极电极阵列数据为例,在理论模型和古墓探测的野外实例中测试该算法的有效性。结果表明,加权联合反演结果的横向和纵向分辨率都优于单一电极阵列的反演结果,并在实例中缓解“U形”电极阵列的固有缺陷、减少反演模糊性、更好地约束墓室宽度的反演结果。      

地震层析成像中的不确定性

地震层析成像已经是一种常用的探测地球内部三维波速结构的地球物理方法。这些深部地球结构信息是人们深入认识地球的重要依据,同时由于地表地质过程往往取决于深部动力过程,因此深部结构已经开始受到了地质学家们的广泛重视。但地震层析成像方法众多,所得到的参数和精度可能有所不同,这给非地震学专业的研究人员在使用层析成像结果的过程中造成了极大的不便。为了更好地实现地球物理,地球化学和地质等多学科交叉应用,本文系统分析了地震层析成像结果中可能存在的不确定性,同时提出了相应的建议以帮助地质学家们能够正确对待层析成像结果中的不确定性并合理利用地震层析成像结果。     

青藏高原地球物理与大陆动力学研究的新进展

岩石圈地球物理探测、深部结构成像与各向异性等研究是青藏高原大陆动力学研究的基础.近年来,随着深部地球物理探测技术和反演成像技术的进步,信息提取与细节分辨能力不断提升,青藏高原壳幔结构、碰撞和隆升动力学、资源与地质灾害的深部机制等研究进展显著.本专辑收录33篇论文,主要分布在深部结构与地球物理探测、地震各向异性与变形、断裂性质与地震活动等三个主要研究领域.本文重点围绕这些论文,对近年来青藏高原地球物理研究进展进行综述.     

我国海洋地球物理探测技术发展现状及展望

海洋地球物理场是一个四维的动态复杂变化系统,涉及多物理场、多界面和多尺度问题,受内外因素的共同制约.基于海洋地球物理场特征,海洋地球物理探测是揭示地球内部构造与性质的重要技术手段.通过回顾国内外海洋科学研究历史以及海洋地球物理探测技术的发展历程,对我国海洋地球物理探测技术发展进行了分析,现今的技术发展受科技进步驱动,反映国家与时代发展的需求.探讨了技术发展与需求之间的关系,依据各种地球物理探测手段及其探测平台的特点,提出了以下技术展望:优化传统的海洋地球物理勘探技术;加速并完善多样式探测平台的建设和科学载荷的研究;构建"空-天-海-潜"海洋地球物理立体探测体系;海洋地球物理探测技术与"大数据"和"人工智能"等技术深度融合.     

金属矿地球物理勘探技术与设备:回顾与进展

地球物理勘探技术是深部矿产资源勘查的主要技术手段.长期以来,我国地球物理勘查技术和仪器严重依赖国外进口,国产勘查技术无论仪器设备,还是方法、软件尚不能满足日益增长的深部矿产勘查需求."十二五"国家高技术研究发展计划（863计划）资源环境技术领域设立了"深部矿产资源勘探技术"重大项目,以提高深部矿产资源探测的深度、精度、分辨率和抗干扰能力为目标,研发高精度重磁探测技术、电法及电磁探测技术、地震探测、钻探和井中探测技术和装备.经过4年的攻关研究,突破了高精度微重力传感器、铯光泵磁场传感器、宽带感应式电磁传感器等10余项关键技术;研发、完善和升级了地面高精度数字重力仪、质子磁力仪、大功率伪随机广域电磁探测系统、分布式多参数电磁探测系统等18套勘探地球物理仪器设备;创新和完善了20余项勘探地球物理数据处理、正反演方法,研发和完善了2套适合金属矿数据处理及解释的大型软件系统,和8套其他专用软件系统,大幅度提升了我国地球物理勘探技术水平.本文旨在介绍项目取得的主要成果,首先回顾我国地球物理勘探技术的发展历程,然后再重点介绍"深部矿产资源勘探技术"重大项目取得的主要成果和进展,最后对发展我国地球物理勘探技术提出作者的看法和建议.     

跨孔电磁波层析成像在岩溶三维空间分布上的应用

灰岩地区岩溶发育对城市建设有着极大的威胁,一般岩溶探测主要采用钻探勘探,很难充分反映地下岩溶发育规模与特征,而跨孔电磁波层析成像方法,能查明工区地下岩溶发育及延伸情况.对钻孔间地层进行电磁波层析成像正演,表明电磁波层析成像对岩溶勘察的准确性与可行性.结合地铁轨道交通岩溶勘察实例,应用电磁波层析成像技术反演电磁波吸收系数...     

噪声地震学方法及其应用

基于背景噪声的地震方法发展迅速,已广泛应用于全球和区域地球内部结构研究、浅地表地质调查及油气田勘探开发.本文简要介绍了背景噪声的来源,回顾了噪声地震学的发展历程.给出了基于背景噪声的全波场和面波格林函数恢复的公式,较为详细综述了噪声源的分布和记录台站间距对格林函数恢复的影响.讨论了两台站互相关法和空间自相关法获取面波频散特性的区别与理论连接.对基于噪声的面波层析成像法、程函方程层析成像法、空间自相关法的原理进行了总结.介绍了噪声地震学方法在各领域特别是浅地表方面的应用现状.最后简要展望了噪声地震学的发展前景.     

重磁电震联合反演研究进展与展望

重磁电震等地球物理勘探成果的联合反演是解决复杂地质问题所用的综合地球物理解释方法,是目前可信的定量的综合地球物理解释技术,是联合应用多种地球物理信息,通过反演地质体的岩石物性和几何参数来求得同一个地下地质和地球物理模型的技术.本文综述了从上世纪80年代以来,地球物理场联合反演技术取得的长足发展,主要表现在两个方面:一是在地球物理场综合应用基础上,发展了两两地球物理参数之间互为约束的反演的技术,二是是反映了联合反演计算方法的进步,如线性与非线性反演比较、反演方法选择等.综述了联合反演的思路与对策,提出了联合反演的发展方向.     

初至走时层析成像在工程勘探中的应用与研究

工程勘探中由于技术手段限制和地质条件的复杂性,地面物探方法获得的反演结果与实际地质情况往往存在较大偏差.地面激发、隧道内接收的透射波由于直接穿过地质体,因而利用透射波初至走时进行层析成像具有更高的精度和可靠性.本文以某隧道勘探工程为例,对透射波初至走时层析成像的应用效果和影响因素进行了数值试验分析,详细探讨了初始模型和射线覆盖次数对反演效果的影响,试验结果表明:(1)由于具有直接穿透地质体的优势,透射波勘探相较于其他地面地震勘探方法具有更好的精度、可靠性和准确性;(2)虽然初始模型不准确,其在横向上的扰动仍然足以反映异常的存在,但是基于先验地质信息构建适当初始模型对于提升反演精度至关重要;(3)采用针对性的观测系统设计及井地联合反演方法可以提高数据投影角度和完备性,有效减少解的不确定性,从而逼近地质体真实的地球物理模型.数值试验表明透射波初至走时层析成像在工程物探中有广泛应用前景.     

电磁波层析成像在绵阳污水处理工程场地勘探中的应用

电磁波层析成像(CT)是一种新的地球物理勘探方法，不仅勘探精度高，而且还具有快速、省钱的优点，本文叙述了电磁波层析成像技术的基本原理、工作方法及污水处理工程场地的勘探实例。最终以二维图像的形式直观、清晰地重现地下介质的构造形态，为工程场地地基安全稳定性评价提供重要依据。     

Multichannel analysis of surface wave method with the autojuggie

The shear (S)-wave velocity of near-surface materials and its effect on seismic-wave propagation are of fundamental interest in many engineering, environmental, and groundwater studies. The multichannel analysis of surface wave (MASW) method provides a robust, efficient, and accurate tool to observe near-surface S-wave velocity. A recently developed device used to place large numbers of closely spaced geophones simultaneously and automatically (the ‘autojuggie’) is shown here to be applicable to the collection of MASW data. In order to demonstrate the use of the autojuggie in the MASW method, we compared high-frequency surface-wave data acquired from conventionally planted geophones (control line) to data collected in parallel with the automatically planted geophones attached to steel bars (test line). The results demonstrate that the autojuggie can be applied in the MASW method. Implementation of the autojuggie in very shallow MASW surveys could drastically reduce the time required and costs incurred in such surveys.     

地面核磁共振技术发展述评

核磁共振技术在医学、地质等方面都有广泛的应用.运用核磁共振技术找寻地下水资源，开创了用地球物理方法直接找水的先河.地面核磁共振技术是目前唯一能直接探测地下水的地球物理方法.本文通过对核磁共振技术在国内外的应用和发展现状的介绍，总结了地面核磁共振技术现在存在的问题及其影响，同时提出了该技术今后的发展前景.     

The use of MASW method in the assessment of soil liquefaction potential

The multi-channel analysis of surface wave (MASW) method is a non-invasive method recently developed to estimate shear wave velocity profile from surface wave energy. Unlike conventional SASW method, multi-station recording permits a single survey of a broad depth range and high levels of redundancy with a single field configuration. An efficient and unified wavefield transform technique is introduced for dispersion analysis and on site data quality control. The technique was demonstrated in the assessment of soil liquefaction potential at a site in Yuan Lin, Taiwan. The shear wave velocity and liquefaction potential assessments based on MASW method compares favorable to that based on SCPT shear wave measurements. Two-dimensional shear wave velocity profiles were estimated by occupying successive geophone spreads at several sites in central western Taiwan, at some of which sand boils or ground cracks occurred during 1999 Chi Chi earthquake. Liquefaction potential analysis based on MASW imaging was shown to be effective for estimating the extent of potential liquefaction hazard.     

一种基于层析成像技术提高浅地表面波勘探水平分辨率的方法

在高频面波方法中,水平分辨率是指水平方向上分辨异常体的能力.异常体在水平方向上的长度可用水平方向上横波速度的异常尺度来确定.面波多道分析（MASW）方法被广泛应用于浅地表横波速度结构的探测,然而该方法确定的横波速度是整个检波器排列的平均计算结果,因此水平分辨率较差.另外,采用共中心点（CMP）多次覆盖的方式采集数据亦增加了野外的工作量.我们在MASW方法的基础上,应用面波层析成像方法,提出一套提高面波勘探水平分辨率的完整方法的技术流程.首先,利用波场分离技术获得准确的基阶或高阶模式面波,采用相位扫描的互相关方法测量多道面波记录中任意两道之间的面波走时;然后根据面波层析成像方法,获得高分辨率的各目标网格内的纯路径相速度频散曲线;最后反演所有目标网格内的纯路径相速度频散曲线,得到研究区域的拟二维横波速度结构.这套方法具有一定的抗噪能力,理论上它可以准确地提取相邻两道之间面波的相速度频散曲线;同时由于该方法最少只需要1个排列就可以获得拟二维横波速度结构,因此它显著减小了野外工作量.理论模型和实际资料都证实了这套方法可有效提高面波勘探的水平分辨率.     

Spatial Variability of the Depth of Weathered and Engineering Bedrock using Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave Method

In this paper an attempt has been made to evaluate the spatial variability of the depth of weathered and engineering bedrock in Bangalore, south India using Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave (MASW) survey. One-dimensional MASW survey has been carried out at 58 locations and shear-wave velocities are measured. Using velocity profiles, the depth of weathered rock and engineering rock surface levels has been determined. Based on the literature, shear-wave velocity of 330 ± 30 m/s for weathered rock or soft rock and 760 ± 60 m/s for engineering rock or hard rock has been considered. Depths corresponding to these velocity ranges are evaluated with respect to ground contour levels and top surface levels have been mapped with an interpolation technique using natural neighborhood. The depth of weathered rock varies from 1 m to about 21 m. In 58 testing locations, only 42 locations reached the depths which have a shear-wave velocity of more than 760 ± 60 m/s. The depth of engineering rock is evaluated from these data and it varies from 1 m to about 50 m. Further, these rock depths have been compared with a subsurface profile obtained from a two-dimensional (2-D) MASW survey at 20 locations and a few selected available bore logs from the deep geotechnical boreholes.     

利用多种面波数据研究沙漠区表层结构

浅层面波法调查表层速度结构多用于非沙漠区的工程与环境领域。本文利用多道面波分析(MASW)技术针对塔克拉玛干沙漠地区特殊地质情况,对所采集的浅层多道面波资料进行处理分析得到沙漠区表层速度结构;同时对该地区所获得的地震大炮记录上的面波进行了处理、分析和对比,探讨了沙漠区利用大炮面波法调查表层结构的可行性。实践表明,多道面波资料可以得到很好的浅层速度结构,而大炮记录则可得到详尽的深层地质结构,将二者相结合便得到测区表层60m范围内的速度结构信息,也证明了在沙漠区利用大炮面波记录提取表层地下介质结构是可行的。     

Studying surface structure in desert areas using multiple kinds of surface wave data

Shallow surface wave methods are mostly used for investigation of the surface velocity structure in environmental and engineering geophysics in non-desert areas. For the special geological features of the Takelamagan Desert area, we use the multi-channel analysis of surface wave （MASW） method to process multi-channel shallow surface wave records to determine the near surface velocity structure in the desert area. We also process, analyze, and compare the surface waves in many-trace records extracted from the oil exploration shot gathers in the area. We show that the MASW method can determine detailed shallow velocity structure in desert areas and the many-trace records can be used to get detailed deep geological structure. The combination of the two different datasets can obtain the exact velocity structure upper 60 m depth in the survey area.     

碎石桩加固饱和粉土地基的抗液化特性

除饱和砂土液化外,饱和粉土地震液化问题也是岩土地震工程中一个重要的研究课题。饱和粉土地基的地震液化及变形可以采用多种地基加固方法防治,碎石桩技术是常用方法之一。碎石桩复合地基的抗液化效应,主要是增加桩周土体的密度、利于桩体的排水以及由桩体分担地震水平剪应力（桩体减震作用）。但由于粉土的土质特性,粉土-碎石桩复合地基的抗液化特性与砂土有着明显的差异。本文结合目前国内外碎石桩复合地基抗液化研究的最新进展,对粉土-碎石桩的密实、排水减压和减震作用做了较详细的评述,最后提出了关于碎石柱复合地基抗液化特性需要进一步研究的问题。     

Joint interpretation of hydrological and geophysical data: electrical resistivity tomography results from a process hydrological research site in the Black Forest Mountains,Germany

The use of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT; non‐intrusive geophysical technique) was assessed to identify the hydrogeological conditions at a surface water/groundwater test site in the southern Black Forest, Germany. A total of 111 ERT transects were measured, which adopted electrode spacings from 0·5 to 5 m as well as using either Wenner or dipole‐dipole electrode arrays. The resulting two‐dimensional (2D) electrical resistivity distributions are related to the structure and water content of the subsurface. The images were interpreted with respect to previous classical hillslope hydrological investigations within the same research basin using both tracer methods and groundwater level observations. A raster‐grid survey provided a quasi 3D resistivity pattern of the floodplain. Strong structural heterogeneity of the subsurface could be demonstrated, and (non)connectivities between surface and subsurface bodies were mapped. Through the spatial identification of likely flow pathways and source areas of runoff, the deep groundwater within the steeper valley slope seems to be much more connected to runoff generation processes within the valley floodplain than commonly credited in such environmental circumstances. Further, there appears to be no direct link between subsurface water‐bodies adjacent to the stream channel. Deep groundwater sources are also able to contribute towards streamflow from exfiltration at the edge of the floodplain as well as through the saturated areas overlying the floodplain itself. Such exfiltrated water then moves towards the stream as channelized surface flow. These findings support previous tracer investigations which showed that groundwater largely dominates the storm hydrograph of the stream, but the source areas of this component were unclear without geophysical measurements. The work highlighted the importance of using information from previous, complementary hydrochemical and hydrometric research campaigns to better interpret the ERT measurements. On the other hand, the ERT can provide a better spatial understanding of existing hydrochemical and hydrometric data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electrical resistivity tomography survey for delineating uncharted mine galleries in West Bengal,India*

The history of subsidence, fires, flooding and other kinds of environmental hazards related to shallow coal workings in India goes back to colonial times some 300 years ago. As coal production accelerated in modern times, so did the environmental and socio-economic drawbacks related to exploitation. In the mid-1980s, a hydropneumatic sand-stowing method was developed to fill in abandoned galleries but their exact location had to be known. Unfortunately, most of these old workings are uncharted and consequently large tracts of land cannot be stabilized. A research programme making use of integrated surface, borehole and cross-hole geophysical methods was undertaken over a five-year span to try to solve this problem. Surface geophysical methods, being cheaper and faster than their cross- and downhole counterparts, were used to cover larger areas on an exploratory basis, while cross-hole methods were employed to locate more accurately one or a network of galleries to be perforated by drillhole(s) and used as a conduit for sand stowing. We report the results of one of the cross-hole geophysical methods: electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). A pole–dipole configuration is used and both cross-hole and surface-borehole methodologies are tested. Forward modelling and inversion of synthetic data making use of downhole and surface physical and geometrical parameters are presented first. This phase is followed by the inversion of real data. It is concluded that ERT is not applicable for the detection of dry voids, but is effective in a waterlogged environment which is estimated to represent 85–90% of the cases. In waterlogged galleries, ERT is applicable in both cross-hole and surface-downhole modes, the latter allowing a larger surface coverage at low cost. ERT is thus a reliable geophysical tool to image water-filled voids and an adequate technique to address environmental and geotechnical problems.