南海深部过程及与含油气盆地耦合关系研究进展

作为西太平洋最大的边缘海,南海是地质科学研究和资源勘探开发的热点.本文整理和分析了近年来南海深部过程、洋盆扩张、形成动力学机制及其与含油气盆地耦合关系等研究成果.结果表明,洋盆扩张作为南海形成演化的核心问题,扩张模式与年代、动力学机制以及深部过程均存在较大争议.但普遍认为南海是在伸展作用下,伴随着大规模的岩石圈减薄而形成的.南海含油气盆地广泛发育,均认为其形成演化主要受南海深部动力过程作用的控制,但关于南海深部过程对盆地和油气分布规律的控制作用等基础问题,目前的研究结果尚不能准确回答它们之间的耦合关系.基于前人研究工作,结合本文开展的南海深部构造界面反演,初步建立了南海深部过程及与沉积盆地耦合模型.在此基础之上,建议开展更为细致深入的综合地球物理研究,确定南海深部结构及构造,构建南海深部演变过程,结合南海周缘含油气盆地分布及性质,明确南海深部过程对含油气盆地的控制作用,对比分析南海盆地的油气资源分布特征,从而阐明油气资源与深部构造及过程的关系,以期更好的理解南海深部过程及其对含油气盆地的控制作用.     

渤海湾盆地新生代构造变形机制: 物理模拟和讨论

渤海湾盆地是中国东北部新生代含油气盆地, 并与欧亚板块东缘一些中-新生代盆地之间存在着显著的几何学与运动学相似性, 但其形成机制至今仍存很大争议. 作者以位于渤海湾盆地中部的黄骅坳陷为原形, 设计了4组不同伸展方向的平面砂箱模型. 实验结果表明, 只有南-北向伸展模型与实际构造之间具有良好的相似性, 同时这一模型表明裂陷盆地中断层走向的复杂变化并不一定就是复杂运动学机制或多期变形的结果. 通过实验结果与实际构造的对比分析, 以及根据黄骅坳陷与渤海湾盆地之间高度的构造相似性特征, 作者提出: 渤海湾盆地是由南-北向伸展作用而形成, 盆地北北东向边界断裂的走滑变形是南-北向伸展作用的结果, 在南-北向伸展过程中起侧向转换作用. 同时根据渤海湾盆地与欧亚板块东缘一些中-新生代盆地之间显著的几何学与运动学相似性, 研究认为: (1) “南-北向伸展模式”可为渤海湾盆地以及欧亚板块东缘一些相邻盆地的形成提供较好的运动学机制解释; (2) 南-北向伸展作用可能是太平洋-库拉板块之间近东-西向扩张洋脊俯冲所形成的“板片窗”的效应. 这一“板片窗”效应同时可以合理解释欧亚板块东缘盆地初始裂陷时代自东向西逐渐变新的趋势以及盆地从裂陷逐渐转化为热沉降状态的现象.     

南海南北大陆边缘盆地构造演化差异性对油气成藏条件控制

南海大陆边缘盆地由于边界条件的差异,形成了离散型、走滑-伸展型和伸展-挠曲复合型3类陆缘盆地.这些盆地由于其构造演化差异性,导致了盆地沉积充填存在较大差异,相应地导致这些盆地油气成藏条件及油气资源量的巨大差异.南海北部离散型大陆边缘盆地主要发育湖相泥岩和海相泥岩烃源岩,尽管存在较好的湖相烃源岩,但由于各断陷分隔且面积较...     

南海北部陆缘深水-超深水盆地成因机制分析

本文以海洋地质调查和油气勘探开发中积累的地质和地球物理资料的解释和分析为基础,描述和划分了南海北部被动陆缘地壳岩石圈结构构造单元,由陆向海划分出近端带、细颈化带、远端带和洋陆转换带（OCT,含边缘高地）四个构造单元.从细颈化带到OCT基本处于现今陆架坡折带之外的深水-超深水区的范围,以强烈的地壳薄化和发育大型拆离断层控制的拆离盆地为特征.这些深水-超深水盆地的同裂陷阶段均经历了早期均一断陷、中晚期拆离式断陷的演化过程,受控于南海北部大型拆离断层作用及其所导致的岩石圈临界破裂过程.新的深水-超深水盆地形成机理的认识为南海北部陆缘岩石圈的非瞬时伸展破裂过程的分析提供了新的视角,同时,陆缘深水-超深水盆地具有独特的构造-沉积体系配置和构造-热演化过程,将为科学评价南海北部陆缘深水-超深水盆地油气勘探潜力提供新的思路.     

鄂尔多斯盆地油气地质与勘探

鄂尔多斯盆地油气资源丰富,盆地构造平缓,以岩性、岩性-地层和古地貌油气藏为主,储层厚度薄。本文详细分析了鄂尔多斯盆地油气地质、油气资源的形成与分布,指出了鄂尔多斯盆地油气勘探方向及地震勘探技术系列在该盆地大油气田的发现中的不可替代的重要作用。     

羌塘中央隆起带深部结构特征研究及其意义

羌塘含油气盆地是我国境内最大的中新生代海相沉积盆地.羌塘地体内的中央隆起将盆地分为南北两个盆地.中央隆起带构造属性认识存在两种截然不同的分歧,一是伸展环境下形成,整个羌塘盆地有着同一的基底.而另一认识其是一古特提斯缝合带,其两侧盆地具有不同的演化机制.调查羌塘中央隆起的深部结构特征及其与南北两侧的盆地间的构造关系是认识羌塘盆地基底性质及其油气远景之关键科学问题.尽管羌塘地体在青藏高原形成演化过程中遭到了强烈改造,但在收集并分析已有地球物理资料基础上认为其深部结构仍有可能被完整保存.因此,利用密集宽频带流动台网观测,获取其深部结构,进而研究其与两侧盆地关系,是当前羌塘含油气盆地研究之重要突破口,同时该项研究符合我国当前国家油气资源战略评估政策.     

新书介绍——《莺歌海盆地石油地质论文集》

莺歌海盆地位于海南省以西海域,是南海北部大陆架最西边的一个新生代的含油气盆地。对该盆地的油气调查始于60年代初,1989年中国海洋石油南海西部公司全面展开石油勘探,对该盆地的构造,生、储、蓄层及油气生成、运移、聚集规律进行了系统的研究,认为,莺歌海盆地是一个独特的含油气盆地     

中国典型叠合盆地与油气成藏研究新进展——以塔里木盆地为例

我国的含油气沉积盆地以经历过多次构造与沉积叠加为特征, 可用“叠合盆地”去统称那些由两种或两种以上类型的原型盆地叠加或复合在一起的盆地. 这些盆地的特性可概括为“多期成盆、多期改造、多套烃源岩、多次生排烃、多期运聚散”. 针对叠合盆地的特性, 应用波动分析方法进行“成盆-成烃-成藏”过程分析, 建立油气成藏体系理论将有助于提高此类盆地的油气勘探效率. 以塔里木盆地为例, 重点介绍当前在成盆、成烃及成藏研究过程中的重大进展. 成盆研究进展有: (ⅰ) 地球物理综合剖面揭示了塔里木板块向天山造山带的“层间插入消减”以及具有东西分段特征; (ⅱ) 沉积-地球化学综合剖面研究成果揭示了库车坳陷中新生代的演化阶段及盆地性质; (ⅲ) 野外调查及应力恢复结果显示, 第四纪以来库车坳陷处于天山挤压隆升后的浅层重力伸展阶段. 成烃研究进展有: (ⅰ) 建立了海相碳酸盐岩优质烃源岩发育的环境指标; (ⅱ) 确立了有效碳酸盐岩烃源岩的有机质丰度下限. 成藏研究进展有: (ⅰ) 建立起适应不同条件下流体包裹体古压力与古温度确定方法; (ⅱ) 通过油源对比分析, 指出轮南、塔河地区的原油可能源于中上奥陶统源岩; (ⅲ) 对轮南地区不同时代储层石油包裹体进行分期并探讨其形成时间.     

渤海盆地热历史及构造-热演化特征

渤海盆地大地热流测量和利用磷灰石裂变径迹及镜质体反射率数据进行的盆地热史恢复结果表明：盆地现今热流值为５０-７５ｍＷ／ｍ２,背景热流值达６３．６ｍＷ／ｍ２,而早第三纪砂河街组和东营组沉积时（２５-５０Ｍａ）盆地古热流值为７０-９０ｍＷ／ｍ２．盆地构造沉降史分析显示,盆地（含辽东湾地区和渤海地区）经历了早期的裂谷阶段（２５一扣Ｍａ）和后期的热沉降阶段（２５-０Ｍａ）,其中早期的裂谷阶段包含了两个裂谷亚旋回．渤海盆地内的后期热沉降叠加了１２Ｍａ以来由高密度地幔及岩石圈冷却诱发的快速均衡沉降．渤海盆地现今较低的大地热流值和较高的古热流及典型的裂谷型构造沉降样式等支持了渤海盆地板内裂谷盆地的大地构造属性并为渤海盆地构造一热演化提供了重要认识．     

基于测井曲线频谱分析在伦坡拉盆地古近系米氏旋回层序及可容空间变化趋势中的研究

伦坡拉盆地是目前青藏高原唯一获得工业油气流的一个盆地,然而目前有关该盆地古近系主要沉积地层的地层格架划分尚较薄弱且鲜有探讨.选择伦坡拉盆地西伦2井自然伽马测井曲线为研究对象,运用频谱分析、滤波分析以及Fischer图解等方法,建立了井下牛堡组和丁青湖组天文年代标尺,进行了牛堡组和丁青湖组旋回地层层序划分,初步探讨了该盆地可容空间变化、旋回叠加模式以及层序成因机制.结果显示,伦坡拉盆地丁青湖组和牛堡组地层中主要地层旋回周期之比与米兰科维奇地球轨道周期参数之比一致,表明天文轨道周期旋回对伦坡拉盆地陆相地层的沉积过程具有明显影响.其中,丁青湖组对应于405ka周期保存了约37个长偏心率周期旋回,对应于124.5ka周期发育120个短偏心率旋回,旋回堆积平均速率约为4.75cm/ka,沉积时限约为14.985 Ma左右;牛堡组对应于405ka周期发育46个长偏心率旋回,对应于131.5ka周期发育142个短偏心率旋回,旋回堆积平均速率为7.71cm/ka,沉积时限约为18.63 Ma左右.丁青湖组与牛堡组均经历了两次较大规模的长周期可容空间上升以及下降的过程,可容空间均呈快速上升→快速下降至缓慢上升→缓慢下降的变化趋势.丁青湖组可划分出2个二级旋回层序、6个三级旋回层序、37个四级旋回层序、120个五级旋回层序及270个六级旋回层序,牛堡组可划分出2个二级旋回层序、8个三级旋回层序、46个四级旋回层序、142个五级旋回层序和489个六级旋回层序,其中四级旋回层序的发育受长偏心率周期405ka控制,五级旋回层序主要受短偏心率周期控制,而六级高频旋回层序主要受天文轨道轴斜率周期控制.该研究成果为伦坡拉盆地今后油气勘探工作中的地层分析,建立区域内高频层序单元格架等研究提供一种新的方法和手段.     

Jurassic sedimentary features and tectonic settings of southeastern China

Two types of the Jurassic basins are distinguished in SE China based on their geodynamic features: the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic post-orogenic basins and the Middle Jurassic intra-continental extensional basins. The Lower Jurassic sequence shows a change from coarse- to fine-grained accumulation, suggesting a gradually deepening depositional environment from river to shore-lake and to deep-water lake. In contrast, the Middle Jurassic accumulation was changed from claystone to conglomerate along the coastal provinces in SE China, indicative of an initial crustal uplift. The Wuyi Mountains have been a paleogeograghic separating zone since the Middle Jurassic. The Late Jurassic strata are absent in most areas of SE China. A large-scale bimodal intra-continental rift-type volcanism occurred during the Middle Jurassic along a 40–60 km wide and 200 km long area in western Fujian and southern Jiangxi provinces, which is most likely the strongest volcanism in SE China since the Cambrian. The SHRIMP zircon U-Pb analyses on the rhyolite from the Dongkeng basin in the southern Jiangxi area yield a concord U-Pb age of 160±0.5 Ma, providing an upper age limit for the bimodal volcanic eruption. The analyses of the basin features indicate a change of the depositional environment during the interval from Middle Triassic to Late Triassic from a shallow-sea to an intra-continent in SE China in response to the strong collision between the Yangtze and North China Blocks. Sedimentary structures record a southward direction of Early Jurassic paleo-currents, reflecting that their source areas were to the north side. We propose that the Wuyi region was uplifted as early as Middle Jurassic, followed by a wide E-W-trending extended depression and bimodal volcanism in the western foot of the Wuyi Mountains. Presumably the uplift of the Wuyi domain changed the Middle Jurassic paleogeographic outline and formed the transformational tectonic regime from compression to extension as a tectonic response to the Pacific plate subduction.     

The two-stage opening of the western–central Mediterranean basins: a forward modeling test to a new evolutionary model

The Algero–Provençal and the Tyrrhenian extensional basins developed in two stages in a geodynamic setting characterized by the nearly N–S convergence between Africa and Eurasia. The spreading of the Provençal basin occurred in the early Miocene following a long period of rifting in the western Mediterranean area. A dramatic eastward shift of the active extensional deformation resulted in the Tortonian to Quaternary opening of the Tyrrhenian basin. In a companion paper, Carminati et al. propose that: a trench retreat process in a geodynamic setting locked by the continental collisions in the Alps and in the Betic chain is a viable mechanism for the late Oligocene–early Langhian opening of the western Mediterranean; a Langhian slab detachment episode along the north African margin is likely to have caused the end of the trench retreat along this part of the boundary determining the end of active expansion in the western Mediterranean and the beginning of active extension in the Tyrrhenian basin. The objective of the present paper is to quantitatively test this proposed scenario. We calculate, by means of a thin shell model, the effects of these plate boundary reorganizations on the European stress and strain field. We show that the two-stage opening of the western and central Mediterranean can be explained by the evolution proposed by Carminati et al. and that, in particular, the eastward shift of the active extension which produced the termination of the first opening stage and the beginning of the second is likely to have been triggered by the slab detachment episode along the north African margin.     

Base level change and depositional filling response of Jurassic in the Qiangtang Basin of Tibet

The base level during the deposition of Jurassic in the Qiangtang Basin shows a complete cycle from rising to falling. The base level change is closely connected with tectonic evolution of the basin, especially connected with Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean evolution process in the formation and evolution of the basin. It is also affected by climate. The Jurassic strata correspond to a long-term base level cycle sequence. The sequence is in fact a non-complete symmetrical cycle, consisting of rising hemicycle and falling hemicycle. It can be divided into 6 intermediate-term base level cycle sequences, including 2 carbonate sequences, 3 mixture sedimentary sequences of carbonate and clastic rocks and one clastic sedimentary sequence. Depositional filling characteristics during base level change show that Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean spreads in Toarcian-Bajocian ages, and is at the height of spreading of Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean in Bathonian-Oxfordian ages. In that process, sea area became smaller because of the dry climate. Eventually, marine depositional filling is ended with the subduction and collision of Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean.     

鄂尔多斯盆地中-新生代岩石圈厚度演化——来自地热学的证据

盆地热历史可以为揭示深部动力学过程提供时间和空间上的连续信息. 本文利用镜质体反射率古温标模拟了鄂尔多斯盆地从东到西7口典型井的热历史, 并在此基础上计算了盆地中生代晚期、古近纪初期以及现今的"热"岩石圈厚度. 结果显示, 鄂尔多斯盆地在早白垩世末期经历了一次热流高峰, 热流值为73~78 mW/m², 此后的热流值一直降低至今,现今的平均值61.8 mW/m²; 早白垩世末期盆地"热"岩石圈厚度也经历了一次减薄高峰, 平均"热"岩石圈厚度为65 km左右, 此后逐渐增厚至现今的125 km左右. 鄂尔多斯盆地现今"热"岩石圈厚度中等, 早古生代200 km的厚岩石圈已不存在; 早白垩世末期是其地质发展历史的一个重大变革期, 此时"热"岩石圈厚度发生减薄, 深部构造活动强烈导致浅部盆地抬升剥蚀剧烈, 周缘岩浆活动强烈, 多种能源矿产形成, 这与华北克拉通东部构造转折的时间以及华北克拉通破坏的高峰时限具有一致性.     

Mesozoic basin evolution and tectonic mechanism in Yanshan, China

The Mesozoic basins in Yanshan, China underwent several important tectonic transformations, including changes from a pre-Late Triassic marginal cratonic basin to a Late Triassic-Late Jurassic flexural basin and then to a late Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous rift basin. In response to two violent intraplate deformation at Late Triassic and Late Jurassic, coarse fluvial depositional systems in Xingshikou and Tuchengzi Formations were deposited in front of thrust belts. Controlled by transform and extension faulting, fan deltas and lacustrine systems were deposited in Early Cretaceous basins. The composition of clastic debris in Late Triassic and Late Jurassic flexural basins respectively represents unroofing processes from Proterozoic to Archean and from early deposited, overlying pyroclastic rocks to basement rocks in provenance areas. Restored protobasins were gradually migrated toward nearly NEE to EW-trending from Early Jurassic to early Late Jurassic. The Early Cretaceous basins with a NNE-trending crossed over early-formed basins. The Early-Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous basins were respectively controlled by different tectonic mechanisms.     

Base level change and depositional filling response of Jurassic in the Qiangtang Basin of Tibet

The base level during the deposition of Jurassic in the Qiangtang Basin shows a complete cycle from rising to falling. The base level change is closely connected with tectonic evolution of the basin, especially connected with Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean evolution process in the formation and evolution of the basin. It is also affected by climate. The Jurassic strata correspond to a long-term base level cycle sequence. The sequence is in fact a non-complete symmetrical cycle, consisting of rising hemicycle and falling hemicycle. It can be divided into 6 intermediate-term base level cycle sequences, including 2 carbonate sequences, 3 mixture sedimentary sequences of carbonate and clastic rocks and one clastic sedimentary sequence. Depositional filling characteristics during base level change show that Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean spreads in Toarcian-Bajocian ages, and is at the height of spreading of Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean in Bathonian-Oxfordian ages. In that process, sea area became smaller because of the dry climate. Eventually, marine depositional filling is ended with the subduction and collision of Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean.

     

渤海湾盆地新生代以来构造-热演化模拟研究

渤海湾盆地是华北最大的新生代裂谷盆地,具有最完整的新生代地层记录,是研究盆地演化的理想区域.本文基于二维多期拉张模型,对渤海湾盆地内9条地震解释剖面进行新生代构造-热演化模拟,以揭示盆地拉张强度及热演化的时空差异性,为探讨盆地演化的地球动力学机制提供依据.研究结果表明:渤海湾盆地各坳陷新生代期间的总拉张系数为1.28～2.39,渤中坳陷和辽东湾坳陷的总拉张系数最大,而辽河坳陷和临清坳陷的拉张系数最小.盆地基底热流在古近纪中、晚期达到峰值71～100mW·m-2,之后逐渐降低至现今.盆地西部热流峰期出现的时间早于东部.由盆地拉张系数和基底热流的研究结果得出,渤海湾盆地新生代的拉张有着自西向东,自南向北的迁移,与沉积、沉降中心的迁移方向一致.太平洋板片新生代期间的幕式向东后撤可能是造成渤海湾盆地幕式拉张及拉张中心向东迁移的主要动力学机制.     

2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0地震动力学背景的数值模拟实验

2008年5月12日汶川M_S8.0地震发生在龙门山断裂带.本文基于龙门山断裂带的地质与地球物理研究结果,以及高精度的地形数据、大地热流测量数据,建立了以龙门山断裂带为主要研究对象的有限元模型;以GPS观测数据、构造应力场和震源破裂过程研究结果为约束,研究了此次强烈地震的动力学背景.模拟实验结果显示:在考虑青藏高原物质向东挤压流动的同时,青藏高原与四川盆地的地形差异和流变强度差异、断层摩擦强度差异和断层产状形式均对地震起始破裂的发生位置和断层错动形式有着重要影响.本文利用地球动力学的有限元软件模拟了汶川地震地表破裂在龙门山断裂带上传播的过程.     

Subduction and back-arc activity at the Hikurangi convergent Margin,New Zealand

The Hikurangi Margin is a region of oblique subduction with northwest-dipping intermediate depth seismicity extending southwest from the Kermadec system to about 42°S. The current episode of subduction is at least 16–20 Ma old. The plate convergence rate varies along the margin from about 60 mm/a at the south end of the Kermadec Trench to about 45 mm/a at 42°S. The age of the Pacific lithosphere adjacent to the Hikurangi Trench is not known.The margin divides at about latitude 39°S into two quite dissimilar parts. The northern part has experienced andesitic volcanism for about 18 Ma, and back-arc extension in the last 4 Ma that has produced a back-arc basin onshore with high heaflow, thin crust and low upper-mantle seismic velocities. The extension appears to have arisen from a seawards migration of the Hikurangi Trench north of 39°S. Here the plate interface is thought to be currently uncoupled, as geodetic data indicate extension of the fore-arc basin, and historic earthquakes have not exceededM _s=7.South of 39°S there is no volcanism and a back-arc basin has been produced by downward flexure of the lithosphere due to strong coupling with the subducting plate. Heatflow in the basin is normal. Evidence for strong coupling comes from historic earthquakes of up to aboutM _s=8 and high rates of uplift on the southeast coast of the North Island.The reason for this division of the margin is not known but may be related to an inferred increase, from northeast to southwest, in the buoyancy of the Pacific lithosphere.     

辽河盆地东部凹陷新生代伸展-走滑构造作用及断裂构造特征

基于最新的三维地震资料处理与地震剖面解释、地震相干切片分析和平衡剖面恢复等方法,对辽河盆地东部凹陷所发育的断裂几何形态、盆地演化过程和走滑构造平面特征进行研究,并结合区域板块构造活动背景,分析其对郯庐断裂带新生代时期活动的响应.结果表明:辽河盆地东部凹陷为伸展和走滑两期构造变形叠加的产物,是具有"下断上坳"双层结构的裂谷型盆地.盆地演化过程经历了强烈断陷期(Es3)、区域隆升期(Es2)、断坳转化期(初始走滑期)(Es1)、坳陷沉降期(强烈走滑期)(Ed)和构造反转期(Ng-现今)5个演化阶段.研究区主要发育正断层、逆断层、走滑正断层和走滑逆断层4种断层类型,经伸展间歇期和后期区域挤压作用,发育两期正反转构造.盆地经历的走滑运动过程可细化为初始走滑(Es1),强烈走滑(Ed)和衰减走滑(Ng)3个阶段.