钻孔应变观测中潮汐因子离散性与各向异性原因探讨——“十五”数字地震观测网络分量钻孔应变仪首批观测资料分析解释

中国数字地震观测网络"十五"计划期间,在全国布设约40台我国自主研发的YRY-4型分量式钻孔应变仪.现已取得一批固体潮观测数据,计算M2波潮汐因子的结果表明,潮汐因子的相对精度最高达到了0.001.在此基础上,发现各观测点潮汐响应(潮汐因子)与理论模型比较有很大的离散性及有规律的方位各向异性.本文提出断层隔离是造成各台站潮汐因子偏离理论值及方位各向异性的主要原因.有限元断层地块模型应变方位响应与台站实测方位响应的一致,支持了这一观点.潮汐响应各向异性现象有望在地质构造研究、城市断层探测、地块活动微动态、地震烈度区划等研究领域发挥作用.也可为GPS等空间大地测量观测数据改进潮汐位移修正,提供参考.     

钻孔耦合对体应变观测的影响分析

利用三层厚壁筒组合模型,给出不同类型体应变的相互转换关系,分析模型参数变化对3类体应变仪观测的影响。通过对全国60多个台站的体应变观测资料分析,发现钻孔的气压系数与潮汐因子无简单对应关系。利用固体潮标定不同台站的体应变到统一系统的体应变,结果表明,多数台站存在体应变潮汐因子观测值比理论值明显偏小现象,推测可能与钻孔存在非完全耦合有关。     

日本神户六甲断层系的潮汐形变空间展布

在断层带观测到的地震运动有时出现与地震相关的独特变化。一些研究者已经指出，可能是断裂带及其邻近灵感地反映了周围地区的应力变化。为了考察六甲断层系应变变化扔特点，介绍了大月断层断裂带上六甲－都留加大台站的潮汐形变。     

青岛地震台2020年5月—2021年5月体应变趋势异常分析

2020年5月至2021年5月,青岛地震台体应变观测数据年漂移量明显小于往年同期变化,基于周边监测环境、同场地其他观测手段、气象因素、其他台站测项数据、青岛GPS观测站数据、潮汐因子和超限率等进行分析,结果发现：(1)台站附近小学建设地下车库进行基坑开挖,有可能对体应变观测造成影响;(2)体应变异常为地下应变的真实反映;(3)体应变年漂移量减小非气象因素所致,且非区域性变化;(4)经小波分析,表明钻孔体应变数据变化趋势正常。采用midas GTS软件,基于有限元模型,模拟计算基坑开挖对体应变的影响量,结果显示,体应变仪探头处体应变变化量约为-1.7×10^-5,而实际漂移量差值约为-0.53×10^-5,二者量级一致,仅数值稍有差别。综合判定认为,青岛地震台体应变年漂移量变小与台站附近地下车库的基坑开挖有关。     

2004年印尼8.7级强震前昌黎台的远场电性异常特征探讨

分析了在2004年12月26日印尼8.7级地震前河北昌黎台记录到的自然电位及电场异常, 结果显示昌黎台自电位、 电场正常时段观测到的半日、 半月潮汐波周期变化在震前1个多月发生畸变, 周期消失, 变化幅度相应减小, 震后快速恢复, 且潮汐波记录比震前正常时段更加清晰。 该台地电阻率的观测结果显示起始下降变化比较平缓, 震前一周左右, 变化加剧, 出现多次阶变。 究其原因, 在强震发生前断层的蠕滑作用导致孔隙压力变化, 产生一种可以在岩石中传播的应变波, 由于台站下方岩土层对小应变信号具有很好的放大作用, 所以记录到了这种小幅度的应变波, 也就是远场的静态应变效应。 随着地震临近, 应力作用加强, 远程应变波引起台站下方水位、 水化学性质以及岩石孔隙度、 渗透率等的改变, 导致电阻率、 电场大幅度的阶变, 这反映了远场应变波的动态效应。 当然就异常幅度而言, 应变波的效应还嫌弱一些, 因此昌黎台异常变化可能还叠加了震源区激发的电磁波。     

Charlevoix地震带地球物理研究的十二年(一)

在Charlevoix地震带进行综合地球物理监测始于1974年。历史记录和1925年发生的一次大地震说明,这个地震带很可能成为将来破坏性地震(比如,M>5.5)的孕震区,监测的目的是提高预报破坏性地震的能力。研究的参数有:微震活动性、地震波走时、电阻抗、垂直运动、水平运动、地倾斜、重力变化以及地下水位变化引起的应变。观测期间,尽管在大地震(M=5.0)前几个月内没有发现明显的前兆,但这些研究为我们了解这个活动区的构造机制提供了新的信息。几百个定位较好的微震观测结果使我们已可能对受强水平压力作用的古老裂谷断层进行一番描绘,地震带的地理范围是由发生在跨越圣·劳伦斯河(St.Lawrence River)的35kin×80km区域里的微震圈定的。自精确计时的爆炸P波和地震S波的观测结果都支持地壳内充满平行裂隙的张性扩容各向异性(EDA)假说,用这些资料也可以估计该地区(N30°E)裂隙的密度和主压应力方向。该区设有6个大地电磁台站,其中5个台站都观测到了电性参数数目到数年的周期性变化。大地电磁场偏振角的变化与算出的测区累计地下水位密切相关(7年的期限内),台站间电阻抗的变化没有明显的相关性,但各个台站的电阻抗的变化似乎与P波走时异常有关,与1976年中旬到1977年中旬M=2—3的地震次数出现异常时,重力负异常的消失有关。有人认为,这些相关变化可能与无震应力的重新分布以及1979年发生m=5.0的地震前两年左右,流体沿着NE走向的一个裂谷断层的流动有关。在Charlevoix地球物理观测台,我们以单台进行了地倾斜(地面和井下)和井水水位的连续监测。虽然我们对某些地震前两、三天内近地表达到固体潮振幅量级的地倾斜还做不出解释,但它们或许在空间上彼此不相干,或是与倾斜仪地下室里的微小温度变化有关。在1—3μrad(RMS)噪声背景上的近地表倾斜的观测结果和50—100m深处的0.2—0.3μrad(RMS)噪声背景上的井下倾斜测量结果上,没有发现中期(一星期至一年)前兆。用井下倾斜仪时,可检测的潮汐倾斜导纳变化的阈值降低到2%,但仍没有发现明显的变化。我们观测到了井孔内4个同震水位的变化,它们比弹性位错现论预测的要大得多,有人认为,用震源周围扩容带的塌陷或附近活动断层触发的无震移动可以解释这些变化。1980年到1986年间观测到的井孔水位的潮汐幅度和相位都有明显的变化,这些变化可能是附近构造中物质的弹性性质随时间发生变化的结果。倾斜仪、水准测量及水平测量结果表明:某些约束条件是CSZ的长期形变造成的。1976—1986年由水准测量台阵观测到的数据表明,观测台站对长期倾斜速率的观测极限是054μrad/a;1983—1986年期间井下倾斜测量结果给出的另一个极限是0.1μrad/a;1965年、1978年、1980年和1982年,由水准测量仪测得的圣·劳伦斯河西北部的重直移动极限是2cm;1912—1919年、1965年、1978年和1983年,跨越CSZ进行的水平控制测量没有发现明显的偏应变(90%的置信度);1919—1983年,CSZ的长期应变速率的最大容许值是0.16μstrain/a。     

观测应变阶在地震应力触发研究中的应用

对中国钻孔应变台网观测到的昆仑山口西MS8.1大地震的应变阶资料的研究结果表明:① 很多观测值与静力位错理论计算值不符合；② 北方地震较活跃地区的很多台站观测到异常大的应变阶，而南方构造运动较不活跃地区的台站虽然也观测到地震波动，但是应变阶不明显. 由此推断，地震的触发（可能是动态触发）作用对远场的实际地震应变变化具有重要影响. 也就是说，远场的构造活动（可能是断层活动）是否曾被地震触发，可能决定当地的应变场变化的主要特征. 进一步对昌平台1999年3月11日张北地震与1999年11月1日大同地震的观测资料对比分析表明:断裂带的分布情况对实际地震应变变化有直接影响. 这证明观测到的异常大的地震应变阶可能是地震触发了当地的断层活动的表现.      

地电阻率各向异性前兆异常特征及其与地震的关系

在对山东菏泽和郯城两台站提供的地震地电阻率观测资料进行必要处理的基础上,研究了地震地电阻率各向异性的前兆异常特征,得出两台站周围300 km内的5级以上地震发生前均存在明显的地电阻率各向异性前兆异常;并发现在中强地震发生时地电阻率各向异性值变化都基本处于高值附近的一个区间内,即地电阻率各向异性变化存在一个易发震区间;并从地震发生时地应力的角度讨论了易发震变化区间的物理机理。     

昌平台钻孔应变固体潮调合分析

介绍了体应变观测潮汐因子和勒夫数 h2 之间的线性关系 ,h2 的变化幅度较体应变观测潮汐因子震前异常变化大 7.5倍。同时 ,昌平台剪应变观测潮汐因子 O1波与体应变观测潮汐因子M2 波震前异常有较好的一致性 ,研究钻孔应变观测潮汐因子的变化有可能是取得地震前兆的有效途径之一。     

2016年1月21日门源MS 6.4地震前重力非潮汐变化特征分析

选取2015—2018年兰州和高台连续重力观测站整点值数据,分析2016年1月21日门源M_S 6.4地震前2个台站连续重力数据非潮汐变化特征,发现2个台站在此次地震发生前1年,分别观测到重力数据出现持续约6个月的重力非潮汐上升变化,月均变化速度分别为9.36μGal、6.17μGal,累计变化振幅分别达到56.15μGal、37.05μGal。通过对观测站点周边观测环境的详细核实和理论计算,排除台站周边环境干扰因素,认为震前6个月的重力非潮汐持续性下降变化应与此次M_S 6.4地震孕震过程有关。本研究结果可为揭示此次门源地震的孕震机理提供一定参考,为后续地震预测中重力观测指标的建立提供一定参考。     

1920年海原8.5级地震震中区地电阻率各向异性研究

通过海原8.5级地震震中区环行电测深研究,发现在断层破碎带有明显的电阻率各向异性,垂直断层走向呈现明显的高电性,断层走向呈现明显的低电性.根据电性差异讨论了断层地表的变形特征.研究结果表明：环形电测深工作,对研究地面附近地层物性变化有重要意义.     

鲜水河断裂带多断层相互作用的流变断裂力学分析

本文研究了流变介质内多断层的相互影响,通过对鲜水河断裂带的分析,对该断裂带提出一个不共线三断层的断裂力学模型.把介质考虑成流变的,用有限元法结合解析方法求解了流变断裂力学问题的应力、应变及能量场的时空变化.结果表明,多断层的力学场与单一断层的力学场相差甚远,在断层间形成了影响区.在影响区内应力集中,梯度大,分布复杂,应变能在影响区内形成较大范围集中.应变能等值线在孕震期间从影响区向外扩张,能量从外围流向断层区,流动在时空上都是不均匀的,孕育初期增加速率大,后期渐渐平缓.流向影响区的能量比其周围区域大,形成很大梯度.并讨论了地震前兆的某些特征.根据本文的结果,认为在道孚-乾宁-带发生地震的可能性较大.     

Where Can Seismic Anisotropy Be Detected in the Earth’s Mantle? In Boundary Layers...

—During the last 30 years, considerable evidence of seismic anisotropy has accumulated demonstrating that it is present at all scales, but not in all depth ranges. We detail which conditions are necessary to detect large-scale seismic anisotropy. Firstly, minerals must display a strong anisotropy at the microscopic scale, and/or the medium must be finely layered. Secondly, the relative orientations of symmetry axes in the different crystals must not counteract in destroying the intrinsic anisotropy of each mineral, and there must be efficient mechanisms of orientation of minerals and aggregates. Finally, the strain field must be coherent at large scale in order to preserve long wavelength anisotropy. Part of shallow anisotropy can be related to the past strain field (frozen-in anisotropy), however the deep anisotropy is due to the present strain field. All these conditions are fulfilled only in boundary layers of convective mantle.¶We review in this paper, the seismic data sets which provide insight into the location at depth of large-scale anisotropy from the D"-layer up to the lithosphere. In addition to the well-documented seismic anisotropy in the lithosphere and asthenosphere, there is new evidence of seismic anisotropy in the upper (400–660 km) and lower (660–900 km) transition zones and in the D"-layer. Nonetheless the bulk of the lower mantle seems close to isotropy. If we assume the hypothesis that seismic anisotropy is associated with boundary layers in convective systems, these observations strongly suggest that the transition zone is a boundary layer which makes the pasage of matter between the upper and the lower mantle difficult. However, this general statement does not rule out flow circulation between the upper and lower mantles. Finally, the geophysical, mineral physics and geological applications are briefly reviewed. An intercomparison between surface wave anisotropy and body-wave anisotropy data sets is presented. We discuss the scientific potential of seismic anisotropy and how it makes it possible to gain more insight into continental root, deformation and geodynamics processes.     

NEAR-FAULT DISPLACEMENT AND DEFORMATION OBTAINED FROM ONE-KILOMETER-LONG FAULT-CROSSING BASELINE MEASUREMENTS-A PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENT AT 2 SITES ON THE EASTERN BOUNDARY OF THE SICHUAN-YUNNAN BLOCK

The current and conventional fault-crossing short baseline measurement has a relatively high precision, but its measurement arrays usually fail to or cannot completely span major active fault zones due to the short length of the baselines, which are only tens to 100 meters. GNSS measurement has relatively low resolution on near-fault deformation and hence is not suitable for monitoring those faults with low motion and deformation rates, due to sparse stations and relatively low accuracy of the GNSS observation. We recently built up two experimental sites on the eastern boundary of the active Sichuan-Yunnan block, one crossing the Daqing section of the Zemuhe Fault and the other crossing the Longshu section of the Zhaotong Fault, aiming to test the measurement of near-fault motion and deformation by using fault-crossing arrays of one-kilometer-long baselines. In this paper, from a three-year-long data set we firstly introduce the selection of the sites and the methods of the measurement. We then calculate and analyze the near-field displacement and strain of the two sites by using three hypothetical models, the rigid body, elastic and composed models, proposed by previous researchers. In the rigid body model, we assume that an observed fault is located between two rigid blocks and the observed variances in baseline lengths result from the relative motion of the blocks. In the elastic model, we assume that a fault deforms uniformly within the fault zone over which a baseline array spans, and in the array baselines in different directions may play roles as strainmeters whose observations allow us to calculate three components of near-fault horizontal strain. In the composed model, we assume that both displacement and strain are accumulated within the fault zone that a baseline array spans, and both contribute to the observed variances in baseline lengths. Our results show that, from the rigid body model, variations in horizontal fault-parallel displacement component of the Zemuhe Fault at the Daqing site fluctuate within 3mm without obvious tendencies. The displacement variation in the fault-normal component keeps dropping in 2015 and 2016 with a cumulative decrease of 6mm, reflecting transverse horizontal compression, and it turns to rise slightly(suggesting extension)in 2017. From the elastic model, the variation in horizontal fault-normal strain component of the fault at Daqing shows mainly compression, with an annual variation close to 10^-5, and variations in the other two strain components are at the order of 10^-6. For the Longshu Fault, the rigid-body displacement of the fault varies totally within a few millimeters, but shows a dextral strike-slip tendency that is consistent with the fault motion known from geological investigation, and the observed dextral-slip rate is about 0.7mm/a on average. The fault-parallel strain component of the Longshu Fault is compressional within 2×10^-6, and the fault-normal strain component is mainly extensional. Restricted by the assumption of rigid-body model, we have to ignore homolateral deformation on either side of an observed fault and attribute such deformation to the fault displacement, resulting in an upper limit estimate of the fault displacement. The elastic model emphasizes more the deformation on an observed fault zone and may give us information about localizations of near-fault strain. The results of the two sites from the composed model suggest that it needs caution when using this model due to that big uncertainty would be introduced in solving relevant equations. Level surveying has also been carried out at the meantime at the two sites. The leveling series of the Daqing site fluctuates within 4mm and shows no tendency, meaning little vertical component of fault motion has been observed at this site; while, from the rigid-body model, the fault-normal motion shows transverse-horizontal compression of up to 6mm, indicating that the motion of the Zemuhe Fault at Daqing is dominantly horizontal. The leveling series of the Longshu site shows a variation with amplitude comparable with that observed from the baseline series here, suggesting a minor component of thrust faulting; while the baseline series of the same site do not present tendencies of fault-normal displacement. Since the steep-dip faults at the two sites are dominantly strike-slip in geological time scale, we ignore probable vertical movement temporarily. In addition, lengths of homolateral baselines on either side of the faults change somewhat over time, and this makes us consider the existence of minor faults on either side of the main faults. These probable minor faults may not reach to the surface and have not been identified through geological mapping; they might result in the observed variances in lengths of homolateral baselines, fortunately such variations are small relative to those in fault-crossing baselines. In summary, the fault-crossing measurement using arrays with one-kilometer-long baselines provides us information about near-fault movement and strain, and has a slightly higher resolution relative to current GNSS observation at similar time and space scales, and therefore this geodetic technology will be used until GNSS networks with dense near-fault stations are available in the future.     

Electromagnetic divergence correction for 3D anisotropic EM modeling

Until now, the application of divergence correction has been focusing on the electromagnetic (EM) isotropic modeling. However, in regions where the earth demonstrates strong electrical anisotropy due to lamina or faults saturated with water, the traditional divergence corrections may not be working for EM modeling. In this paper, based on the divergence-free property of the current density, we propose a divergence correction technique to speed up the EM modeling process for a 3D arbitrarily anisotropic earth. The volume current density weighting method is adopted for the discretization of divergence correction, so it can be applied to non-uniform grid model. By enforcing the constraints associated with the divergence-free property, the quasi-minimal residual (QMR) iterations and the total computational time for the EM modeling are largely reduced. Furthermore, we discuss how to divide the QMR process into sections and the influence of the number of iterations and the normalized residual on the solution process. We take a helicopter-borne EM system over a 3D earth with arbitrarily electrical anisotropy as an example to examine the effectiveness of our anisotropic divergence correction technique on the EM modelings.     

郑州市东区浅部断层的构造特征研究

断层活动性研究是大城市地震预测和防震减灾的基础性工作。在郑州活断层探测工作中,采用地震勘探方法查明了花园口、上街和须水3条断层的空间分布、地质特征及构造活动性,为郑州市未来的地震监测及抗震防灾工作提供了可靠的基础资料。另外,通过分析断层活动特征,提出了判定断层活动性的一些新认识,为大城市活断层探测特别是覆盖层较厚地区隐伏断层的探测提出了一种有效方法。     

Models of passive margin inversion: implications for the Rhenohercynian fold-and-thrust belt, Belgium and Germany

Positive tectonic inversion is related to the transmission of compressional stresses along a décollement into the foreland of an orogenic zone. This stress and strain concentration in regions remote from the main orogenic front is commonly related to the presence of pre-existing rheological heterogeneities such as normal syn-depositional faults. During inversion, these pre-existing normal faults are reactivated as reverse faults. Tectonic inversion in the Rhenohercynian fold-and-thrust belt during the Variscan Orogeny shows that inversion is likely synchronous with the onset of collision in the hinterland. Here, we present the results of a simplified thermo-mechanical model (STM) which allows one to study strain partitioning between two orogenic zones. We show that, if the two orogenic zones have the same mechanical properties, the viscosity of the décollement, which links them, controls the initial strain partitioning. During subsequent finite shortening, erosional processes determine the partitioning of strain rate. The presence of a weak structure in the inverted zone and of a low-viscosity décollement leads to initial strain concentration in the inverted track rather than in the collision zone and a progressive decrease in strain partitioning between the two orogenic zones. The STM results are in good agreement with results of a 2D finite-element model. We conclude that, in the western part of the Rhenohercynian Massif, simultaneous uplift and deformation within the Mid-German Crystalline Rise (the main collision zone) and the Ardenne Anticlinorium (the inverted zone) lead to interpreting this orogenic event as a case of vice tectonic rather than the propagation of a ‘wave of folding’ towards the Variscan front, as suggested by previous authors.     

The genesis of seismic activity on faults in Central Asia in real time and its variations

We used the Digital Faults geoinformation system that we developed to propose an algorithm for quantitative estimation of seismic activity on faults. The resulting technique was used to study the spatiotemporal patterns in the present-day activity of faults in Central Asia. Fault activity was found to vary at frequencies of a few years and cannot be explained by changes in the regional stress fields. We studied the tendency of seismic events to be localized to areas of dynamic influence due to faults. The active faults were grouped by the criteria of seismicity organization in the influence areas of these faults. It was shown that fault activity and its comparatively high frequency on real time scales are caused by strain waves, which may be generated by interplate and interblock movements in the brittle lithosphere. Judging by the speed of strain waves, the active faults are classified into groups that differ in their geological and geophysical parameters. They can be used to estimate the directions of strain wave fronts and to identify areas of dominant fault activation over intervals of real (geologically speaking) time. We give a map showing active faults in Central Asia, plots of a quantitative index of their seismic activity, and the directivity vectors of strain waves that excite fault activity. The methods we developed for classifying active faults by the quantitative index of seismic activity and for determining the vectors of strain waves that excite fault activity are all tools that significantly expand our possibilities when developing tectonophysical models of the seismic process in earthquake-generating zones of the lithosphere and open new methods for attacking problems in intermediate-term earthquake prediction.     

第四纪松散沉积物中隐性活断层的显微构造特征

第四纪松散沉积物中普遍存在断层的隐性现象 ,包括断层的隐形和尖灭 ,给古地震研究带来了复杂性和多解性。选择了一些典型古地震剖面 ,对涉及到断层隐形或尖灭的部位 ,进行了定向原状样品采集 ,通过室内样品固结 ,显微薄片制作和显微构造现象观察 ,从显微域里找到了鉴定隐形断层的许多标志 ,并对断层尖灭机制进行了研究。认为通过显微构造分析 ,排除或肯定隐形断层的存在 ,或者追踪断层尖灭的层位 ,结合宏观剖面研究和年代测定 ,可以使古地震时代和期次判定更准确     

拐折断层黏滑过程的实验研究

采用位移、应变和声发射等测量手段,研究了预置5°拐折断层的房山花岗岩样品的黏滑过程,分析了不同加载速率下5°拐折断层失稳的黏滑特征及相关物理场的演化过程。实验结果表明: 1)5°拐折断层的黏滑周期与加载速率在数值上呈负对数相关关系; 2)在不同的加载速率下,大多数的5°拐折断层失稳是双震事件, 2次子事件的间隔时间大多在100～200ms之间; 3)采用不同的观测手段,即使采样速率一致,其临震响应也存在差异性,如断层失稳前沿断层的应变测量结果呈现明显的应变弱化,断层位移则未见明显的变化; 4)断层黏滑过程中的声发射事件呈现明显的沿断层迁移的特征。认识强震的发生机理和余震特征需要进一步研究断层失稳过程的动力学信息。