5°拐折断层在黏滑过程中物理场演化与交替活动的实验研究

在实验室利用96通道应变记录采集系统和分布式多通道瞬态信号采集系统,观测了预切5.拐折断层的标本在变形失稳过程中应变场和声发射事件的时空演化.实验在双轴伺服加载系统上进行.在Y方向按位移控制方式加载,位移速率先后取0.5μm/s、1μm/s、0.5μm/s和0.1μm/s.观测得到:1)标本沿断层发生周期性的黏滑失稳,...     

断层黏滑动态变形过程的实验研究

实验研究断层黏滑过程的变形演化,尤其是失稳黏滑瞬间的断层位移演化特征,对于了解地震从孕育到发生的全过程具有重要意义.本文基于数字散斑相关方法(digital speckle correlation method, DSCM),用三套图像采集系统(两套低速和一套高速图像采集系统)搭建了断层黏滑过程的多观测区域、多时间尺度的变形场测量系统,并用此系统对一种花岗岩双剪滑动模型的黏滑过程进行了实验研究.对间黏滑期和黏滑期断层位移演化特征进行深入分析的结果表明:间黏滑期断层位移演化体现出空间上的非均匀性和时间上的"趋同化"特征,断层滑动趋同化也许是断层错动匀阻化的一种宏观表现形式;断层黏滑动态过程持续时间非常短(本文300 mm断层黏滑过程持续时间约在1 ms量级),黏滑失稳前会出现预滑,预滑出现到黏滑失稳发生所经历的时间与黏滑失稳过程所用时间相差一个量级;断层的一次黏滑由若干个滑动速度不同的、小的失稳滑动组成,黏滑失稳过程中断层的滑动速度呈现出波动性,整个滑动过程中断层经历了多个高速滑动和低速滑动的交错.     

断层几何结构与物理场的演化及失稳特征

在双轴加载条件下，研究了几种具不同几何结构的断层系变形破坏过程中应变、断层位移和声发射事件的时空分布，并对典型失稳事件的特征进行了分析．研究表明: 具不同几何结构的断层系有不同的变形物理场演化图象；根据物理场演化特征和变形机制的差异，可识别出两类粘滑型失稳、破裂型失稳及混合型失稳，不同类型的失稳在前兆上有明显差异；失稳类型与断层几何结构及变形阶段密切相关．因此，研究自然界断层的几何结构，对地震预报和地震前兆观察研究极为重要.      

利用超声尾波观测1.5 m长岩石断层黏滑实验的波速变化

在实验室内利用超声尾波观测大尺度(1.5 m)岩石断层的黏滑过程.利用基于尾波干涉的观测方法,我们获得了高达10~(-6)的相对波速变化的观测精度,这相当于~10 kPa的应力变化.利用高精度的测量,我们获取两种不同加载速率下(1μm·s~(-1),10μm·s~(-1))黏滑过程三个阶段(恢复、加载和滑动)基于波速变化的特征量.我们更进一步获取了断层失稳阶段波速变化的时空演化过程.最后讨论了该观测方法需要改进的地方.以上研究结果表明作为一种对现有实验观测手段的有益补充,利用超声尾波观测实验室大尺度岩石断层的动力学过程是可行的.     

基于声发射实验结果讨论大震前地震活动平静现象的机制

基于岩石变形声发射实验结果讨论了大震前地震活动平静现象的机制。在双轴压缩、等位移速率加载条件下 ,挤压型雁列断层、含宏观凹凸体断层、Ⅲ型剪切断层等非连续断层在临近滑动失稳前 ,声发射活动均出现了明显的相对平静现象 ,表现为声发射事件的发生率和应变能释放水平显著降低。与此阶段相对应 ,断层带 (特别是非连续部位上新形成的一小段断层 )发生了蠕滑和匀阻化作用 ,并使得标本的差应力开始下降。根据实验结果提出 ,大地震前断层的“蠕滑 -匀阻化”过程是造成地震活动平静现象的可能机制     

平直走滑断层亚失稳状态的位移协同化特征——基于数字图像相关方法的实验研究

亚失稳阶段是断层临近失稳的最后阶段,识别断层亚失稳状态,对评估断裂区内的断层失稳危险性具有重要意义．含平直走滑断层的岩石样品在卧式双轴伺服控制压机上加载产生黏滑,同时用高速相机以1000帧S_的速度记录样品变形,失稳过程中的数字图像,然后采用数字图像相关分析方法计算样品表面变形场,并通过定义表征断层位移累计值相对离散程度的协同化系数来描述断层失稳过程的协同化特征,结果表明：（1）局部预滑区进入亚失稳阶段之前,扩展速率非常缓慢;进入亚失稳I阶段后,扩展速率有所增加,但仍很缓慢,属于准静态扩展;在亚失稳II阶段,在占整个亚失稳阶段～1．5％的时间段内,断层先是以～0．9mS。的速率扩展,继而快速贯通整个观测区域,此时断层已转为准动态扩展．（2）在亚失稳I阶段断层位移协同化系数降为进入亚失稳前的一半,在亚失稳II阶段这一系数再降为进入亚失稳前的四分之一．这一系数持续下降意味着断层位移协同化作用的加强,亦可作为断层进入亚失稳阶段的特征之一．（3）此外,在断层失稳滑动阶段,观测区内断层出现三次整体滑动：初始滑动,快速滑动和调整滑动．断层在三次滑动之间存在两次短暂的停顿过程．     

正应力扰动对断层滑动失稳影响的实验研究

利用双轴伺服控制加载装置,采用三块花岗闪长岩标本组成的含有两个滑动面的直剪结构,开展了摩擦滑动实验.实验中通过在垂直滑动面的载荷上叠加正弦波状和方波状的扰动,研究了正应力扰动对断层黏滑失稳的影响.研究表明,在恒定的正应力和位移速率下,标本表现为规则的黏滑,叠加正应力扰动后,随扰动振幅的增加黏滑发生时间与扰动的相关性增大,黏滑应力降和时间间隔的分布趋于离散.黏滑应力降和时间间隔的平均值随平均正应力的增加呈线性增长,扰动叠加后黏滑应力降的离散度随平均正应力的增加而增大;黏滑应力降和时间间隔主要受应力变化幅度的影响,而与应力变化的速率关系不大.剪应力和正应力扰动都会对断层黏滑失稳产生影响,而正应力扰动的影响更明显.这两种扰动对断层黏滑失稳影响的机制存在差异,剪应力扰动只是改变断层滑动的推动力,而正应力扰动则改变了断层面上凹凸体的接触状态.     

亚失稳准动态及同震过程变形场时空演化特征 ——实验与分析

断层亚失稳模型指出,在临震亚失稳阶段中各种物理量存在规律性的时空演化特征,控制这些物理参数变化的根本原因是震源的力学过程。为深入观测和分析该过程,文中介绍了一套自主研发的64通道、16位分辨率、4MHz采样频率、可并行连续采集的超动态变形场观测系统(UltraHi DAM),首次实现了在4MHz频率下对应变信号和声发射信号的同步采集。依托该系统对断层失稳变形的全过程,特别是失稳前几s到若干μs的瞬态变形过程,即亚失稳准动态阶段进行了精细、深入的观测,解析了相关的震源力学问题,获得以下认识:1)伴随断层局部卸载而出现的应变局部化加速是进入亚失稳准静态阶段的近场判据;2)亚失稳准动态阶段的应变场特征(应变调整)表现为以应变逐点的逐次加速和往复传递;3)准动态过程中每个子阶段都存在短暂的准备期,其可能有助于临震预测;4)一次断层失稳事件(实验室地震)可以伴随发生多次震源应变高频震荡以及对应的多次声发射事件。     

交叉断层的交替活动与块体运动的实验研究

通过物理模拟证明交叉断层上会交替地发生失稳事件。两条交叉的断层在活动中既相互促进 ,又相互制约 ,即一条断层既可能使另一条断层发生闭锁而积累应变 ,又可能触发其错动。每条断层的位移速率、总位移量以及失稳事件数与断层方向和主压应力轴的夹角有关。各断层段的位移有时体现为断层围限块体的平移运动 ,而有时则体现为块体的旋转运动。发生在不同部位的失稳事件影响范围不同 ,在正应力较大的断层上失稳事件影响范围大。涉及交叉断层的较大失稳事件发生前常出现前兆性小事件。交叉断层的交替活动实际上由变形场中块体的运动所控制     

速率-状态依赖摩擦定律引入连续-非连续方法的检验及断层倾角的影响

断层黏滑是一种摩擦失稳,能够诱发地震、矿震等诸多地质灾害.目前,断层黏滑(包括断层亚失稳)研究,主要集中在实验方面和基于连续方法或非连续方法的数值模拟方面.为了弥补连续方法和非连续方法各自的不足,一些兼具二者优势的连续-非连续方法应运而生.为了检验引入速率-状态依赖摩擦定律的自主开发的拉格朗日元与离散元耦合连续-非连续方法的正确性并探究断层倾角对断层黏滑的影响,首先,模拟了滑块-底板模型的滑动-保持-滑动实验;然后,模拟了双轴压缩岩样的断层倾角的影响,重点考察了断层黏滑过程中亚失稳阶段摩擦系数的演化规律.研究发现,随着断层倾角的增大,岩样上表面平均差应力的绝对值-时步数目曲线的锯齿形由规则向不规则变化;初次黏滑发生时的时步数目、平均应力降、平均黏滑周期和平均峰值应力均减小.当断层处于黏滑前阶段时,断层面各处的摩擦系数和剪应力相差较小.当断层进入亚失稳阶段后,断层面上摩擦系数的平均值下降速度加快,这可作为断层进入亚失稳阶段的特征之一.引入速率-状态依赖摩擦定律后的拉格朗日元与离散元耦合连续-非连续方法的断层黏滑结果能与现有结果（例如,断层黏滑实验结果）基本吻合,但更加丰富,这在一定程度上...     

Geometrical textures of faults，evolution of physical field and instability characteristics

Ｇｅｏｍｅｔｒｉｃａｌｔｅｘｔｕｒｅｓｏｆｆａｕｌｔｓ，ｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌｆｉｅｌｄａｎｄｉｎｓｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓＪＩＮＭＡ（马瑾），ＳＨＥＮＧ－ＬＩＭＡ（马胜利），ＬＩ－ＱＩＡＮＧＬＩＵ（刘力强），Ｚ...     

Experimental study on nucleation process of stick-slip instability on homogeneous and non-homogeneous faults

The nucleation process of stick-slip instability was analyzed based on the experimental measurements of strain and fault slip on homogeneous and non-homogeneous faults. The results show that the nucleation process of stick-slip on the homogeneous fault is of weak slip-weakening behavior under constant loading point velocity. The existence of a short “weak segment” on the fault makes slip-weakening phenomenon in nucleation process more obvious, while the existence of a long “weak segment” on the fault makes the nucleation process changed. The nucleation is characterized by accelerating slip in a local region and rapid increase of shear stress along the fault in this case, which is more coincident with the rate and state friction law. During the period when fault is locked, increasing of shear stress causes lateral elastic dilation near the fault, and the rebound of the dilation at the time of instability causes an instantaneous increase of normal stress in the fault plane, which is an important factor making fault be rapidly locked and its strength recovered.     

Experimental study on nucleation process of stick-slip instability on homogeneous and non-homogeneous faults

The nucleation process of stick-slip instability was analyzed based on the experimental measurements of strain and fault slip on homogeneous and non-homogeneous faults. The results show that the nucleation process of stick-slip on the homogeneous fault is of weak slip-weakening behavior under constant loading point velocity. The existence of a short "weak segment" on the fault makes slip-weakening phenomenon in nucleation process more obvious, while the existence of a long "weak segment" on the fault makes the nucleation process changed. The nucleation is characterized by accelerating slip in a local region and rapid increase of shear stress along the fault in this case, which is more coincident with the rate and state friction law. During the period when fault is locked, increasing of shear stress causes lateral elastic dilation near the fault, and the rebound of the dilation at the time of instability causes an instantaneous increase of normal stress in the fault plane, which is an important factor making fault be rapidly locked and its strength recovered.     

Stick-slip and strain waves in the physics of earthquake rupture: experiments and models

The study of stick-slip is directly connected with the formulation of the consistent concept of seismicity migration and explanation of the nature of strain waves observed at the contacts of blocks and plates. We propose a phenomenological model to describe the initiation of stick-slip at the rough contact of blocks of rocks. The model contains the leading factors of stick-slip process (friction, roughness of contact surfaces, and asperity). The model reproduces the universal profile of slip velocity and displacement, velocity of dynamic rupture observed in experiments. The stick-slip motion at a rough surface of a fault is shown to be a nonlinear process and can be described by the generalized sine-Gordon equation. The results of calculations and a comparison with experimental data testify to the existence of waves of a new type — solitary waves of sliding. The analogies are found between the strain waves generated due to stick-slip at the contact of the blocks of rocks, strain waves in the crustal faults, and those within the lithosphere.     

Experimental Study on the Stick-slip Phenomenon of Intact Granite under Solid Confining Pressure

In this paper,compression tests of intact granite samples have been made in a triaxial testing machine with solid confining pressure.From the tests,the influences of confining pressure and loading rate(axial strain rate)on the deformation and fracture process of rock samples,on the stress drop and recurrence interval of stick-slip events,and on the geometric distribution of the main fracture have been studied.The experimental results show that the loading rate influences the stress drop and recurrence interval of stick-slip events greatly.At lower loading rates,the stress drop of stick-slip events is greater,their recurrence interval is longer and shows no regularity in distribution.When the loading rate goes higher,the stress drop will become smaller and the recurrence interval will tend to be constant and stick-slip events show a quasi-periodicity.At lower confining pressures and strain rates,the main fracture may evolve into 2 X-shaped conjugate shear faults; whereas at higher confining pressures and     

雁列式断层组合变形过程中的声发射活动特征

着重研究拉张或挤压型雁列式断层标本变形过程中声发射(简称AE，下同)的时空演化特征. 结果表明，预置构造对AE空间分布格局具有较强的控制作用，随着差应力的增加，AE首先在两个端点附近丛集，之后向两端点连线附近集中，出现明显的破裂局部化现象，较大事件还通常集中于某一端点附近反复发生. 前期微破裂丛集图象指示后期宏观破裂的扩展方向及扩展范围. 拉张和挤压型雁列区宏观破裂方向分别与轴向应力方向垂直和平行. 雁列式断层标本变形过程中，破裂前的弱化阶段相对较长、弱化过程明显. 微破裂事件累积频次指数增长可能是系统失稳前的典型征兆之一，而雁列区宏观破裂之后，AE数量逐渐减少、应变释放相对减弱. 摩擦滑动过程中，大的粘滑失稳前未见有AE活动前兆性的增强过程.雁列区的b值变化在失稳前显示趋势性降低——快速回升这一典型的变化过程，b值降低一般发生在差应力增强过程之中，并有可能延续至弱化阶段，而快速回升则一般发生在破裂失稳前的短时期内. 对比研究表明，构造差异所导致的b值差异远大于b值随差应力的增加而产生的变化量，而对同一构造标本，力学状态的改变会导致AE序列时序特征的急剧变化，较高的加载速率对应较高的应变能释放及明显的低b值. 先期破碎带由于较低的破坏强度，其对差应力的微小变化具有特殊敏感性，从而成为源、兆分离、窗口或敏感点效应等地震活动性前兆现象的一种可能的原因.      

Spatio-temporal characteristics of acoustic emission during the deformation of rock samples with compressional and extensional en-echelon faults

Introduction By the experimental techniques of acoustic emission (AE) and surface strain observation, a lot of achievements on the study of deformation and fracture process of samples with en-echelon faults has been obtained (Bomblakis, 1973; LIU, et al, 1986; DU, et al, 1989; LI, et al, 1989; ZHANG, FANG, 1989; ZHANG, LI, 1989; MA, et al, 1995a, b; LI, et al, 2000). However, there still exist many problems. For example, most of discussion on the spatio-temporal evolution of microf…     

利用模板匹配技术检测米尺度岩石断层黏滑实验中的声发射事件

声发射观测是岩石摩擦实验中研究强震孕育机制的重要观测手段之一.传统的声发射观测以触发记录为主,难以捕捉并提取微弱的声发射信号.近年来天然地震学中发展的模板匹配技术可以在连续波形记录中识别出微弱的事件,大大提升事件检测能力.本文发展了适用于多通道连续记录的声发射信号的模板匹配技术,并将该技术应用于分析米尺度岩石断层黏滑失稳过程.研究结果显示:模板匹配技术识别出的声发射数量约为传统方法识别的5倍,相对完备震级降低约0.3.临近失稳,检测目录完备震级以上声发射率表现出幂律增加的特征,且声发射事件聚集在失稳破裂起始点附近.失稳后,检测目录完备震级以上声发射率表现出幂律衰减,其中失稳后早期表现出较慢的衰减速度.另外,失稳后早期声发射事件表现出随对数时间沿断层迁移的趋势.最后,通过与天然地震学观测的结果对比表明,声发射模板匹配识别技术是研究大尺度岩石摩擦滑动失稳过程中前震和余震时空演化规律的有效手段,该技术助于在方法上为室内实验和野外观测进行融合研究提供思路.     

Finite Element Analysis of Fault Bend Influence on Stick-Slip Instability along an Intra-Plate Fault

— Earthquakes have been recognized as resulting from stick-slip frictional instabilities along the faults between deformable rocks. A three-dimensional finite-element code for modeling the nonlinear frictional contact behaviors between deformable bodies with the node-to-point contact element strategy has been developed and applied here to investigate the fault geometry influence on the nucleation and development process of the stick-slip instability along an intra-plate fault through a typical fault bend model, which has a pre-cut fault that is artificially bent by an angle of 5.6° at the fault center. The numerical results demonstrate that the geometry of the fault significantly affects nucleation, termination and restart of the stick-slip instability along the intra-plate fault, and all these instability phenomena can be well simulated using the current finite-element algorithm.