巢湖浮游植物叶绿素含量与反射光谱特征的关系

利用高光谱地物光谱仪在巢湖进行了反射光谱测量和同步水质采样分析。在分析巢湖水体反射光谱特征的基础上,通过研究水体光谱反射率与叶绿素浓度之间的关系,利用反射率比值法和一阶微分法分别建立了叶绿素a的遥感定量模型。结果表明反射率比值R705nm/R680nm和690nm反射率的一阶微分均与叶绿素a浓度有较好的相关性,且用反射率比值法估算叶绿素a效果较好。     

基于反射光谱和模拟MERIS数据的太湖悬浮物遥感定量模型

利用地物光谱仪研究了太湖水体的反射光谱特征,通过对比分析,发现580nm反射率值和810nm的反射峰高是太湖悬浮物的敏感波段,并通过光谱微分的方法,发现840nm附近的一阶微分与悬浮物浓度相关性最好,基于上述结论,分别建立了太湖悬浮物的反射光谱和一阶微分遥感定量模型,并利用反射光谱数据,模拟MERIS数据的波段设置,结果表明MERIS第5、12、13波段可以很好的估测太湖的悬浮物浓度.     

应用实测光谱估算千岛湖夏季叶绿素a浓度

依据2010年8月的实测数据构建了千岛湖水体夏季叶绿素a浓度的实测光谱数据估算模型,并进行了验证.利用ASD FieldSpec3野外光谱仪获取高光谱数据,计算水体离水辐亮度和遥感反射率.通过寻找反演水体叶绿素a浓度的高光谱敏感波段,采用单波段相关分析、波段比值、微分光谱、三波段模型、BP人工神经网络等多种算法进行比较分析,结果表明:叶绿素a浓度与单波段光谱反射率的相关性不大;596 nm和489 nm波长处反射率比值、545 nm处光谱一阶微分与叶绿素a浓度均呈较显著相关,估测模型决定系数R2分别为0.782、0.590,RMSE分别为0.89、1.98μg/L;三波段模型的反演结果优于传统的波段比值和一阶微分法,R2为0.838,RMSE为0.71μg/L;神经网络模型大大提高了叶绿素a浓度的反演精度,R2高达0.942,RMSE为0.63μg/L.本研究为今后在千岛湖水域的夏季相邻月份进行叶绿素a浓度大范围遥感反演研究奠定了基础.     

基于Hyperion数据的太湖水体叶绿素a浓度遥感估算

通过对2004年8月19日太湖Hyperion高光谱遥感数据的处理和分析,文章首先采用比值和一阶微分处理技术进行了叶绿素a浓度的估算．为了弥补此两种方法在模型的适用性和通用性方面的不足,本文尝试了利用混合光谱分析模型进行太湖水体叶绿素a浓度的提取和成图．实验结果说明高光谱遥感数据Hyperion可以进行水体叶绿素a浓度的监测,并且作为高光谱处理技术之一的混合光谱分析技术是水体叶绿素a浓度估算的另一条佳径．     

NDCI法Ⅱ类水体叶绿素a浓度高光谱遥感数据估算

以太湖、巢湖为研究区,以Hyperion和HJ-1A卫星HSI高光谱数据以及实测水质浓度数据为实验数据,引入归一化叶绿素指数(NDCI),对Ⅱ类水体的高光谱叶绿素a浓度估算进行分析研究.首先对高光谱数据的光谱通道设置以及水体光谱特征进行分析,研究确定模型的最优波段.然后,将确定最优波段后的NDCI反射率因子作为变量与实测样本点数据进行回归分析,得到NDCI与叶绿素a浓度之间的回归关系,进行叶绿素a浓度的估算.与常用的比值法、一阶微分法和三波段法相比,NDCI的性能优于这3种方法,表明NDCI是一种计算简单、估算精度高、实用性强的Ⅱ类水体叶绿素a浓度估算方法.     

应用水表面下辐照度比估测太湖夏季水体叶绿素a浓度

利用便携式光谱辐射计,采用一定的观测角度获取水体表面的光谱,进而提取水表面下辐照度比R(0-)信息,分析R(0-)光谱特征与叶绿素a浓度之间的相互关系,结果表明太湖夏季水体叶绿素a浓度与R(0-)光谱曲线762 nm、727nm和496nm处的相关系数较大,分别达到了0.85、0.84、-0.80.通过单波段、波段比值模型分析,认为以R(0-)761、R(0-)762/R(0-)496、R(0-)727/R(0-)496为自变量的二次函数模型是利用水表面下辐照度比R(0-)估算太湖夏季水体中叶绿素a浓度的最佳模型,模型的决定系数R2分别达到了0.923、0.919、0.916,回归估计的标准误差S分别为0.012、0.013、0.013,F检验值分别为101.241、96.576、92.925.利用剩余10个样本对估算模型进行精度和误差检验,结果表明以R(0-)762/R(0-)496为自变量的二次函数模型好于另外两个,对太湖夏季水体叶绿素a浓度估算具有一定的实用性.此外,将光谱微分技术应用到R(0-)信息分析太湖夏季水体叶绿素a浓度,结果不能获得较高的预测精度.     

基于光谱基线校正的季节性浑浊II类水体叶绿素a浓度遥感反演

水体Chl.a浓度是水质评价的一个重要指标,受悬浮物浓度季节性变化的影响,如何削弱悬浮物的光谱干扰,是实现内陆水体Chl.a浓度遥感高精度反演的难点之一.基于2011-2013年妫水河6次实测水体高光谱数据和水体Chl.a浓度数据,评价广泛应用的三波段模型和非线性拟合能力较好的支持向量机回归(SVR)模型的反演精度,使用基线校正和一阶微分方法来削弱实测高光谱中非Chl.a光谱信息.定义两种基线:750 nm的反射率值;500与750 nm的反射率值连线,基线校正为光谱反射率减去基线值.利用2013年7月的实测数据进行验证,结果表明,SVR模型比三波段模型更适合季节性浑浊水体的Chl.a浓度反演.通过基线校正筛选后的波段反射率组合作为输入变量能够提高SVR模型的反演精度,决定系数为0.68,均方根误差为3.38μg/L;线性基线校正提高三波段Chl.a估算模型的反演能力有限.     

吉林查干湖水体叶绿素a含量高光谱模型研究

叶绿素a含量能够在一定程度上反映水质状况,高光谱遥感可有效反演叶绿素a含量.该研究通过分析水体叶绿素a浓度与其高光谱反射特征之间的相关关系,采用单波段相关分析、波段比值、微分光谱和神经网络模型等多种算法建立了叶绿素a高光谱定量模型.结果表明:叶绿素a与单波段光谱在蓝、绿波段相关系数较低,而在红光与近红外波段有明显提高,微分光谱也表现出同样的趋势;反射率比值算法模拟效果好于线性回归法;神经元网络模型可以大大提高实测光谱数据的反演能力,确定性系数高达0.95.这为今后利用星载高光谱传感器在查干湖进行叶绿素a浓度大面积遥感反演提供了研究基础.     

结合Landsat ETM与实测光谱估测太湖叶绿素及悬浮物含量

实地测试太湖水体的反射光谱,实验室分析水样,运用相关分析法探求叶绿素、悬浮物的光谱特征波段,估测叶绿素和悬浮物含量;对比LandsatETM波段,运用不同的函数曲线对相应的波段组合进行回归拟合,建立相应的估测模型,选取精度最好的两个分别对太湖的叶绿素和悬浮物含量进行估测.结果表明:(1)对多光谱遥感而言,LandsatTM/ETM是定量获取叶绿素和悬浮物的较好的数据源,但不是最适合的数据源;(2)通过ETM3与叶绿素建立一定的函数关系来估测叶绿素含量具有较高的精度,其中利用算术组合ETM3/ETM1估测叶绿素的精度最高;(3)ETM4与悬浮物具有较高的相关度,其中利用算术组合ETM4/ETM1估测悬浮物含量的精度最高;(4)LandsatETM卫星影像中,不同尺寸的像元窗口影响水质参数的估测精度;对叶绿素估测而青,7×7或者5×5窗口比较适合,对悬浮物估测而言,一般不超过3×3.     

基于半分析模型的波段最优化组合反演混浊太湖水体叶绿素a

内陆水体叶绿素a浓度定量反演是水质遥感的热点与难点.本文基于对内陆水体叶绿素a、悬浮物、溶解有机物与水分子的光谱特征分析,从半分析生物光学模型出发,利用太湖实测的水面 ASD 高光谱遥感数据三波段组合,进行迭代优化,得到与叶绿素浓度密切相关而受悬浮物与黄色物质影响小的最优波段组合模型,反演精度较高,其决定系数和均方根误差分别为 0.8358、3.816mg/m3,该方法可以有效地反演高浓度悬浮物主导光学特性的水体叶绿素a浓度.     

利用Lg波谱特征估计地下核爆炸装置的埋深

Lg波同时携带地球介质结构信息和爆炸源引起的二次源信息,是研究地下爆炸震源机制及检测、识别手段的重要震相。基于对某一区域介质结构的了解,将实测Lg波谱特征形态与理论波谱形态进行比对,利用Lg波频谱曲线的低谷点随震源深度"左移"的特征,作为辅助识别手段估计地下核爆炸装置的埋深。研究结果对深入地理解地下核爆炸震源机制有重要的参考意义。     

Spectral characteristics of natural and artificial seismic events in the Lop Nor test site, China

Seismic discriminants based on the spectral seismogram and spectral magnitude techniques have been tested to discriminate between three events; a nuclear explosion which took place in Lop Nor, China with m _b 6.1 and two earthquakes from the closest area with m _b 5.5 and 5.3, respectively. The spectral seismogram of the three events shows that the frequency content of the nuclear explosion differs from that of the earthquakes where the P wave is richier in high frequency content in the nuclear explosion than the corresponding earthquakes. It is also observed that the energy decays more rapidly for the nuclear explosion than for the earthquakes. Furthermore, the spectral magnitudes reveal significant differences in the spectra between the nuclear explosion and the two earthquakes. The observed differences appear to be quite enough to provide a reliable discriminant. The estimated stress drop from the magnitude spectra indicates a higher stress drop of the nuclear explosion relative to the earthquakes of the same tectonic region.     

A new approximation for spectral velocity ordinates at short periods

Response spectrum methods in earthquake‐resistant design sometimes require information on the spectral velocity (SV) for a given single‐degree‐of‐freedom oscillator and specified seismic hazard. SV has been conventionally approximated as pseudo spectral velocity (PSV) in the case of lightly damped structures that are not too flexible. This study shows that the PSV approximation may lead to large overestimation errors when the structure is stiffer to the ground motion and the ground motion is a long‐period motion. It is also shown that a new approximation requiring the use of peak ground acceleration of the motion may significantly reduce these errors. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

月球表面主要矿物反射光谱特性研究

分析了矿物在可见光及近红外区光谱生成的机理,介绍了月球表面最为主要的四种矿物——辉石、斜长石、橄榄石、钛铁矿,并分析了它们各自光谱特征及生成原因,讨论了造成同种矿物光谱差异的原因,给出了它们各自的标志性特征。     

永登5.8级地震前后地震波频谱变化特征研究

研究了１９９５年７月２２日甘肃永登５．８级地震前后发生在该区的３２个小地震的地震波频谱变化特征,结果表明Ｐ、Ｓ波频谱的峰值频率、拐角频率、频谱峰值、零频谱值、高频段的谱线斜率绝对值等频谱特征量大多数在主震前后出现了明显的上升或下降异常变化,因而可作为地震预报指标。     

Spectral classification methods in monitoring small local events by the Israel seismic network

We use the dense Israel Seismic Network (ISN) to discriminate between low magnitude earthquakes and explosions in the Middle East region. This issue is important for CTBT monitoring, especially when considering small nuclear tests which may be conducted under evasive conditions. We explore the performance of efficient discriminants based on spectral features of seismograms using waveforms of 50 earthquakes and 114 quarry and underwater blasts with magnitudes 1.0–2.8, recorded by ISN short-period stations at distances up to 200 km. The single-station spectral ratio of the low and high-frequency seismic energy shows an overlap between explosions and earthquakes. After averaging over a subnet of stations, the resolving power is enhanced and the two classes of events are separated. Different frequency bands were tested; the (1–3 Hz)/(6–8 Hz) ratio provided the best discriminant performance. We also estimated normalized r.m.s. spectral amplitudes in several sequential equal frequency windows within the 1–12 Hz band and applied multiparametric automatic classification procedures (Linear Discrimination Function and Artificial Neural Network) to the amplitudes averaged over a subnetwork. A leave-one-out test showed a low rate of error for the multiparametric procedures. An innovative multi-station discriminant is proposed, based on spectral modulation associated with ripple-firing in quarry blasts and with the bubbling effect in underwater explosions. It utilizes a distinct azimuth-invariant coherency of spectral shapes for different stations in the frequency range (1–12 Hz). The coherency is measured by semblance statistics commonly used in seismic prospecting for phase correlation in the time domain. After modification, the statistics applied to the network spectra provided event separation. A new feature of all the above mentioned procedures is that they are based on smoothed (0.5 Hz window), instrument-corrected FFT spectra of the whole signal; they are robust to the accuracy of onset time estimation and, thus well suited to automatic event identification.     

Pulse-like versus non-pulse-like ground motion records: Spectral shape comparisons and record selection strategies

Pulse-like records are well recognized for their potential to impose higher demands on structures when compared with ordinary records. The increased severity of the structural response usually caused by pulse-like records is commonly attributed to the spectral increment around the pulse period. By comparing the building response to sets of spectrally equivalent pulse-like and ordinary records, we show that there are characteristics of pulse-like records beyond the shape of the acceleration response spectrum that affect the results of nonlinear dynamic analysis. Nevertheless, spectral shape together with the ratio of pulse period to the first-mode structural period, T_p/T₁, are confirmed as “sufficient” predictors for deformation and acceleration response metrics in a building, conditioned on the seismic intensity. Furthermore, the average spectral acceleration over a period range, AvgSA, is shown to incorporate to a good proxy for spectral shape, and together with T_p/T₁, form an efficient and sufficient intensity measure for response prediction to pulse-like ground motions. Following this latter route, we propose a record selection scheme that maintains the consistency of T_p with the hazard of the site but uses AvgSA to account for the response sensitivity to spectral shape.     

地脉动及特殊波形的频谱特性在地震预报中的应用

利用功率谱和Ｓｏｍｐｉ谱分析方法,对大震前地脉动及震前特殊波形等记录进行了比较深入的研究,结果表明：（１）较大地震前短周期地脉动及震前特殊波形频谱的峰值频率ｆｍ,拐角频率ｆｃ相对频带宽度△ｆ相对峰值Ｓｍ／Ｓ０,高频段的斜率绝对值│ｂ│及Ｓｏｍｐｉ谱的卓越频率ｆｄ等特征量均可能出呈现出较明显的下降（少数为上升）异常变化。（２）各频谱特征量呈现异常的时间基本上同步,并与波速异常发展趋势基本相符,（３）     

大跨度桥梁风场模拟方法对比研究

本文将基于线性滤波器的ARMA模型应用于大跨度桥梁的风场模拟,推导出自回归(AR)阶数P和滑动回归(MA)阶数q不等情况下,ARMA模型用于模拟多变量稳态随机过程的公式,将ARMA风场模拟方法与目前广泛应用于大跨度桥梁风场模拟的谐波合成法应用于一座实际大跨度斜拉桥的风场模拟,通过对比研究得出一些有意义的结论,并证实了ARMA法能够在保证模拟精度的前提下,大大提高风场模拟的效率。