高村井水位潮汐参数的动态特征及其对大同地震的前兆响应

介绍了高村（京１４）井１９８３－１９９０年的观测结果，分析该井水位及潮汐参数的动态特征、气压对观测结果的影响，讨论了Ｍ２波潮汐因子对１９８９年大同地震的前兆响应。     

2000年以来马17井水位、气压观测资料分析

整理和分析2000年以后马17井的水位、气压观测资料,采用日极差法分析影响该井水体的能量变化;分别采用按时间分段数据的散点图和全时段滑动分析的方法,定性和定量地研究该井的固体潮效应及其特点;采用滑动的一阶线性回归的方法分析长时间段内水位与气压的关系,解释该井的气压效应特征;最后结合淮镇地震、文安地震、汶川地震前后该井水位观测数据变化现象,讨论该井水位的变化机理和变化特征,揭示其变化发展趋势,使马17井在今后的地震预测工作中发挥更大的作用。     

三原井水位变化与口镇-关山断裂活动关系初探

对三原井水位值与口镇-关山断裂事上的垂直形变值进行相关分析，结果显示，二者存在一定的相关性。说明三原井水位变化一定程度上反映了口镇-关山断裂的活动；通过相关资料的对比分析，认为该井上游的冯村水库蓄水量受降雨季节的影响很大，较短时间内可能对三原井水位的异常上升有一定影响；但断层活动是导致三原井水位变化的直接因素。同时讨论了水位异常与地震活动的关系。     

高村井记录到的一次降雨荷载效应

高村深层地下水测井是全国地震地下水监测网中的重点井之一。１９９４年７月，在该井记录到了一次时间短、变幅较大的水位动态异常，作者经多方面较为仔细的分析研究后认定，该异常反映了一次典型的降雨荷载效应，并对该异常的形成机制作了初步讨论。     

黄骅埕古1井水位异常研究

黄骅埕古1井自2007年进行模拟静水位观测以来,曾出现多次水位异常变化,本项目通过对埕古1井水位资料与该井所处的地质构造和环渤海地区地震活动综合分析,认为该井的水位异常变化与环渤海地区地震活动存在一定的联系,埕古1井所处的部位是该地区的一个应力敏感点。     

蛟河井水位异常的初步分析

对１９９８年６月吉林蛟河井出现的较大小位异常进行了详细的讨论,通过对比分析,排除了其它因素干扰的可能,结合地震活动性和其它异常现象,对该井的水位异常的性质进行了阐述。     

湾一井水位年动态变化研究

详细讨论了富裕湾一井的年动态变化趋势。结果表明湾一井各阶段的年动态变化可拟合为一线性方程，不同阶段水位上升速度改变可能与井头分流作用有关，中强地震前的漏斗形异常和人为因素引起的水位变化可通过水位恢复时上升速率不同而加以识别。     

北京平原区基岩井水位的年动态特征及其成因分析

系统阐述了北京平原区１０口地震地下水位动态观测井及其水位年动态特征，主要分析了降雨与开采对年动态特征的影响，讨论了大同－阳高地震前后某些井水位长期异常的信度     

新20号井井水位动态分析及地震预测效能评价

对新20号井井水位动态观测资料进行了全时间过程扫描，分析了井水位的年变化规律、主要干扰因素和地震短期前兆异常特征，提出了如何判别水位年变叠加、峰谷相位移动和峰谷极差增减等异常是否打破年变规律的有效方法。根据这些指标，统计了观测期间乌鲁木齐监视区内发生5级以上地震时水位的相关异常参数，并对该井的地震预测效能进行了初步评价。     

抚松井数字化水位观测资料分析

本文处理分析了抚松地震台2007～2009年水位数字化观测资料,通过相关分析和调和分析计算,得到了该井的气压影响系数和水井的振幅因子及相位滞后的结论,讨论了汶川地震前的固体潮异常变化,并对该井的效能进行了综合评价。     

Studies of Water Velocity in the Capillary Fringe: The Point Velocity Probe

The point velocity probe (PVP) is a device that can measure groundwater velocity at the centimeter scale, and unlike devices that measure velocity within well screens, the PVP operates while in direct contact with the porous medium. Because of this feature, it was postulated that the PVP could be effective in measuring velocity within the capillary fringe. This hypothesis was tested using a laboratory flow-through cell filled with a medium-fine sand from Canadian Forces Base Borden. The cell was constructed to simulate conditions such that the PVP was positioned from 2.5 cm below the water table to 79 cm above the water table. As the water table was lowered, the PVP gave highly consistent values of velocity over the range equivalent to 2.5 cm below the water table to 44 cm above the water table, the approximate extent of the capillary fringe. The average measured velocity was 11.3 cm/d ± 11.6%, somewhat higher than that calculated based on the measured discharge through the cell (7.5 cm/d ± 5.5%). With a further decline in the water table there was a progressive decrease in the measured velocity values, consistent with the declining hydraulic conductivity as the sand material drained. Readings could not be made beyond about 57 cm, where the water content was approximately 75% of saturation. These experiments showed that the PVP is capable of measuring groundwater velocity within the saturated zone above the water table and possibly into the unsaturated zone. Currently, this is the only instrument available with this capability.     

Modeling and Mapping High Water Table for a Coastal Region in Florida using Lidar DEM Data

Predicting and mapping high water table elevation in coastal landscapes is critical for both science application projects like inundation risk analysis and engineering projects like pond design and maintenance. Previous studies of water table mapping focused on the application of geostatistical methods, which cannot predict values beyond an observation spatial domain or generate an ideal pattern for regions with sparse measurements. In this study, we evaluated the multiple linear regression (MLR) and support vector machine (SVM) techniques for high water table prediction and mapping using fine spatial resolution lidar-derived Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data, and designed an application protocol of these two techniques for high water table mapping in a coastal landscape where groundwater, tide, and surface water are related. Testing results showed that SVM largely improved the high water table prediction with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.22 feet and root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.22 feet compared to the application of the ordinary Kriging method which could not generate a reasonable water table. MLR was also promising with a MAE of around 2 feet and RMSE of around 3 feet. The study suggests that both MLR and SVM are valuable alternatives to estimate high water table elevation in Florida. Fine resolution lidar DEMs are beneficial for high water table prediction and mapping.     

Seepage face height, water table position, and well efficiency at steady state

When a fully penetrating well pumps an ideal unconfined aquifer at steady state, the water table usually does not join the water level in the well. There is a seepage face inside the well, which is a key element in evaluating the well performance. This problem is analyzed using the finite-element method, solving the complete equations for saturated and unsaturated flow. The seepage face position is found to be almost independent of the unsaturated zone properties. The numerical results are used to test the validity of several analytic approximations. Equations are proposed to predict the seepage face position at the pumping well for any well drawdown, and the water table position at any distance from the pumping well for any in-well drawdown. Practical hints are provided for installing monitoring wells and evaluating well efficiency.     

Improved water table dynamics in MODFLOW

The standard formulation of a block-centered finite-difference model, such as MODFLOW, uses the center of the cell as the location of a cell node. Simulations of a dynamic water table can be improved if the node of a cell containing the water table is located at the water table rather than at the center of the cell. The LPF package of MOD-FLOW-2000 was changed to position a cell's node at the water table in convertible cells with a water table. Improved accuracy in the upper regions of an unconfined aquifer is demonstrated for pumping from a partially penetrating well. The change introduces a nonlinearity into the solution of the flow equations that results in slightly slower convergence of the flow solution, 7% slower in the presented demonstration. Accuracy of simulations is improved where vertical flow is dominated by a moving water table, but not when a large water table gradient dominates over the water table movement.     

A digital procedure for ground water recharge and discharge pattern recognition and rate estimation

A digital procedure to estimate recharge/discharge rates that requires relatively short preparation time and uses readily available data was applied to a setting in central Wisconsin. The method requires only measurements of the water table, fluxes such as stream baseflows, bottom of the system, and hydraulic conductivity to delineate approximate recharge/discharge zones and to estimate rates. The method uses interpolation of the water table surface, recharge/discharge mapping, pattern recognition, and a parameter estimation model. The surface interpolator used is based on the theory of radial basis functions with thin-plate splines. The recharge/discharge mapping is based on a mass-balance calculation performed using MODFLOW. The results of the recharge/discharge mapping are critically dependent on the accuracy of the water table interpolation and the accuracy and number of water table measurements. The recharge pattern recognition is performed with the help of a graphical user interface (GUI) program based on several algorithms used in image processing. Pattern recognition is needed to identify the recharge/discharge zonations and zone the results of the mapping method. The parameter estimation program UCODE calculates the parameter values that provide a best fit between simulated heads and flows and calibration head-and-flow targets. A model of the Buena Vista Ground Water Basin in the Central Sand Plains of Wisconsin is used to demonstrate the procedure.     

Extreme variability of water table dynamics in temperate calcareous fens: Implications for biodiversity

Calcareous fens are minerotrophic peatlands with very high species diversity, and maintenance of the water table is assumed to be a key contributor to this diversity. However, this assumption is based on limited study of fen water table dynamics. Here we monitor water table fluctuation in distributed locations across three calcareous fens differing in hydrogeomorphic setting for three growing seasons. Water table position was extremely variable with absolute ranges of 89, > 100, and > 118 cm in the Riparian, Trough and Basin Fens, respectively, and was controlled by landscape position and weather variability. Areas adjacent to a second‐order stream experienced the least water table fluctuation, while the Basin Fen, at > 75 m from a surface water connection, was very prone to year‐to‐year precipitation differences. Mean and median water table values were found to be poor indicators of biologically relevant hydroperiods. We introduce the term ‘duration of initial growing season saturation’ as a potentially more useful statistic to relate to plant species distribution. Across the studied fens, this duration ranged from 1 to 14 weeks from the start of the growing season. The water table resided below the ground surface for between 0 and 22 weeks of the growing season across the calcareous fens and study period. These findings impart great differences in the development of oxidized rooting depths. Our results demonstrate that there is much more variation in calcareous fen hydrology than previously reported, and this variability has important implications for fen vegetation patterning and management. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of the water table fluctuation method to characterize groundwater recharge in the Pampa plain,Argentina

Abstract

The water table fluctuation (WTF) method is based on accepting that rises of a water table are due to recharge water reaching the groundwater. To apply the method, an estimate of the specific yield of the zone of fluctuation of the groundwater level is required. In this paper, a method for estimation of the specific yield (S_y) is proposed; it consists of a graphical procedure which relates rises in groundwater level to the precipitation from which they originated. The method presents more reliable S_y values as the number of events measured increases. Eighteen years of daily measurements were analysed to obtain a S_y value of 0.09, which was used to apply the WTF method. The obtained recharge values show consistency with values calculated by other authors for the same region.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis

Citation Varni, M., Comas, R., Weinzettel, P., and Dietrich, S., 2013. Application of water table fluctuation method to characterize the groundwater recharge in the Pampa plain, Argentina. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (7), 1445–1455.     

Feed forward neural network and interpolation function models to predict the soil and subsurface sediments distribution in Bam,Iran

An application of the artificial neural network (ANN) approach for predicting mean grain size using electric resistivity data from Bam city is presented. A feed forward back propagation network was developed employing 45 sets of input data. The input variables in the ANN model are the electrical resistivity, water table as a Boolean value and depth; the output is the mean grain size. To demonstrate the authenticity of this approach, the network predictions are compared with those from interpolation methods and the same data. This comparison shows that the ANN approach performs better results. The predicted and observed mean grain size values were compared and show high correlation coefficients. The ANN approach maps show a high degree of correlation with well data based grain size maps and can therefore be used conservatively to better understand the influence of input parameters on sedimentological predictions.