不同泥质分布形式泥质砂岩导电规律实验研究

本文利用人工制作的不同含量分散泥质和层状泥质砂岩岩心样品,测量不同矿化度和不同含油饱和度的岩心电阻率,从实验角度研究了不同泥质分布形式和含量的岩心导电规律,结果表明,泥质分布形式或含量不同,则泥质砂岩导电规律不同.基于层状泥质与分散泥质砂岩的并联导电实验规律,以及分散粘土和地层水混合物的导电规律可用HB电阻率方程描述,建立了考虑泥质分布形式影响的泥质砂岩电阻率模型.通过1组不同泥质分布形式泥质砂岩人造岩心实验数据的测试,表明该模型可以描述分散泥质砂岩、层状泥质砂岩和混合泥质砂岩地层的导电规律.分散泥质,层状泥质,人造岩样,实验测量,并联导电,HB方程,电阻率模型     

骨架导电的混合泥质砂岩通用孔隙结合电阻率模型研究

在水介质中顺序添加分散粘土颗粒、油珠、导电骨架颗粒、层状泥质,并对每一种成分进行连续积分,建立了一种适用骨架导电及含有分散粘土和层状泥质的泥质砂岩通用电阻率模型.通过对该模型的影响因素分析,发现泥质分布形式对模型计算的含水饱和度有很大影响;对应两个不同粘土颗粒电阻率或骨架颗粒电阻率的地层电导率之差,几乎与总含水饱和度无关,而对应两个不同层状泥质电阻率的地层电导率之差,随总含水饱和度增大而增大;骨架胶结指数变化对地层电导率与总含水饱和度关系曲线的影响最大,而粘土胶结指数变化对地层电导率与总含水饱和度关系曲线的影响最小;饱和度指数对地层电导率与总含水饱和度关系曲线的影响随总含水饱和度的增大而减小.通过一组骨架导电的人造岩样的试验,表明当地层水电阻率.小于颗粒电阻率时,该模型可以用于不含粘土的骨架导电的岩石.通过两组分散泥质砂岩岩样实验测量数据和一组层状泥质砂岩测井资料及实际测井资料的计算,表明本文给出的电阻率模型既适用于分散泥质砂岩地层解释又适用于层状泥质砂岩地层解释,同时,还适用于含有分散粘土和层状泥质的混合泥质砂岩地层解释.     

泥质砂岩中接触胶结泥质定量估算及对砂岩弹性的影响

在泥质砂岩的岩石物理建模中,明确泥质砂岩中泥质胶结物的接触类型及其含量对正确认识泥质的胶结作用对泥质砂岩声速的影响以及合理地建立岩石物理模型至关重要.现阶段,尚未有实验室定量估算胶结泥质的方法,导致应用胶结砂岩理论模型预测胶结砂岩地层的声速时往往由于胶结物含量被高估从而导致预测声速结果偏高.本文通过观察铸体薄片中泥质与颗粒之间的接触关系和相对分布提出了一种区分胶结泥质和分散泥质的方法:与两个或两个以上颗粒接触的连续分布的泥质为胶结泥质;与一个颗粒接触或者不与颗粒接触的泥质为分散泥质.基于这一准则,本文基于像素拾取法估算了人造泥质砂岩的胶结泥质含量,并将胶结泥质含量作为胶结砂岩模型的输入参数优化CCT模型.对比原始模型,本文方法声速误差下降了20%,预测准确度显著提高.本文方法适用于弱胶结地层的岩石物理建模,能够准确的预测声速以结合地震和测井资料识别有利储层,定量评价储层参数.     

基于差分方程和通用阿尔奇方程的含黄铁矿混合泥质砂岩电阻率模型

针对现有导电模型很难描述含黄铁矿混合泥质砂岩储层导电规律的难题,本文设计并压制了黄铁矿骨架纯岩样,以及不同分散泥质、层状泥质和黄铁矿含量的石英骨架人造岩样,测量了岩样岩电及配套实验数据,从实验角度分析了黄铁矿含量变化对岩石导电性的影响。考虑到岩石中不同物质成分间导电特性的差异,提出将含黄铁矿混合泥质砂岩分为层状泥质、石英颗粒、黄铁矿颗粒、油气、分散粘土颗粒、微孔隙水和可动水,将电导率差分方程与通用阿尔奇方程相结合,利用电导率差分方程描述在主介质中添加分散相介质的导电规律,而利用通用阿尔奇方程描述两种导电介质组成的混合介质的导电规律,在此基础上利用并联导电理论描述分散泥质砂岩与层状泥质的导电规律,建立了一种能够有效描述含黄铁矿混合泥质砂岩导电特性的新型通用电阻率模型。理论验证表明所建立的电阻率模型满足物理约束条件,且预测的导电规律与实验规律相一致,即随着黄铁矿颗粒含量和电导率的增加,R_t和I值均减小。利用实验测量的46块人造岩样在不同含油饱和度下的岩电实验数据,验证了该模型完全能够描述黄铁矿骨架纯岩样、石英骨架混合泥质砂岩岩样,以及骨架含部分黄铁矿的混合泥质砂岩岩样的导电规律。实现了含黄铁矿混合泥质砂岩地层饱和度的准确求取,有效的提高了复杂储层测井解释评价的精度。     

不同矿化度下泥质对岩石电性影响的逾渗网络研究

为了进一步认识泥质对岩石宏观电性的影响规律，本文利用非规整三维逾渗网络模型，通过数值模拟研究了不同矿化度下泥质对岩石电性影响的规律. 模拟结果表明：在中低矿化度下，泥质对岩石导电整体上呈现减阻作用，随着泥质含量的增加，电阻率降低的速度减慢；中等矿化度下泥质的减阻效果明显弱于低矿化度下的减阻效果；在高矿化度下泥质对岩石导电整体上呈现增阻作用. 在高矿化度、高含水饱和度下泥质对岩石电性的影响较小. 泥质起减阻、增阻作用的具体矿化度范围取决于储层的孔隙度、连通性以及地层温度等特性.     

含黄铁矿泥质砂岩电阻率频散规律实验研究与校正方法（英文）

含黄铁矿泥质岩石的频散特性使得地层的电阻率测井响应值在高频电阻率测井中会出现失真现象,导致储层的饱和度计算存在较大的难度。为了更好的消除岩石中黄铁矿和泥质的电阻率频散影响,同时弥补天然岩心中各种物质成分、含量,以及分布形式等因素无法人工控制的不足,本文设计并在高温高压下制作了12块含分散状黄铁矿颗粒和粘土颗粒的人造固结岩样,分析岩样在多种电流频率条件下,不同地层水矿化度以及饱和度的岩电实验数据,得出频率对含黄铁矿泥质砂岩导电规律的影响:分散状黄铁矿和粘土颗粒都具有频散特性;随着电流频率的增大,岩样复电阻率实部减小。基于有效介质对称导电理论,结合实验研究成果,考虑黄铁矿含量和泥质含量变化对岩石频散规律的影响,建立了黄铁矿泥质砂岩有效介质复电阻率实部频散模型。理论模拟表明当电流频率、黄铁矿及分散泥质含量变化时,模型预测的黄铁矿泥质砂岩频散规律与实验规律相一致。利用岩电实验数据,验证了该模型可以准确地描述含黄铁矿泥质砂岩储层的频散特征。通过选取多种电测井中应用的电流频率,建立了黄铁矿电导率为0.062 S/m,泥质电导率为0.031 S/m的电阻率频率影响校正图版,给出了运用该图版进行高频电阻率测井响应校正的具体方法,为获取地层的真实电阻率值提供了保障。     

碎屑岩泥质分布形式的测井评价研究进展

泥质含量是分析碎屑岩地层沉积环境的重要指标,也是储层测井评价的关键参数,更是岩性和物性精细解释的基础.目前在泥质的测井响应特征认识和泥质含量参数精准计算方法上取得了大量的研究成果,但对于泥质分布形式的研究还不够完善.为了探寻计算泥质分布形式的有效方法,本文通过广泛调研,系统讨论了泥质分布形式与储层参数间的关系.其中不同分布形式泥质对包括孔隙度、渗透率、含水饱和度及束缚水饱和度在内的储层参数造成的影响主要表现在以下几个方面:层状泥质使有效孔隙度降低;结构泥质对有效孔隙度、渗透率影响不大;分散泥质使效孔隙度减小,渗透率变差,束缚水饱和度增加.随后深入分析了不同泥质分布形式对常规测井曲线的影响,其中分散泥质与结构泥质在伽马测井及自然电位测井曲线上表现出明显的特征.并初步探索了在包括电成像测井及核磁共振测井的特殊测井上响应特征;归纳总结了现有的泥质分布形式的计算方法,并对现有计算方法的适用性及优缺点进行了对比分析,最后利用Thomas Stieber交会图优化分析法在南海某油田低阻储层进行了应用并得到了良好的效果.     

低阻油层通用有效介质电阻率模型

低电阻率油气层的识别与评价一直是测井解释领域亟待解决的难点和热点问题,而砂岩油气层的低电阻率可能是由于富含分散泥质、层状泥质、骨架含导电矿物、微孔隙发育、高矿化度地层水等因素综合引起的,因此,有必要建立一种适用于上述5种成因类型的低阻油层通用电阻率模型．基于低阻油层人造岩样的实验测量结果和有效介质对称各向异性导电理论,针对不同成因低阻油层形成机理,建立了适用5种内因成因类型的低阻油层通用有效介质电阻率模型．通过对该模型的影响因素分析,从理论上说明该模型可以描述5种内因成因弓I起的低阻油层的导电规律,同时,发现泥质分布形式对模型计算的含水饱和度有很大的影响;地层电阻增大系数随层状泥质电导率和含量、分散黏土含量以及骨架颗粒电导率的增大而减小;随骨架渗滤指数和微孔隙水渗滤速率的增大,及微孔隙水渗滤指数、骨架渗滤速率和可动水渗滤速率的减小而减小．通过不同成因低阻岩心实验数据的验证和实际资料解释,表明提出的模型适用于高矿化度地层水、富含分散泥质、微孔隙发育、层状泥质、骨架导电等5种成因的低阻油层解释,是解决低阻油层问题的通用电阻率模型．     

有效介质对称导电理论在复杂泥质砂岩中应用基础研究

复杂泥质砂岩储层的饱和度评价一直是测井解释领域亟待解决的难点和热点问题,基于并联导电理论和阿尔奇公式建立的导电模型扩展性有限,在一定程度上限制了该类模型扩展描述孔隙结构更复杂的高泥高钙砂岩储层的导电规律,而有效介质对称导电理论能很好地描述复杂泥质砂岩储层导电规律,具有很好的应用前景,但仍需深入研究.首先针对纯砂岩,使用有效介质对称导电理论建立纯砂岩有效介质对称导电模型,理论分析与实验研究表明纯砂岩有效介质对称导电模型优于阿尔奇方程,不但可以描述纯砂岩阿尔奇规律,而且可以描述纯砂岩非阿尔奇规律,并且满足当孔隙度等于1时地层因素等于1,以及当含水饱和度等于1时电阻增大系数等于1的物理约束,可更好地描述纯砂岩导电规律.其次,针对分散泥质砂岩,使用有效介质对称导电理论建立泥质砂岩有效介质对称导电模型,理论分析与实验研究表明,泥质砂岩有效介质对称导电模型优于泥质电阻率模型和双电层模型,不需要采用经验拟合就能完整地描述饱含水分散泥质砂岩的电导率与地层水电导率之间曲线和直线关系,模型预测的粘土含量和粘土电导率变化对岩石导电规律的影响与理论认识相符,可更好地描述分散泥质砂岩导电规律.第三,针对两组分混合介质,使用有效介质对称导电理论、并联导电理论、串联导电理论,分别建立了有效介质对称导电方程、并联导电方程、串联导电方程,理论比较表明有效介质对称导电理论与并联导电理论和串联导电理论均不等价,即当两种组分混合介质遵循并联或串联导电规律时,混合介质的导电规律不能用有效介质对称导电理论描述.有效介质对称导电理论能够描述骨架和水以及粘土均为连续项的岩石导电规律.它通过引入渗滤指数和渗滤速率几何参数来描述各种组份的连通性、表面的粗糙度、形状、润湿性等对岩石导电性的影响,因此,有效介质对称导电理论的适用性更广,可用于描述孔隙结构更复杂的高泥高钙砂岩储层的导电规律.     

泥质含量及其分布形式对岩电关系影响的数字岩心仿真(英文)

由于泥质所造成的附加导电现象,泥质含量及其分布形式对电阻率增大系数I和含水饱和度Sw关系具有重要影响,由于岩石物理实验中岩心孔隙结构及其组分构成、分布的微观不可调性,因而泥质分布形式所造成的影响很难通过岩心实验来单独研究。基于数字岩心的格子气自动机方法是一种有效的微观数值模拟方法,本研究利用储层岩心薄片的骨架颗粒尺寸信息资料建立数字岩心模型,结合格子气自动机技术对数字岩心不同饱和流体情况下电的传输特性进行数值模拟研究,揭示了不同泥质含量和泥质分布形式对孔隙介质导电特性非阿尔奇现象产生的影响,建立饱和度指数和泥质含量之间的关系模型,其良好的吻合性表明该方法在岩石物理研究中是一种十分有效的研究方法,而新模型适于在非阿尔奇储层进行准确的饱和度评价。     

Conductivity model for pyrite-bearing laminated and dispersed shaly sands based on a differential equation and the generalized Archie equation

The conductance of pyrite-bearing laminated and dispersed shaly sands is not well understood and resistivity models for pyrite-bearing shaly sands are nonexistent. Thus, we first synthesize clean pyrite-matrix samples, and quartz-matrix samples with variable laminated shale, dispersed shale, and pyrite content and then perform petrophysics experiments to assess the effect of pyrite content on the conductivity of pyrite-bearing shaly sands. Second, based on the differences in conductivity and conduction pathways and geometries because of the variable composition of the pyrite-bearing laminated and dispersed shaly sands, we divide the shaly sands into their components, i.e., laminated shale, quartz grains, pyrite grains, hydrocarbon, dispersed shale, microscopic capillary water, and mobile water. A generalized resistivity model is proposed to describe the conductivity of pyrite-bearing laminated and dispersed shaly sands, based on the combined conductivity differential equation and generalized Archie equation. In the generalized resistivity model, the conductivity differential equation is used to describe the conductivity of dispersed inclusions in a host, whereas the generalized Archie equation is used to describe the conductivity of two conducting phases. Moreover, parallel conductance theory is used to describe the conductivity of dispersed shaly sands and laminated shale. Theoretical analysis suggests that the proposed model satisfies the physical constraints and the model and experimental results agree. The resistivity and resistivity index of shaly sands decrease with increasing conductivity and pyrite. Finally, the accuracy of the resistivity model is assessed based on experimental data from 46 synthetic core samples with different oil saturation. The model can describe the conductivity of clean pyrite-matrix samples, and quartz-matrix samples with different volumes of laminated shale, dispersed shale, and pyrite. An accurate saturation model of pyrite-bearing laminated and dispersed shaly sands is thus obtained and the log data interpretation in complex shaly sands can improve with the proposed model.     

Generalized effective medium resistivity model for low resistivity reservoir

With the advancement in oil exploration,producible oil and gas are being found in low resistivity reservoirs,which may otherwise be erroneously thought as water zones from their resistivity.However,the evaluation of low resistivity reservoirs remains difficult from log interpretation.Since low resistivity in hydrocarbon bearing sands can be caused by dispersed clay,laminated shale,conductive matrix grains,microscopic capillary pores and high saline water,a new resistivity model is required for more accurate hydrocarbon saturation prediction for low resistivity formations.Herein,a generalized effective medium resistivity model has been proposed for low resistivity reservoirs,based on experimental measurements on artificial low resistivity shaly sand samples,symmetrical anisotropic effective medium theory for resistivity interpretations,and geneses and conductance mechanisms of low resistivity reservoirs.By analyzing effects of some factors on the proposed model,we show theoretically the model can describe conductance mechanisms of low resistivity reservoirs with five geneses.Also,shale distribution largely affects water saturation predicted by the model.Resistivity index decreases as fraction and conductivity of laminated shale,or fraction of dispersed clay,or conductivity of rock matrix grains increases.Resistivity index decreases as matrix percolation exponent,or percolation rate of capillary bound water increases,and as percolation exponent of capillary bound water,or matrix percolation rate,or free water percolation rate decreases.Rock sample data from low resistivity reservoirs with different geneses and interpretation results for log data show that the proposed model can be applied in low resistivity reservoirs containing high salinity water,dispersed clay,microscopic capillary pores,laminated shale and conductive matrix grains,and thus is considered as a generalized resistivity model for low resistivity reservoir evaluation.     

Effect of Shale Distribution on Hydrocarbon Sands Integrated with Anisotropic Rock Physics for AVA Modelling: A Case Study

Shales can be distributed in sand through four different ways; laminated, structural, dispersed and any combination of these aforementioned styles. A careful analysis of well log data is required for the determination of shale distribution in sand affecting its reservoir quality. The objective of this study is to characterize the effect of shale distribution on reservoir quality of sands using well log data. The correlation of well data in terms of lithology has revealed four sand and three shale layers in Lower Goru Formation acting as a major reservoir in the study area. Our results indicate that the laminated type of shale distribution prevails at the Basal sand level, which does not affect its reservoir quality greatly. The remaining layers of variable vertical extent show a variety of shale distribution models affecting their reservoir quality adversely. We also present anisotropic rock physics modelling for AVA analysis at Basal sand level.     

Experimental research on the rock electrical parameter dispersion properties in the displacement process

Based on experiments on rock electrical parameter dispersion properties in both water displacing oil and oil displacing water processes, it is found that the frequency dispersion properties of electrical parameters in water-bearing rocks are quite different from those in oil-bearing rocks. Oil saturation can severely impact the rock electrical parameter dispersion properties and as the oil saturation increases, the properties are more distinguishing. The variation of formation water salinity has a significant effect on the rock resistivity, hence the modulus of the rock complex resistivity varies with water saturation and a U-shaped curve occurs over a single frequency, just like the normal resistivity. However, the effect of formation water salinity on the rock frequency dispersion is less than that of oil saturation. As a result, the rock electrical parameter dispersion properties will have a significant potential of application in the evaluation of watered-out zones as well as identification of oil-bearing zones and water-bearing zones.     

饱水和排水过程中岩石电阻率各向异性特征的电阻率成像法研究

从电阻率的角度研究岩石裂隙介质的各向异性特征是一种方便而有效的方法,但多限于空间单个点上的测量数据分析.通过在砂岩岩样上的饱水与排水实验以及同步进行的高密度电阻率成像监测,探讨了应用高密度电阻率成像法获得图像研究岩石各向异性特征的可能性,分析了饱水与排水过程中岩石电阻率在不同方向上的响应特性.结果表明,电阻率成像法在分析岩石裂隙介质的各向异性方面具有多方向成像和动态监测的优点,可以通过对不同方向上获得的电阻率图像的分析,提取出岩石沉积结构的空间分布模式,清晰地反映出岩石在饱水和排水过程中电阻率变化空间分布模式的各向异性特征.     

The electrical conductivity of Posidonia black shales — from magnetotelluric exploration to rock samples

We carried out a magnetotelluric field campaign in the South–East Lower Saxony Basin, Germany, with the main goal of testing this method for imaging regional Posidonia black shale sediments. Two‐dimensional inversion results of the magnetotelluric data show a series of conductive structures correlating with brine‐saturated sediments but also with deeper, anthracitic Westphalian/Namurian coals. None of these structures can be directly related with the Posidonia black shale, which appears to be generally resistive and therefore difficult to resolve with the magnetotelluric method. This assumption is supported by measurements of electrical resistivity on a set of Posidonia shale samples from the Hils syncline in the Lower Saxony basin. These rock samples were collected in shallow boreholes and show immature (0.53% Ro), oil (0.88% Ro), and gas (1.45% Ro) window thermal maturities. None of the black shale samples showed low electrical resistivity, particularly those with oil window maturity show resistivity exceeding 10⁴ Ωm. Moreover, we could not observe a direct correlation between maturity and electrical resistivity; the Harderode samples showed the highest resistivity, whereas the Haddessen samples showed the lowest. A similar trend has been seen for coals in different states of thermal maturation. Saturation of the samples with distilled and saline water solutions led to decreasing electrical resistivity. Moreover, a positive correlation of electrical resistivity with porosity is observed for the Wickensen and Harderode samples, which suggests that the electrical resistivity of the Posidonia black shale is mainly controlled by porosity.