岩石物理的理论模拟和数值实验新方法

当代物理实验科学和计算机科学技术的巨大进步为岩石物理的理论和实验研究开辟了新的领域.在细胞自动机基础上发展起来的格子气自动机和格子玻尔滋曼方法就是这种技术进步的产物.本文讨论了格子气自动机的发展及其应用于研究多孔岩石微观孔隙结构对宏观导电特性影响的新方法. 我们开发的模拟多孔岩石导电特性的数值实验新方法，提供了一种可深入到从微观孔隙结构这个尺度上来考察具有复杂孔隙结构的，孔隙度小于10%的低孔、低渗岩石的宏观导电特性及其影响因素.研究表明:Archie 系数m,n并不是传统上的意义，研究各种不同条件下F-、I-Sw关系，结果显示非阿尔奇现象与孔隙介质中孔隙、骨架和流体的混合导电网络有关，得出新的饱和度计算公式.同时还研究了泥质含量和分布、电阻率各向异性对宏观导电特性的影响，提出适用于电阻率各向异性地层的F-、I-Sw的关系.本文最后探讨了应用格子气自动机和格子玻尔滋曼方法进行岩心渗流和核磁共振数值实验的新方法及其发展前景.     

数字岩心逆建模理论下的储层参数定量预测方法

数字岩心微观孔隙结构十分复杂,有限元模拟物性参数与弹性参数之间关系是非线性的,直接反演其物性参数准确度低、稳定性差.本文发展了一种数字岩石物理逆建模方法,实现了基于数字岩心的储层参数有效预测.从数字岩心基函数的构建出发,基于有限元方法,计算了一系列具有等间距物性参数值(孔隙度、泥质含量和含水饱和度)的数字岩心弹性参数(体积模量、剪切模量和密度),通过插值算法建立了数字岩心弹性参数三维数据集,从而实现了弹性模量的有限元数值解的快速构建;然后搜索弹性参数的单值等值面,通过等值面的空间交会得到交点,完成储层参数预测.测试结果表明:基于数字岩心逆建模理论的储层参数预测结果与实际模型一致,具有可行性,并且可以通过增加插值点数目提高预测的准确性;孔隙度和泥质含量预测结果稳定性很好,而含水饱和度对噪声的加入较为敏感.     

碳酸盐岩储层含水饱和度解释模型研究

碳酸盐岩储集层饱和度的计算一直是测井界亟待解决的难题,它直接关系到储层流体性质、储量规模等方面的评价.为了认识目前碳酸盐岩测井饱和度解释模型的研究现状,在参阅国内外相关文献的基础上,将现今针对碳酸盐岩储集层的含水饱和度模型分为六类:基于经典阿尔奇公式的经验性扩展、基于孔隙类型的多重孔隙结构的饱和度模型、基于孔隙尺寸的多重孔隙结构的饱和度模型、基于岩石导电效率理论的饱和度模型、基于网络导电理论的饱和度模型和基于J函数的饱和度模型.这些饱和度解释模型在应用时均存在潜在的假设和使用条件,因此为了能够建立出更加符合地质情况的饱和度解释模型,今后还需从理论数值模拟、导电机理、岩石物理实验等方面深入研究,而基于数字岩芯的孔隙网络导电规律研究是重要的研究方向.     

基于有限元法的数字岩心导电性数值模拟

本文以二维岩心图像的微观孔隙结构特征为基础,采用过程法模拟实际岩心的沉积、压实、胶结过程,并建立三维数字岩心模型.采用有限元法模拟所建岩心模型的导电特性,探讨阿尔奇公式在微观数字岩心领域的适用性,实现数字岩心的导电性差异分析.研究表明所建数字岩心模型的电阻率随孔隙度呈指数关系变化,这与阿尔奇公式的表现形式一致.在三个主轴方向上,岩石系数和胶结指数值的大小和变化规律与理论结果较为接近,说明所建立的数字岩心模型在导电性上表现出各向异性,而用有限元法计算数字岩心模型导电性的具有较高的可靠性.     

基于数字岩心岩石电性数值模拟方法综述

以致密砂岩为代表的非常规油气储层,由于具有低孔低渗、孔隙结构复杂及岩心致密等特点导致岩石物理实验测量周期长、成本高、岩心驱替困难,难以定量研究微观参数对电阻率的影响.以X射线CT扫描为基础发展起来的数字岩心岩石物理属性模拟技术则弥补了这种不足.本文系统总结了基于数字岩心电性数值模拟基尔霍夫、随机游走、格子玻尔兹曼、有限元等方法的优缺点;列举了国内外学者的研究实例及取得的进展;探讨了目前电性数值模拟研究中存在的主要问题;同时指出了数字岩心电性数值模拟的发展方向.     

三维数字岩心技术岩石物理应用研究进展

三维数字岩心可在孔隙尺度上对岩石的微观结构进行精细表征,以数字岩心为载体的岩石微观结构分析与岩石物理属性模拟研究已成为岩石物理分析的重要发展方向之一.本文从数字岩心建模、数字岩心图像分析及岩石物理属性模拟三个方面对数字岩心技术进行了介绍.将数字岩心技术在岩石物理领域的应用分为两大类:基于三维数字图像的直接分析和基于三维数字岩心的岩石物理属性数值模拟.通过三维图像分析可获得孔隙结构、矿物成分、粒度分布等信息;通过岩石物理属性模拟可以研究储层岩石电性、弹性、渗流和核磁共振特征.多种手段相结合建立多尺度、多组分数字岩心,突破分辨率与样品尺度的矛盾限制是数字岩心技术未来的发展趋势.数字岩心技术已发展成为岩石物理实验的重要组成部分,如何将孔隙尺度得到的岩石物理参数升尺度到数字井筒、数字油藏中是数字岩心技术发展亟需解决的难题.     

测井饱和度解释模型的演化历程分析与思考

饱和度是储层评价的重要参数之一,饱和度模型一直都是测井解释评价研究的重点与难点.几十年来,随着勘探开发面临的油气储层不断复杂化,饱和度模型的内涵和形式也趋向多样化.系统梳理和研究饱和度模型的发展脉络和典型形式,有助于测井分析家正确认识各典型模型的来源、适用性和局限性.本文在国内外文献资料调研基础上,根据储层对象地质特征和研究思路的不同,将饱和度模型总结划分为纯砂岩饱和度模型、泥质砂岩饱和度模型和复杂孔隙结构储层饱和度模型三大类,并分析每类饱和度模型的演化过程、导电形式和应用范围,提出了今后从导电机理、数值模拟和岩石物理实验等方面进行深入研究的领域方向.     

饱和多相流体岩石电性的格子气模拟

利用计算机建立具有不同骨架颗粒形状和不同孔隙度的孔隙介质模型,采用格子气自动机方法模拟孔隙介质在油水饱和度不同的情况下电的传输特性,揭示了流体饱和度与介质电阻率之间呈现非阿尔奇现象的本质原因. 本文发现饱和度指数是饱和度和孔隙度的函数,反映了孔隙介质导电路径的复杂程度随饱和度变化而变化的情况,而不是传统地认为饱和度指数是流体分布状态的反映. 并得到新的饱和度计算公式. 以某油田为例,将计算的饱和度结果与实际岩芯实验的结果作对比,说明新公式的有效性.     

基于微CT技术的致密砂岩孔隙结构特征及其对流体流动的影响

以川西地区的须家河组致密储层岩石为研究对象,利用微CT技术结合Avizo软件先进的数学算法构建了三维数字岩心模型,可以表征砂砾岩储层岩石的孔隙结构特征,并将数字岩心和有限元软件Comsol结合,实现了基于数字岩心的水驱气模拟过程的可视化.并在此基础上开展了水驱气模拟,研究微观孔隙结构特征对岩心中气水两相流的影响.研究结果表明:致密砂岩岩心的孔喉分布状态主要呈连片状和孤立状,其中连片状孔隙在空间上连通性好,主要与残余粒间孔或粒间溶蚀孔有关,而孤立状孔隙在空间上多呈孤立分布,主要与粒内溶蚀孔有关;致密砂岩样品等效孔径主要分布范围在0.5μm以下,储层物性差的样品孔隙结构要比储层物性好的样品复杂,且前者的孤立孔隙多且小孔隙占比高,连通孔隙较少,其对渗透率贡献性少;在水驱气的过程中,岩心的微观孔隙结构将改变驱替前缘形状以及造成气水两相流中舌进现象;随着岩心孔隙度和渗透率增大,水驱气的驱替效率增大,残余气饱和度降低.     

不同泥质分布形式泥质砂岩导电规律实验研究

本文利用人工制作的不同含量分散泥质和层状泥质砂岩岩心样品,测量不同矿化度和不同含油饱和度的岩心电阻率,从实验角度研究了不同泥质分布形式和含量的岩心导电规律,结果表明,泥质分布形式或含量不同,则泥质砂岩导电规律不同.基于层状泥质与分散泥质砂岩的并联导电实验规律,以及分散粘土和地层水混合物的导电规律可用HB电阻率方程描述,建立了考虑泥质分布形式影响的泥质砂岩电阻率模型.通过1组不同泥质分布形式泥质砂岩人造岩心实验数据的测试,表明该模型可以描述分散泥质砂岩、层状泥质砂岩和混合泥质砂岩地层的导电规律.分散泥质,层状泥质,人造岩样,实验测量,并联导电,HB方程,电阻率模型     

Compressional- and shear-wave velocities as a function of confining stress in dry sandstones

A laboratory study was carried out to investigate the influence of confining stress on compressional- and shear-wave velocities for a set of rock samples from gas-producing sandstone reservoirs in the Cooper Basin, South Australia. The suite of samples consists of 22 consolidated sublitharenites with helium porosity ranging from 2.6% to 16.6%. We used a pulse-echo technique to measure compressional- and shear-wave velocities on dry samples (cylindrical 4.6 × 2 cm) at room temperature and at elevated confining stress (≤ 60 MPa). Compressional- and shear-wave velocities in samples increase non-linearly with confining stress. A regression equation of the form V = A ? Be^?DP gives a good fit to the measured velocities with improved prediction of velocities at high confining stresses compared with equations suggested by other studies. The predicted microcrack-closure stresses of the samples show values ranging from 70 MPa to 95 MPa and insignificant correlation with porosity, permeability or clay content. There is a positive correlation between change in velocity with core porosity and permeability, but this association is weak and diminishes with increasing confining stress. Experimental results show that pore geometry, grain-contact type, and distribution and location of clay particles may be more significant than total porosity and clay content in describing the stress sensitivity of sandstones at in situ reservoir effective stress. The stress dependence of Cooper Basin sandstones is very large compared with data from other studies. The implication of our study for hydrocarbon exploration is that where the in situ reservoir effective stress is much less than the microcrack-closure stress of the reservoir rocks, the variation of reservoir effective stress could cause significant changes in velocity of the reservoir rocks. The velocity changes induced by effective stress in highly stress-sensitive rocks can be detected at sonic-log and probably surface-seismic frequencies.     

Prediction of thermal conductivity in reservoir rocks using fabric theory

An accurate prediction of the thermal conductivity of reservoir rocks in the subsurface is extremely important for a quantitative analysis of basin thermal history and hydrocarbon maturation. A model for calculating the thermal conductivity of reservoir rocks as a function of mineral composition, porosity, fluid type, and temperature has been developed based on fabric theory and experimental data. The study indicates that thermal conductivities of reservoir rocks are dependent on the volume fraction of components (minerals, porosity, and fluids), the temperature, and the fraction of series elements (FSE) which represents the way that the mineral components aggregate. The sensitivity test of the fabric model shows that quartz is the most sensitive mineral for the thermal conductivity of clastic rocks. The study results indicate that the FSE value is very critical. Different lithologies have different optimum FSE values because of different textures and sedimentary structures. The optimum FSE values are defined as those which result in the least error in the model computation of the thermal conductivity of the rocks. These values are 0.444 for water-saturated clay rocks, 0.498 for water-saturated sandstones, and 0.337 for water-saturated carbonates. Compared with the geometric mean model, the fabric model yields better results for the thermal conductivity, largely because the model parameters can be adjusted to satisfy different lithologies and to minimize the mean errors. The fabric model provides a good approach for estimating paleothermal conductivity in complex rock systems based on the mineral composition and pore fluid saturation of the rocks.     

Joint elastic‐electrical effective medium models of reservoir sandstones

Improvements in the joint inversion of seismic and marine controlled source electromagnetic data sets will require better constrained models of the joint elastic‐electrical properties of reservoir rocks. Various effective medium models were compared to a novel laboratory data set of elastic velocity and electrical resistivity (obtained on 67 reservoir sandstone samples saturated with 35 g/l brine at a differential pressure of 8 MPa) with mixed results. Hence, we developed a new three‐phase effective medium model for sandstones with pore‐filling clay minerals based on the combined self‐consistent approximation and differential effective medium model. We found that using a critical porosity of 0.5 and an aspect ratio of 1 for all three components, the proposed model gave accurate model predictions of the observed magnitudes of P‐wave velocity and electrical resistivity and of the divergent trends of clean and clay‐rich sandstones at higher porosities. Using only a few well‐constrained input parameters, the new model offers a practical way to predict in situ porosity and clay content in brine saturated sandstones from co‐located P‐wave velocity and electrical resistivity data sets.     

基于常规测井数据的纵波本征衰减估计

地震波本征衰减反映了地层及其所含流体的一些特性,对油气勘探开发有重要意义.已有的理论研究与实验发现,地震频带内的衰减主要与中观尺度(波长与颗粒尺度之间)的斑状部分饱和、完全饱和岩石弹性非均匀性情况下波诱导的局部流体流有关.这种衰减与岩石骨架、孔隙度及充填流体的性质密切相关.本文着重讨论均匀流体分布、斑状或非均匀流体分布两种情况下部分饱和岩石的纵波模量差异.以经典岩石物理理论和衰减机制认识为基础,通过分析低频松弛状态、高频非松弛状态岩石的弹性模量,讨论储层参数(如孔隙度、泥质含量以及含水饱和度等)与纵波衰减之间的确定性关系.上述方法与模型在陆相砂泥岩地层与海相碳酸盐岩地层中的适用性通过常规测井资料得到了初步验证.     

岩石物理弹性参数规律研究

根据辽东湾凹陷某区在地层条件和不同流体相态(气饱和、水饱和等)下岩石纵波速度、横波速度及密度等岩心测试数据,以及岩石矿物成分、孔隙度等常规岩心分析数据,统计分析了岩石弹性参数变化规律.采用有效流体模型、斑块饱和模型进行了纵、横波速度理论计算,并和实验测量结果比较,认为高孔、高渗岩石可以看作有效流体模型,低孔、低渗岩石更接近斑块饱和模型.这些规律和认识对于指导储层预测和油气检测及地震振幅综合解释有重要的意义.     

A physical model for shear-wave velocity prediction1

The clay-sand mixture model of Xu and White is shown to simulate observed relationships between S-wave velocity (or transit time), porosity and clay content. In general, neither S-wave velocity nor S-wave transit time is a linear function of porosity and clay content. For practical purposes, clay content is approximated by shale volume in well-log applications. In principle, the model can predict S-wave velocity from lithology and any pair of P-wave velocity, porosity and shale volume. Although the predictions should be the same if all measurements are error free, comparison of predictions with laboratory and logging measurements show that predictions using P-wave velocity are the most reliable. The robust relationship between S- and P-wave velocities is due to the fact that both are similarly affected by porosity, clay content and lithology. Moreover, errors in the measured P-wave velocity are normally smaller than those in porosity and shale volume, both of which are subject to errors introduced by imperfect models and imperfect parameters when estimated from logs. Because the model evaluates the bulk and shear moduli of the dry rock frame by a combination of Kuster and Toksöz’ theory and differential effective medium theory, using pore aspect ratios to characterize the compliances of the sand and clay components, the relationship between P- and S-wave velocities is explicit and consistent. Consequently the model sidesteps problems and assumptions that arise from the lack of knowledge of these moduli when applying Gassmann's theory to this relationship, making it a very flexible tool for investigating how the v_P-v_s relationship is affected by lithology, porosity, clay content and water saturation. Numerical results from the model are confirmed by laboratory and logging data and demonstrate, for example, how the presence of gas has a more pronounced effect on P-wave velocity in shaly sands than in less compliant cleaner sandstones.     

基于数字岩心动态应力应变模拟的非均匀孔隙介质波致流固相对运动刻画

地震波传播激发的不同尺度的流固相对运动(宏观、中观和微观)是许多沉积岩地层中地震波频散和衰减的主要原因,然而野外观测和试验测量都难以对非均匀多孔介质孔隙压力弛豫物理过程进行精细刻画.通过数字岩石物理技术,本文建立了三个典型的数字岩心分别用于表征孔隙结构、岩石骨架和斑状饱和流体引起的非均质性,利用动态应力应变模拟技术计算数字岩心的位移和孔隙流体增量图像.通过分析和比较三个数字岩心的位移和孔隙压力增量图像,细致刻画了发生于非均匀含流体多孔介质内的宏观、中观和微观尺度的流固相对运动:1)宏观尺度的波致孔隙流体流动导致波长尺度上数字岩心不同区域的孔隙压力和位移差异;2)中观尺度的流体流动发生在软层与硬层之间、气层与液层之间;3)微观尺度的流体流动发生在孔隙内部或相邻孔隙之间.数值模拟试验也证明基于数字岩心的动态应力应变模拟技术可以从微观尺度上更好的理解波致孔隙流体流动发生的物理机理,从而为建立岩石骨架、孔隙流体、孔隙结构非均质性和弹性波频散-衰减特征的映射关系奠定基础.     

Effect of pore geometry on Gassmann fluid substitution

Although there is no assumption of pore geometry in derivation of Gassmann's equation, the pore geometry is in close relation with hygroscopic water content and pore fluid communication between the micropores and the macropores. The hygroscopic water content in common reservoir rocks is small, and its effect on elastic properties is ignored in the Gassmann theory. However, the volume of hygroscopic water can be significant in shaly rocks or rocks made of fine particles; therefore, its effect on the elastic properties may be important. If the pore fluids in microspores cannot reach pressure equilibrium with the macropore system, assumption of the Gassmann theory is violated. Therefore, due to pore structure complexity, there may be a significant part of the pore fluids that do not satisfy the assumption of the Gassmann theory. We recommend that this part of pore fluids be accounted for within the solid rock frame and effective porosity be used in Gassmann's equation for fluid substitution. Integrated study of ultrasonic laboratory measurement data, petrographic data, mercury injection capillary pressure data, and nuclear magnetic resonance T₂ data confirms rationality of using effective porosity for Gassmann fluid substitution. The effective porosity for Gassmann's equation should be frequency dependent. Knowing the pore geometry, if an empirical correlation between frequency and the threshold pore‐throat radius or nuclear magnetic resonance T₂ could be set up, Gassmann's equation can be applicable to data measured at different frequencies. Without information of the pore geometry, the irreducible water saturation can be used to estimate the effective porosity.     

Improved understanding of velocity–saturation relationships using 4D computer-tomography acoustic measurements

A recently developed laboratory method allows for simultaneous imaging of fluid distribution and measurements of acoustic‐wave velocities during flooding experiments. Using a specially developed acoustic sample holder that combines high pressure capacity with good transparency for X‐rays, it becomes possible to investigate relationships between velocity and fluid saturation at reservoir stress levels. High‐resolution 3D images can be constructed from thin slices of cross‐sectional computer‐tomography scans (CT scans) covering the entire rock‐core volume, and from imaging the distribution of fluid at different saturation levels. The X‐ray imaging clearly adds a new dimension to rock‐physics measurements; it can be used in the explanation of variations in measured velocities from core‐scale heterogeneities. Computer tomography gives a detailed visualization of density regimes in reservoir rocks within a core. This allows an examination of the interior of core samples, revealing inhomogeneities, porosity and fluid distribution. This mapping will not only lead to an explanation of acoustic‐velocity measurements; it may also contribute to an increased understanding of the fluid‐flow process and gas/liquid mixing mechanisms in rock. Immiscible and miscible flow in core plugs can be mapped simultaneously with acoustic measurements. The effects of core heterogeneity and experimentally introduced effects can be separated, to clarify the validity of measured velocity relationships.