地层衰减定量模拟的地震物理模拟方法

Q值是描述地层衰减特征的重要地震物理参数,研究Q值对提高地震资料分辨率,提高地震成像精度具有重要意义.本文从地震物理模拟中模型材料的动力学特征出发,提出了一种地层衰减定量模拟的地震物理模拟方法.通过铝样验证了衍射校正方法的准确性,利用有机玻璃实验分析了不同测量方法求取Q值的测量精度问题,从而优选测量方法;然后基于复合材料的实验数据,建立复合材料配比与各物理参数之间的函数关系,利用该函数关系指导地层衰减定量模拟.结合单层地震物理模型和近地表地震物理模型,研究了模拟地震记录及其频谱特征与野外实际情况之间的相似性,基于建立的函数关系研究分析了地层衰减定量模拟的准确性.实验结果表明,基于地震衰减定量模拟方法构建近地表地震物理模型时,模型中模拟参数不仅与设计参数保持很好的一致性,同时具有很高的准确性,模拟地层的频谱衰减特征与野外地层保持一致.     

Identifying and mitigating dam-induced declines in river health:Three case studies from the western United States

River health can be defined as the degree to which riverine energy source,water quality,flow regime, habitat and biota match the natural conditions.In a healthy river,physical process and form remain actively connected and able to mutually adjust,and biological communities have natural levels of diversity and are resilient to environmental stress.Both physical diversity and biodiversity influence river health.Physical diversity is governed by hydrology,hydraulics,and substrate,as reflected in the geometry of the river channel and adjacent floodplain,which create habitat for aquatic and riparian organisms.Biodiversity is governed by biological processes such as competition and predation,but biodiversity also reflects the diversity,abundance and stability of habitat,as well as connectivity. Connectivity within a river corridor includes longitudinal,lateral,and vertical dimensions.River health declines as any of these interacting components is compromised by human activities.The cumulative effect of dams and other human alterations of rivers has been primarily to directly reduce physical diversity and connectivity,which indirectly reduces biodiversity.Restoration and maintenance of physical diversity and biodiversity on rivers affected by dams requires quantifying relations between the driver variables of flow and sediment supply,and the response variables of habitat,connectivity,and biological communities.These relations can take the form of thresholds(e.g., entrainment of streambed sediment) or response curves(e.g.,fish biomass versus extent and duration of floodplain inundation).I use examples from Wyoming,Colorado,and Arizona in the western United States to illustrate how to quantify relations between driver and response variables on rivers affected by dams.     

Natural hydraulic cracking: numerical model and sensitivity study

Natural hydrofracturing caused by overpressure plays an important role in geopressure evolution and hydrocarbon migration in petroliferous basins. Its mechanism is quite well understood in the case of artificial hydraulic fracturing triggered by high-pressure fluid injection in a well. This is not so for natural hydraulic fracturing which is assumed to initiate as micro-cracks with large influence on the permeability of the medium. The mechanism of natural hydraulic cracking, triggered by increasing pore pressure during geological periods, is studied using a fracturing model coupled to the physical processes occurring during basin evolution. In this model, the hydraulic cracking threshold is assumed to lie between the classical failure limit and the beginning of dilatancy. Fluid pressure evolution is calculated iteratively in order to allow dynamic adjustment of permeability so that the fracturing limit is always preserved. The increase of permeability is interpreted on the basis of equivalent fractures. It is found that fracturing is very efficient to keep a stress level at the rock’s hydraulic cracking limit: a fracture permeability one order of magnitude larger than the intrinsic permeability of the rock would be enough. Observations reported from actual basins and model results strongly suggest that natural hydraulic cracking occurs continuously to keep the pressure at the fracturing limit under relaxed stress conditions.     

地震物理模型材料研制与应用研究

地震物理模型试验的基础是地震物理模型的建造,其中设计适当的配方,调配出所需要的模型速度是模型建造的关键.本文根据互穿网络和共聚网络聚合物改性方法的原理,研究了环氧树脂、橡胶类等高分子材料的互穿网络和共聚网络过程,并按照地震物理模拟对模型材料的要求,实现了不同材料的共混,改善了固化后共聚物的交联度.讨论和分析了影响地震物理模型建造的各种因素,并从模型材料选择、配方调整等方面提出了相应的解决办法,降低了固化反应放热峰的温度、调整了固化放热的速度、降低了固化时的收缩率和线膨胀系数,使固化物具有较高的热稳定性和较好的力学性能.建立了比较完备的、从低到高的材料速度系列.通过实例验证了本文方法的有效性,模型材料的适用性.     

Illuminating Subsurface Microbial Water Quality Patterns Using Adenosine Triphosphate and Dynamic Time Warping Approaches

Aquifer microbial water quality evaluations are often performed by collecting groundwater samples from monitoring wells. While samples collected from continuously pumped sources are seldom disputed as representative of the aquifer, natural biofilm present in the vicinity of well screens may introduce unwanted microbial artefacts in monitoring wells that are only periodically sampled. The need for well water purging to obtain samples void of these artefacts has been widely recognized. However, purging methods are not standardized; many approaches presume that physico-chemical water quality stability achieved through the removal of 3 to 5 well volumes is indicative of the stability of target analytes. Using a data set collected from a shallow unconfined aquifer in Southern Ontario, Canada, the need for using dedicated approaches that account for the time-dependent nature of microbial water quality changes was demonstrated. Specifically, the utility of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a rapid, field-ready biochemical indicator of microbial water quality stability was investigated. This work shows that ATP concentrations reflect time-limited (bio)colloid transport processes that are consistent with other microbial water quality parameters monitored, but different from commonly measured physical and chemical water quality indicators of well purging adequacy. ATP concentrations occasionally fluctuated even after 3 or 4 h of purging, indicating that microbial artefacts attributable to biofilms in the vicinity of the well screen can still persist. The recurrence of characteristic ATP patterns in each well was systematically examined through the novel application of dynamic time warping (DTW), a nonparametric time series analysis approach. These patterns are believed to be linked with seasonal hydrogeological conditions, which warrant consideration in the design and interpretation of subsurface microbial water quality investigations.     

黄土湿载结构性模型在黄土边坡动力稳定性分析的应用

土的结构性是土颗粒空间排列和粒间粘结综合作用所表现出来的力学效应。在地震荷载作用过程中,天然土边坡的结构性参数主要体现应力和变形的共同作用,反映地震荷载作用过程中应力和变形的协调关系及结构性土的结构损伤过程(即抗剪强度参数的变化规律)。首先通过分析认为用结构性参数来定量判断地震荷载作用过程中黄土边坡的稳定性更具合理性,其物理意义更明确;其次通过分析黄土地区某一天然边坡在Ⅸ度地震烈度作用下的黄土边坡动力稳定性,验证结构性参数作为边坡稳定性分析判据的可行性,且这一方法能定量地确定边坡滑动面的位置及所对应的安全结构性参数。     

VELOCITY PROFILES OF SEDIMENT-LADEN FLOW

The time-average velocity profiles of the flows carrying natural sand particles and three kinds of plastic particles as suspension and neutrally buoyant load are measured and analyzed. The velocity profiles of the sediment-laden flow can approximately be divided into two regions - the near-bed region and the far-bed region. Main factors affecting the velocity profiles are viscosity, density gradient, grain shear stress and damping of turbulence due to particles. Based on these physical conceptions, a velocity profile model of sediment-laden flow is developed. It agrees well with the experimental data. The discrepancy is 1.57% for the plastic particle-laden flow and 3.67% for the natural sand-laden flow. In the far-bed region, von Karman constants are smaller than those of the clear water flow.     

Comparison of stress-dependent geophysical,hydraulic and mechanical properties of synthetic and natural sandstones for reservoir characterization and monitoring studies

Synthetic rock samples can offer advantages over natural rock samples when used for laboratory rock physical properties studies, provided their success as natural analogues is well understood. The ability of synthetic rocks to mimic the natural stress dependency of elastic wave, electrical and fluid transport properties is of primary interest. Hence, we compare a consistent set of laboratory multi-physics measurements obtained on four quartz sandstone samples (porosity range 20–25%) comprising two synthetic and two natural (Berea and Corvio) samples, the latter used extensively as standards in rock physics research. We measured simultaneously ultrasonic (P- and S-wave) velocity and attenuation, electrical resistivity, permeability and axial and radial strains over a wide range of differential pressure (confining stress 15–50 MPa; pore pressure 5–10 MPa) on the four brine saturated samples. Despite some obvious physical discrepancies caused by the synthetic manufacturing process, such as silica cementation and anisotropy, the results show only small differences in stress dependency between the synthetic and natural sandstones for all measured parameters. Stress dependency analysis of the dry samples using an isotropic effective medium model of spheroidal pores and penny-shaped cracks, together with a granular cohesion model, provide evidence of crack closure mechanisms in the natural sandstones, seen to a much lesser extent in the synthetic sandstones. The smaller grain size, greater cement content, and cementation under oedometric conditions particularly affect the fluid transport properties of the synthetic sandstones, resulting in lower permeability and higher electrical resistivity for a similar porosity. The effective stress coefficients, determined for each parameter, are in agreement with data reported in the literature. Our results for the particular synthetic materials that were tested suggest that synthetic sandstones can serve as good proxies for natural sandstones for studies of elastic and mechanical properties, but should be used with care for transport properties studies.     

Test of scale modelling of sediment transport in steady unidirectional flow

In two steady uniform flows at different physical scales in a small open channel, with variables characterizing flow, sediment, and fluid adjusted for dynamic similitude by means of four dimensionless modelling parameters (a Reynolds number, a Froude number, a density ratio, and a length ratio), measured frequency distributions of height, spacing, and migration rate of current ripples were almost identical when scaled, thus verifying that exact Reynolds-Froude modelling of loose-sediment transport is valid and workable. Modelling should be valid as well for a wide range of other transport conditions in the same kind of flow, because no additional kinds of forces or effects would be present in transport of loose grains in modes other than as ripples. In scaled-down modelling, a scale ratio of 2.5 is attainable without recourse to exotic fluids by use of water at 85°C to model natural flows at 10°C.     

Characterization of Individual Rock Magnetic Components by Analysis of Remanence Curves, 1. Unmixing Natural Sediments

Natural sediments are a complex mixture of magnetic minerals with different origins and different geochemical history, each of which is called a magnetic component. Magnetic components practically never occur in isolated form, and their characterization using bulk magnetic measurements relies on the individuation of the systematic variation of some parameters within a large group of samples. These variations can be interpreted either as a mixing trend or as the result of natural processes, which affect the physical and chemical properties of the magnetic particles. An alternative approach is offered by the analysis of magnetization curves using model functions, which are supposed to represent the magnetic properties of individual components. The success of this approach relies on (1) the choice of model functions that can reproduce the natural properties of a component with sufficient accuracy by varying a minimum number of parameters and (2) on very precise and accurate measurements, which are necessary to overcome the extreme sensitivity of the method to noise. In this paper, the analysis of remanent magnetization curves proposed by Egli (2003) is applied to a large set of representative sediments from the most variable environments and to a set of artificial magnetite samples. Despite the variety of materials and natural processes involved in the formation of these sediments, seven groups of magnetic components with well-defined and consistent properties could be identified. It has been found that both lacustrine and marine sediments contain two magnetically distinct groups of magnetosomes, which react differently to changes of the redox potential. The effects of some natural processes, such as weathering, reductive dissolution and transport could be observed on the individual components.     

大陆碰撞过程中的多地体变形模式

几乎所有的大陆碰撞造山带都含有多个增生地体,它们是大陆造山带的重要组成部分.前人对地体拼贴过程及其相应地质记录都做过详细探讨,但对后期大陆持续汇聚过程中的多地体之间的变形行为及拆离模式目前研究得仍较为薄弱.为此,我们以"两地体"结构为代表,通过系统的动力学模型试验,来探讨多地体流变结构及其几何参数对大陆碰撞动力学过程的影响.模型结果显示,大陆碰撞过程中的地体变形行为主要受控于靠近主碰撞带的地体流变强度(确切来说是地壳流变强度,下同)及其几何宽度,而与远离主碰撞带的地体流变和几何属性关系较弱.同时,模型结果也揭示出大陆碰撞造山带中地体之间的相互俯冲仅发生在靠近主碰撞带一侧地体较宽的情况下,且总是弱地体向相对强的地体之下俯冲.该研究成果不仅对喜马拉雅—青藏高原造山带中地体变形演化给予重要的动力学启示,也对含有多地体结构的碰撞造山带的动力学演化研究提供一定的理论支撑.     

Disturbed periodic model for river meanders

Although river meanders are not perfectly regular their serial statistics show periodic tendencies which cannot be explained by previous stochastic models. The regular and random approaches to meander geometry can be reconciled in a disturbed periodic model with separate scale, sinuosity, and irregularity parameters. Meandering is viewed as a deterministic oscillation but irregularity is introduced by quasi-random variability in valley-floor topography and materials. For stability such a model needs either a Bagnold type limit on bend curvature or frictional damping of the oscillatory response to individual disturbances. Realistic statistical properties are derived for the second case. The differential equation for direction can be approximated by a second-order autoregression, which generates realistic simulated patterns and gives a good fit to natural direction series.     

基于数据一致性预测与压制自由表面多次波--理论研究与试处理

从声波波场理论出发,首先在不考虑自由表面反射的情况下研究了有效波波场传播及反射规律,继而考虑自由表面反射的情况,并详尽推导了压制自由表面多次波的正演和反演数学模型。从物理本质上对自由表面多次波的产生、预测及压制做了深入的剖析,讨论了基于数据一致性时空域褶积的多次波预测方法原理,实现了自由表面相关多次波自适应压制的迭代方法过程。复杂起伏海底的理论模型试算实例表明：在多次波产生系统非常复杂的情况下,本方法仍能非常有效地压制各种与自由表面相关的多次波,同时还能很好地保持有效波的能量,取得了很好的压制多次波效果。     

Geospace perturbations induced by the Earth: The state of the art and future trends

A systematic multi-parameter and multi-platform approach to study the slow process of earthquake preparation is fundamental to gain some insights on this complex phenomenon. In particular, an important contribution is the integrated analysis between ground geophysical data and satellite data. In this paper we review some of the more recent results and suggest the next directions of this kind of research. Our intention is not to detect a particular precursor but to understand the physics underlying the various observations and to establish a reliable physical model of the preparation phase before an impending earthquake. In this way, future investigation will search for suitable fore-patterns, which the physical model of multi-layers coupling predicts and characterizes by quasi-synchronism in time and geo-consistency in space. We also present alternative explanations for some anomalies which are not actually related to earthquakes, rather to other natural or anthropic processes.     

Energy-consistent integration method and its application to hybrid testing

The time-integration algorithm is an indispensable element to determine response of the boundary of the numerical as well as physical parts in a hybrid test. Instability of the time-integration algorithm may directly lead to failure of the test, so stability of an integration algorithm is particularly important for hybrid testing. The explicit algorithms are very popular in hybrid testing, because iteration is not needed. Many unconditionally stable explicit-algorithms have been proposed for hybrid testing. However, the stability analysis approaches used in all these methods are valid only for linear systems. In this paper, a uniform formulation for energy-consistent time integrations, which are unconditionally stable, is proposed for nonlinear systems. The solvability and accuracy are analyzed for typical energy-consistent algorithms. Some numerical examples and the results of a hybrid test are provided to validate the effectiveness of energy-consistent algorithms.     

A Forward Modeling Approach for Interpreting Impeller Flow Logs

A rigorous and practical approach for interpretation of impeller flow log data to determine vertical variations in hydraulic conductivity is presented and applied to two well logs from a Chalk aquifer in England. Impeller flow logging involves measuring vertical flow speed in a pumped well and using changes in flow with depth to infer the locations and magnitudes of inflows into the well. However, the measured flow logs are typically noisy, which leads to spurious hydraulic conductivity values where simplistic interpretation approaches are applied. In this study, a new method for interpretation is presented, which first defines a series of physical models for hydraulic conductivity variation with depth and then fits the models to the data, using a regression technique. Some of the models will be rejected as they are physically unrealistic. The best model is then selected from the remaining models using a maximum likelihood approach. This balances model complexity against fit, for example, using Akaike's Information Criterion.     

Revisiting Prior distributions,Part I: Priors based on a physical invariance principle

Determination of uninformative prior distributions is essential in many branches of knowledge integration and system processing. The conceptual difficulties of this determination are due to lack of uniqueness and consequential lack of objectivity associated with the state of complete ignorance. The present work overcomes the above difficulty by considering a class of priors that are consistent with a physical invariance principle, namely, invariance with respect to a change in the system of dimensional units. These priors do not represent total ignorance and they do not suffer from the aforementioned conceptual difficulties. This Dimensional Invariance Requirement (DIR) leads to a class of prior densities, which constitute a generalization of Jeffrey’s proposal concerning priors of inherently positive variables. This generalization possesses certain important features, from a formal as well as an interpretive viewpoint, which involve the notion of a knowledge-based natural reference point of physical random variables (RV). Conceptual difficulties associated with uninformative priors are resolved, whereas well-established results are derived as special cases of the DIR. Application of this requirement to a system of RV yields the familiar result that at the prior knowledge stage these variables should be considered as independent. Prior distributions for non-dimensional physical quantities are obtained by defining these variables in terms of dimensional quantities. A logarithmic transformation carries the physical prior into a uniform (flat) density that is convenient in certain applications. In a companion paper we examine the improvements gained in the maximum entropy context by means of the proposed class of physical prior densities.     

The significance of rainstorm variations to shallow translational hillslope failure

Landsliding in eastern Scotland results from high-magnitude rainstorms generated under either cyclonic or anticyclonic conditions, particularly during the summer. Data from Aviemore indicated that cyclonic storms produce higher rainfall totals than anticyclonic storms, as well as being of longer duration and lower intensity. The distribution of rain during individual storms also varies with the synoptic conditions under which the storms are produced. These different rainfall characteristics produce different geomorphic responses, which can be investigated in detail using physical based modelling. In this paper, a physically based coupled hydrology–stability model is used to assess the significance of these rainfall characteristics to soil moisture response and slope instability for mature podsols. The results provide evidence that rainstorms of different synoptic origin produce varying hydrological response, involving both the extent and the timing of moisture content change. This affects the depth and timing of slope failure, with anticyclonic storms promoting a large, rapid response in the factor of safety at shallow depths within the soil. Cyclonic storms produce a more gradual response, with the region of probable failure being deeper. Futhermore, each of these storm types is associated with different rainfall distributions, and this is also shown to have a significant effect on the timing and depth of slope instability.     

Parameter identification of framed structures using an improved finite element model‐updating method—Part II: application to experimental data

In this study, we determine an updated finite element model of a reinforced concrete building—which was damaged from shaking during 1994 Northridge earthquake—using forced‐vibration test data and a novel model‐updating technique. Developed and verified in the companion paper (viz. BVLSrc, Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 2006; this issue), this iterative technique incorporates novel sensitivity‐based relative constraints to avoid ill conditioning that results from spatial incompleteness of measured data. We used frequency response functions and natural frequencies as input for the model‐updating problem. These data were extracted from measurements obtained during a white‐noise excitation applied at the roof of the building using a linear inertial shaker. Flexural stiffness values of properly grouped structural members, modal damping ratios, and translational and rotational mass values were chosen as the updating parameters, so that the converged results had direct physical interpretations, and thus, comparisons with common parameters used in seismic design and evaluation of buildings could be made. We investigated the veracity of the updated finite element model by comparing the predicted and measured dynamic responses under a second, and different type of forced (sine‐sweep) vibration, test. These results indicate that the updated model replicates the dynamic behaviour of the building reasonably well. Furthermore, the updated stiffness factors appear to be well correlated with the observed building damage patterns (i.e. their location and severity). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Methodology for seismic and post-seismic stability assessment of natural clay slopes based on a viscoplastic behaviour model in simplified dynamic analysis

A co-seismic viscoplastic sliding model, composed of two consequential behaviour phases, was realised in order to assess the co-seismic and post-seismic stability of natural slopes. The model takes into consideration the development and distribution of available strengths in pre-seismic conditions, as well as the viscoplastic behaviours manifested during monotonic and impulsive fast shearing tests on different clayey soils. In relation to the strength increase produced by the shear displacement rate, phase I is present during sliding on pre-existing failure surfaces at the residual state and/or in weak bands at the fully softened state. In this latter case, this is limited to small displacements. Conversely, phase II is characterised by strength decrease and occurs if and when the inertial dynamic load mobilises the “impulsive critical shear strength”, which is greater than the shear strength available in the pre-seismic static field. This implies the development of a first failure or a new failure surface with high shear displacements along these surfaces. The simplified dynamic analysis for infinite slopes, integrated by the behaviour model introduced in this paper, highlights a less conservative nature in comparison to that of the classic Newmark approach with one single exception. This occurs on attainment of the “static break point” where the co-seismic displacements obtained are comparable or even greater than those attainable from the classic Newmark approach. Furthermore, in relation to the co-seismic development of shear strength, it is possible to estimate in the short term as well as in the long term the post-seismic instability after the main shock.