温州珊溪水库地震重新定位与速度结构联合反演

通过震源位置和速度结构联合反演方法,利用浙江和福建区域地震台网和珊溪水库台网给出的P波走时资料,得到了珊溪水库地区的三维速度结构,重新确定了珊溪水库地震的震源参数。结果表明:①震中总体呈现NW向分布,NW走向的双溪-焦溪垟断裂可能为珊溪水库地震序列的发震断层。②珊溪水库地震震源深度最大为9.5km,平均为5.4km,小于华南地震区10km的平均震源深度。③水库北、南两岸的地震较浅,震源深度均小于5km,水库淹没区地震较深。水库诱发地震之初的几年中震源深度有一个逐渐变大的过程,这可能是由于库水逐渐往深部下渗,从而进一步诱发了更深处的地震所致。④研究区存在一个低P波速度异常区,低速区位于水库淹没区内的多组断裂交汇部位,地震大多发生在低速异常区内。这可能与水库蓄水后库水下渗有关。     

震后趋势判断中尾波振幅衰减特征k值的研究

利用唐山、浑源、岫岩和浙江省的鄞县、珊溪水库地震等不同地震类型的数字地震波资料，经过筛选和整理，对每一个地震序列求出几个台站的尾波振幅衰减特征，k值随时间序列的变化特征。结果表明，虽然k值的变化趋势比较复杂，但还是发现不同震型的k值的变化特征有所不同。从趋势上来说，在主震前后，主震一余震型地震的k值显示先低后高的趋势，震群型地震显示先高后低的趋势。我们可以根据这个特征来判断所发生地震的震型，用于震后地震趋势快速判断。     

珊溪水库M_L4.6震群精确定位与发震构造研究

利用浙江、福建区域地震台网和珊溪水库台网给出的P波走时资料,通过震源位置和速度结构联合反演方法,重新确定了珊溪水库地震的震源参数。并通过假设发震断层可以用一个平面进行拟合的思路,利用重新确定的震源参数拟合得到了发震断层面参数。收集了2267条P波到时数据,求解了ML4.0以上地震震源机制解,结合水库区的断层活动性特征和宏观调查资料,讨论了珊溪水库地震序列的发震构造。     

珊溪水库震群发生时间的特征

2006年2月4日起在浙江温州珊溪库区发生了显著的震群活动,至2月11日共发生4级以上地震9次,其中最大震级为ML4.6。本文研究了库区水位、固体潮汐起伏与珊溪地震震群发震时刻之间的关系,依据该震群发生时刻的分布特点,对库区地震可能的诱发因素及未来的趋势进行了分析。同时,为避免地震活动水平升级,建议水库每年蓄水时应注意放慢速度,同时尽量不超越水库历史最高水位。     

温州珊溪水库ML3.9震群震源参数特征

采用地震波谱方法测定了温州珊溪水库地震序列的震源参数，分析了震源应力降特征及地震矩与震级的关系。研究结果认为：珊溪震群地震矩和震级统计关系为logMo=1．07ML 10．3；占地震总数60％的小震应力降为0．018～O．049MPa，珊溪震群属于低应力背景下的地震活动；珊溪震区应力降分维数D=0．85，属于低值，反映了震区介质强度和应力分布的非均匀程度较高。     

浙江珊溪水库2014年震群活动发震机理研究

本文使用双差定位法对2014年9月12日至12月30日浙江珊溪水库发生的4184次地震进行重定位，并采用CAP方法对11次M_L≥3.0地震事件的震源机制解进行反演，讨论了震群序列的活动特征及其与断裂之间的关系，分析了水库水位与地震之间的关系.重新定位的结果显示，在空间分布上，2014年震群序列发生在2006年震群序列NW向延伸的方向上，两者形成一条线性条带，该条带平行分布于双溪—焦溪垟断裂南侧.重定位得到的震源主要在0.7—6 km深度范围内分层分布，垂直于地震条带走向的震源剖面刻画出的结构面以高角度倾向SW.震源机制解结果显示多数地震为走滑型，均存在一个与地震条带走向一致的NW向节面，呈右旋走滑错动性质.考虑到断裂的定位误差，线性分布的震群活动极有可能沿双溪—焦溪垟断裂的破裂面活动，精定位的震源位置和震源机制刻画出了该断裂的几何结构和活动性质.但由于多数地震的震源深度在6 km以上，因此震群活动不能归为双溪—焦溪垟断裂活动的结果，即双溪—焦溪垟断裂不是这两次震群的发震构造，而且仍然属于水库诱发地震，而水库地震存在激发该断裂发生构造地震的可能.水库水位上升或者下降与震群活动关系不大，震群活动有随时间进一步增强的趋势, 可能是库水沿库底断层破裂面长期渗透和扩散增加了孔隙压所致.      

浙江省珊溪水库地区土壤Rn和H2地球化学特征

在浙江省珊溪水库地区布设5条断层土壤气Rn和H₂测线,并选取15个溶解水氡采样测点。测量结果显示,其中有3条土壤气测线上的Rn浓度均值超过70 Bq/L,土壤H₂测值最高达1 377 ppm,水样中溶解氡浓度最高值为68.3 Bq/L。通过珊溪水库地区历史地震活动和地质构造情况分析,发现该地区土壤Rn、H₂和溶解水氡的高值分布区均与双溪—焦溪垟断裂F_11-3分支的空间位置密切相关,该断裂分支是珊溪水库地区小震活动的发震断裂。另外通过研究发现,历史震群活动距今时间以及震群活动的频度和强度是影响珊溪水库地区土壤气Rn和H₂地球化学特征的重要因素。     

应用多台和达法测定温州珊溪水库地区地震的平均波速比

应用多台和达法计算了2006年 2月 4日至4月3日发生在温州珊溪水库地区M_L≥2.0地震的平均波速比。 计算使用高质量的数字地震记录, 在较强地震前观察到持续的低值异常现象, 在时间分布上出现较明显的异常过程: 下降—持续异常—回升—发震, 分析表明异常变化结果可信。     

浙江文成-泰顺交界M4.2地震烈度调查与震害特征

2014年9月12日至2014年10月31日,在浙江文成-泰顺交界的珊溪水库区域发生了最大震级M4.2地震。珊溪水库地区曾在2002、2006年分别发生过最大震级为ML3.9、ML4.6的地震序列,受这2次地震作用影响,震区房屋已经遭受了一定程度的破坏。2014年地震现场调查发现,震区震感明显,房屋受损现象较为普遍,震害具有叠加效应,出现了"小震致灾"的现象。另外,在震中附近的一些道路边坡上,地震还引发了规模较小的崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害。     

浙江珊溪水库重复地震事件研究

重复地震是发生在同一断层位置上的一组地震,具有相似的震级、高度相似的波形和震源机制。由于具有相同的震源和传播路径,重复地震的走时变化可以反应的介质波速的变化,从而可以作为测量地壳中介质波速变化的有力工具。而对区域地震的重复性研究,也可以反过来说明该地区地震发震机制的变化情况。利用波形互相关的方法对浙江温州境内珊溪水库附近发生的地震事件序列进行处理,计算波形互相关系数,选取相关系数大于0.8的地震对进行研究,分析珊溪水库地区地震事件的相似性和重复性,并分析此方法对地震研究的意义。     

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTER ON EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION(IRTCES)

正Director:Shangfu Kuang,China Vice-directors:Chunhong Hu,China Duihu Ning,China Guangquan Liu,China The International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation(IRTCES)was jointly set up by the Government of China and UNESCO on July 21,1984.It aims at the promotion of international exchange of knowledge and cooperation in the studies of erosion and     

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Information for authors

正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in both basic and applied research.     

Dynamic process-response model of river channel development

Feedback mechanisms, which operate upstream through drawdown and backwater effects and downstream through sediment discharge are responsible for channel evolution. By combining these mechanisms with channel processes it euables a dynamic process-response model to be developed to simulate the initial evolution of straight gravel-bed channels. When erosion commences on a land surface, sediment entrained in the headwater reach by hydraulic action is selectively transported, deposited and reworked. This produces a damped oscillation between degradation and aggradation as the channel and valley respond to spatial and temporal variations in sediment calibre and hydraulic conditions. The initial cut and fill phases are responsible for valley incision and floodplain development while secondary and subsequent activity can produce river terraces. Eventually sediment entrainment in the headwaters declines as slopes are reduced. Subsequent channel evolution is relatively insignificant because it is dependent on local weathering activity producing material that can be transported on declining slopes. Therefore landforms produced during the initial phase of development, when local weathering was non-limiting, dominate the landscape.     

Discussion on the Precise Relocation and Seismo-Tectonics of the Jiujiang-Ruichang Earthquake

Based on relocating the Jiujiang-Ruichang earthquake sequence which occurred on November 26, 2005 in Jiangxi Province with the double-difference （DD） algorithm and master event technique, the paper discusses the focal mechanism of the main shock （MsS.7） and the probable seismo-tectonics. The precise relocation results indicate that the average horizontal error is 0.31kin in a EW direction and 0.40kin in a NS direction, and the average depth error is 0.48kin. The focal depths vary from 8kin to 14kin, with the predominant distribution at 10kin - 12kin. The epicenter of the main shock is relocated to be 29.69^oN, 115.74^oE and the focal depth is about 10.Skin. Combining the predominant distribution of the earthquake sequence, the focal mechanism of the main shock and the tectonic conditions of N-E- and NW-strike faults growth in the seismic region, we infer that the main shock of the earthquake sequence was caused by a NW striking buried fault in the Rnichang basin. The nature of seismic faults needs to be further explored.     

Hydrochemical and bacteriological features of the groundwater: southern border of the Rharb basin (Morocco) / Caractérisation hydrochimique et bactériologique des eaux souterraines: bordure méridionale du bassin du Rharb (Maroc)

Abstract

The western reservoirs represent the principal groundwater system in Morocco. Demographic, industrial and agricultural developments during the last decade have markedly altered groundwater quality. The Mamora coastal aquifer system is among the Atlantic systems which are most heavily threatened by pollution. Agricultural and industrial activities, and rapid urban growth contribute to the pollution of the groundwater. Contamination transport is facilitated by a high permeability of the aquifer formations. In order to assess the actual groundwater quality of the Mamora aquifer and to understand the influence of the factors generating the pollution, an extensive multidisciplinary research programme is in progress, with hydrochemistry and microbiology playing essential roles. The present paper concerns the spatial distribution of physico-chemical parameters in the groundwater, subjected to domestic, industrial and agricultural pollution. Fifty-seven samples were analysed for several parameters (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^?, SO₄ ^2?, HCO₃ ^?, NO₃ ^?, pH, electrical conductivity and temperature). The microbiological analysis of 143 samples reveals the presence of four kinds of indicator bacteria in the groundwater resources: faecal Streptococci, faecal coliform, Escherichia coli and Clostridium. The physico-chemical results and bacteriological monitoring show that the nitrate and bacteria concentrations exceed the maximum admissible levels, notably around pumping stations in the sectors of Sidi Taibi, Sidi Ahmed Taleb and Aïn Sbaâ. Contamination is generated by uncontrolled anthropogenic activities and accentuated by the high intrinsic vulnerability of the aquifer system. Several parameters appeared to exceed admissibility standards. Measures are recommended to prevent groundwater pollution in the region.     

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正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in both basic and applied research.